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This study discusses inclusive education in Early Childhood Education from the perspective of Mel Ainscow. Inclusive education is an educational approach that provides equal learning opportunities for all children without discrimination, including those with diverse learning needs. The purpose of this study is to describe the concept of inclusive education according to Mel Ainscow and to analyze its implementation in the development of early childhood education. This research employs a qualitative approach using library research methods. The data were collected from various written sources, including books, scientific journals, research articles, and documents related to inclusive education and early childhood education. Documentation techniques were used for data collection, while the data were analyzed through content analysis. The findings reveal that according to Mel Ainscow, inclusive education is a continuous process aimed at increasing the participation of all learners and reducing barriers to learning within educational environments. In the context of early childhood education, inclusive education can be implemented through flexible learning methods, child-friendly learning environments, and active collaboration between teachers and parents in supporting children’s development. The implementation of inclusive education also contributes positively to children’s social and emotional development, as they learn to respect diversity from an early age. However, several challenges remain, including limited facilities, insufficient teacher competence, and a lack of public understanding regarding inclusive education. Therefore, collaboration among schools, families, and the government is necessary to create an inclusive, equitable, and diversity-respecting early childhood education system.

Communication is an important aspect in the development of children aged 5–6 years, especially in supporting their language and social-emotional abilities. This study aims to analyze the influence of effective communication through a play approach in early childhood based on the results of previous research. The method used in this study is a quantitative method by conducting observations, research, and observations on effective communication and a play approach in early childhood education. Data collection techniques were carried out through documentation and literature searches from journals, articles, and relevant scientific references. Data analysis techniques used quantitative descriptive analysis by comparing and summarizing the results of previous research. The results show that the play approach has a significant influence on improving children's effective communication skills, such as the courage to speak, the ability to express opinions, social interaction, cooperation, and self-confidence. In addition, play activities have been proven to be able to create a fun learning atmosphere so that children are more active in interacting with peers and teachers. Thus, the play approach can be an effective strategy in developing the communication skills of children aged 5–6 years.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to allergen exposure. This condition has become a significant global health concern because of its increasing prevalence and substantial impact on quality of life, sleep, cognitive function, and work productivity. AR is also commonly associated with other atopic diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. This article aims to review the current understanding of allergic rhinitis, focusing on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and evidence-based management strategies. This study used a narrative literature review method by analyzing scientific articles, clinical guidelines, and peer-reviewed journals published between 2015 and 2025. Literature sources were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant medical databases using keywords related to allergic rhinitis, IgE, diagnosis, and immunotherapy. The findings indicate that allergic rhinitis involves complex immune mechanisms characterized by Th2 lymphocyte activation, IgE production, and inflammatory mediator release. Diagnosis is primarily established clinically and supported by allergy testing such as skin prick tests or serum-specific IgE measurement. Intranasal corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy for moderate to severe cases, while antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists are used as adjunctive therapies. Allergen immunotherapy has shown effectiveness in modifying disease progression and improving long-term outcomes. In conclusion, allergic rhinitis is a manageable chronic disease that requires a comprehensive and individualized treatment approach involving environmental control, pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is recognized as one of the horticultural commodities with significant economic value and an important contribution to food security in Indonesia. However, conventional cultivation practices still face various challenges, including limited land availability, climate uncertainty, and disturbances from plant pests and diseases. These conditions highlight the need for the implementation of innovative technologies to improve production efficiency while maintaining yield stability. One approach that has been increasingly developed is the hydroponic system, a cultivation technique that does not rely on soil as a growing medium but instead utilizes nutrient solutions as the primary source of essential elements. This article aims to examine various aspects of hydroponic chili cultivation, including the roles and benefits of the plant, different types of hydroponic systems, abiotic and biotic stress factors, and cultivation management strategies. Based on the review conducted, hydroponic systems, when supported by optimal nutrient management and environmental conditions, are capable of enhancing both the yield and quality of chili plants. Therefore, the development of hydroponic-based chili cultivation is considered to have promising prospects as a solution to support sustainable agriculture in the future.

This study explores Indonesian EFL student teachers’ experiences of learning to write news articles through blogging in a Journalism course. The study was motivated by the need to provide meaningful and genre-based writing practice for EFL student teachers, who often face difficulties in generating ideas, organizing information, meeting genre expectations, and writing for authentic aences. Employing a qualitative case study design, the study involved twenty undergraduate student teachers from a private Islamic university in Tangerang, Indonesia; all participants completed an online quetaire, and five volunteers joined follow-up semi-structured interviews. The questionnaire data were alysed descriptively, while the interview data were examined thematically. The findings indicate that blogging supported regular writing practice, helped students understand news text structure, enouraged clearer organization of headlines, leads, and supporting details, and increased engagement by allowing students to publish and share their work. Blogging also promoted peer interaction and selfevaluation because students could read, compare, and comment on one another’s posts. However, some paticpants eprienced challenges related to technical blogging skills, uncertainty about writing standards, limited peer feedback, and discomfort with public online publication. The study concludes that blogging can serve as a useful platform for EFL news writing when it is supported by explicit istrucion, relevant tasks, clear assessment criteria, structured feedback, and ethical awareness in using digital and AI-driven tools.

Human happiness does not lie in physical pleasure, victory, wealth, honour, worldly power, a beautiful body, or the senses. People in religious communities seek something deeper, contemplating and acknowledging the highest value in union with God. Thomas Aquinas, in his Summa Contra Gentiles, arguments that human happiness lies in the contemplation of God, through which one attains peace and fulfilment in total self-surrender to God. However, in the lived experience of religious communities, a fear of matters related to sexuality is evident. Indeed, some misunderstand and misinterpret these matters, resulting in monks and nuns who become cold, dry, and rigid, acting in ways that violate sexual morality, thereby disrupting or even destroying—their ministry due to such improper conduct. Based on this, the author recognises the importance of education and the appreciation of sexual values for religious communities. Using a literature review method involving relevant books, journals, articles, and Church documents with a theological approach, it was found that the education of religious people requires aspects of happiness and sexuality education. The results of the study indicate that Thomas Aquinas’s concept of happiness can bridge religious life with sexuality education, which is one aspect that must be understood and lived out. Therefore, the happiness of love and the sexuality education of religious people need to be explored and lived out in the course of living and experiencing life as a religious person.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a daily disease seen in rheumatology clinics. It predominantly involves the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is mostly spared except for the cervical spine where instability can occur and can be carefully assessed with cervical spine radiographs in flexion and extension. Radiographs may show erosion at the C1-C2 level with destruction of the transverse ligament that can result in atlantoaxial subluxation. Diagnosis is based on clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings. Conventional radiography has been the mainstay for diagnosis of joint damage and subsequent follow-up. Radiography can provide only indirect information on synovial inflammation, however, and the technique is insensitive to early bone damage. Hand radiographs are frequently ordered as the first imaging modality in the assessment of patients presenting with peripheral arthritis. They can provide invaluable information about the bones, joints, mineralization, soft tissues and the distribution of abnormalities. Given the wide spectrum of rheumatic diseases, it might be challenging to make the diagnosis solely based on the clinical findings and imaging plays an important role in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Having the knowledge of the common radiographic manifestations of inflammatory arthritis is of paramount importance for clinicians and radiologists to diagnose the underlying disease in early stages of disease in order to start treatment. The purpose of the article is to review the key radiographic findings of common rheumatic diseases in the hands.

Antimicrobial resistance is a persistent threat to hospital care, particularly when empirical therapy relies on broad-spectrum antibiotics without continuous evaluation of local use and susceptibility patterns. This literature review aimed to synthesize evidence from four Indonesian hospital-based studies regarding antibiotic utilization, rationality assessment, and bacterial resistance profiles. A structured narrative review was conducted using four selected articles provided by the author. Data were extracted for study design, setting, population, antibiotic evaluation method, dominant antibiotic classes, rationality indicators, resistance profile, and stewardship implications. The four studies were descriptive and hospital-based, using retrospective records, concurrent observation, ATC/DDD with DU 90%, qualitative rationality criteria, and antibiogram data. The synthesis showed a consistent concentration of antibiotic use in broad-spectrum groups, especially third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins, quinolones, and macrolides. In a Bandung public hospital, total antibiotic consumption reached 95,719.01 DDD, with penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, macrolides, and sulfonamides included in the DU 90% segment. In intensive care, ceftriaxone was the most frequently used antibiotic and most rationality indicators were appropriate, although clinically significant drug interactions were still identified. In pediatric acute respiratory infection inpatients, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone dominated empirical therapy. Resistance mapping in Denpasar highlighted relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and recommended antibiotics according to susceptibility levels. Overall, the reviewed evidence supports an integrated antimicrobial stewardship model combining ATC/DDD-DU 90% surveillance, qualitative rationality evaluation, antibiogram-based empirical guidance, and periodic feedback to prescribers.

Introduction: Ramadan fasting is a religious practice observed by Muslims by abstaining from food and drink from dawn until sunset. These changes may increase the need for oral and dental healthcare. However, some Muslims still perceive that undergoing dental treatment while fasting may invalidate the fast, leading many patients to delay or avoid dental visits during Ramadan. Objective: This study aims to review and analyse various scientific literature regarding the safety and permissibility of dental procedures for patients who are observing fasting during Ramadan. Methods: This study used a narrative review method by searching scientific articles through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases using keywords relevant to the research topic. Articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The review findings indicate that most dental procedures, such as local anaesthesia administration, scaling, restorative treatment, and tooth extraction, generally do not invalidate fasting as long as no material or fluid is intentionally swallowed. The use of suction devices, isolation of the treatment area, and proper scheduling of dental procedures are important factors in minimizing the risk of swallowing fluids during treatment. Conclusion: Most dental procedures can be safely performed on fasting patients while still considering both medical aspects and Islamic principles. Patient education regarding the safety of dental procedures during fasting should be improved to prevent delays in treatment and complications in oral health.

This study examines teachers’ strategies in instilling citizenship values among students to develop democratic character and social responsibility. The background of this study is rooted in the increasing need to strengthen students’ civic awareness and character in the face of rapid social and technological changes. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze effective strategies used by teachers in integrating citizenship values into the learning process. This study employs a library research method by analyzing various relevant academic sources, including journals, books, and scholarly articles related to citizenship education and character development. The findings indicate that effective strategies include student-centered learning approaches, the integration of character education into civic education, the use of inquiry-based learning methods, and the utilization of technology to enhance student engagement. Additionally, extracurricular activities and a democratic classroom environment play a significant role in reinforcing students’ understanding and application of citizenship values. These strategies contribute to the development of students’ critical thinking, participation skills, and social awareness. The implications of this study suggest that teachers need to continuously innovate and adapt their teaching strategies to meet the evolving needs of students and societal demands. Furthermore, educational institutions should provide adequate support and resources to optimize the implementation of citizenship education in fostering responsible and democratic citizens.

The field of education, especially Islamic Religious Education (PAI), has seen substantial changes as a result of the advancement of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI). The existence of digital media and AI offers numerous opportunities to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of education through interactive, flexible, and easily accessible learning resources. The purpose of this article is to analyze how artificial intelligence (AI) and digital media are used in Islamic Religious Education. This includes the idea of AI and digital media, AI-based learning materials, the use of AI in educational activities, ethical considerations of AI use, the effects and difficulties of integrating AI, and the Islamic viewpoint on technological advancement. This study employed a library research method by collecting data from relevant journals, books, and other scholarly sources. The findings indicate that the use of AI and digital media in PAI learning can enhance access to information, personalize learning experiences, improve evaluation effectiveness, and increase student engagement in the learning process. However, the implementation of AI also presents several challenges, such as limited digital literacy among teachers, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, ethical concerns, and the potential decline of direct educational interaction between teachers and students. Therefore, the utilization of AI in Islamic Religious Education should be carried out wisely while maintaining Islamic values, ethics, and the primary goal of Islamic education in shaping students’ character.

In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0, digital technology is developing rapidly. This has prompted the world of education to make major changes in learning methods, including in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). Until now, PAI has used outdated methods. These methods are inadequate to meet the needs of children who are accustomed to technology. Therefore, there is a need for technology integration in the learning process. This study aims to determine how to use E-Learning, Learning Management Systems (LMS), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in PAI learning. This study also aims to determine the benefits, challenges, and strategies for implementing these technologies. This study used a qualitative approach with a literature review type. Data were obtained from various sources, such as books, scientific articles, journals, and relevant documents. The results show that the use of E-Learning, LMS, and AI can improve the quality of PAI learning. E-Learning makes learning easier and more flexible. LMS helps manage learning more systematically. AI helps make learning more personalized and tailored to students' needs. However, the implementation of these technologies still faces several challenges, such as limited infrastructure and low digital skills of teachers and students. Therefore, a strategy is needed to address these challenges. This strategy includes enhancing digital capabilities, strengthening technological infrastructure, developing innovative learning media, and monitoring the use of technology based on Islamic values. This will ensure optimal integration of technology into Islamic Religious Education learning.

The development of digital technology has brought about significant changes in various aspects of life, including early childhood faith education. Today’s children are growing up in an environment familiar with digital media, making it necessary to adopt a catechetical approach that keeps pace with the times. This article aims to examine the use of digital catechesis as a tool for early childhood faith education. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach, gathering data from books, scientific journals, research articles, Church documents, and other relevant sources. The data is analyzed using descriptive-qualitative methods to understand the benefits, challenges, and role of digital catechesis in fostering children’s faith. Research findings indicate that digital catechesis can serve as an effective, engaging, and interactive medium for helping children learn about the teachings of the faith from an early age. The use of animated videos, religious songs, educational images, and learning apps can enhance children’s interest in learning, attention, and understanding of Catholic faith values. Furthermore, digital catechesis also assists the Church, families, and schools in providing faith education that is more contextual and aligned with the world of today’s children. However, the use of digital media still requires the guidance of parents, teachers, and faith mentors so that children receive proper direction and are protected from the negative impacts of technology. Thus, digital catechesis is a relevant tool in the faith education of young children when used wisely and purposefully. The presence of digital media does not replace the role of faith educators but serves as a tool that enriches the process of proclaiming the faith in the modern era.

The rapid growth of digital commerce has encouraged companies to integrate digital and physical marketing channels to create seamless and consistent customer experiences. This study aims to analyze the role of integrated marketing channels through omnichannel strategies, the utilization of Artificial intelligence (AI), and their impact on customer experience in the context of digital commerce. The study employs a Systematic literature review (SLR) approach by examining relevant scholarly articles related to omnichannel marketing, AI technologies, and customer experience. The findings indicate that integrated marketing channels supported by AI enhance service personalization, customer engagement, operational efficiency, and the quality of interactions between companies and customers. Furthermore, the implementation of omnichannel strategies contributes to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty by providing a more connected experience across multiple customer touchpoints. However, the implementation of integrated marketing channels still faces several challenges, including fragmented channel integration, technological complexity, high investment requirements, and concerns regarding customer data privacy and security. Therefore, effective management of integrated marketing channels is essential for improving customer experience while creating sustainable competitive advantages for companies in an increasingly dynamic digital era.

The enactment of Indonesia's Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP 2025), effective January 2, 2026, introduces a paradigmatic shift in the coordination between investigators and public prosecutors: Article 58 mandates active coordination from the investigation stage, fundamentally departing from the sequential-passive model of the former KUHAP, while Article 70 imposes a strict seven-day deadline for indictment drafting after case files are declared complete. This study examines two interconnected questions: (1) how the legal framework governing investigator–prosecutor coordination is structured under KUHAP 2025 and related legislation; and (2) how that framework is implemented in practice at the Purwakarta District Prosecutor's Office. A normative–empirical mixed-method design was employed, integrating statutory, conceptual, and case-study approaches. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with prosecutors and investigators at Purwakarta District Prosecutor's Office and Purwakarta Police Resort, case document analysis, and field observation. The theoretical framework combines Lawrence M. Friedman's Legal System Theory and Soerjono Soekanto's Law Enforcement Theory. Findings reveal that KUHAP 2025 delivers substantial normative advancement yet harbours three critical regulatory gaps: the absence of binding technical protocols for implementing mandatory active coordination, the lack of uniform and measurable case-file completeness standards, and no formal mechanism for resolving institutional disagreements on legal interpretation. On the ground, coordination at Purwakarta still operates under the old sequential-passive pattern despite the new law: case-file returns (P-19) remain frequent, driven primarily by absent expert testimony, insufficient factual narration in examination records, and mismatches between charged articles and legal facts. A Friedman–Soekanto diagnostic reveals simultaneous dysfunction across all three legal system components substance, structure, and legal culture with the entrenched 'waiting culture' between the police and the prosecution identified as the most resistant obstacle to reform.

Microplastics are extremely small plastic particles that have become a major concern in public health and environmental studies. This literature review aims to discuss the sources of microplastics, their routes of exposure to the human body, their distribution in organs, and their potential health impacts. The method used was a literature review of scientific articles and reports published from 2021 onward, retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and official websites of organizations such as the WHO, OECD, and the World Bank. The review findings show that microplastics originate from plastic waste, synthetic clothing, cosmetics, vehicle tires, and food packaging. These particles have been detected in blood, lungs, the placenta, feces, and various human tissues, indicating that human exposure is widespread. However, evidence from human studies is still limited, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot yet be confirmed with certainty. Based on these findings, further research is needed to better understand the long-term health effects of microplastics. In addition, efforts to reduce single-use plastics, improve waste management systems, and increase public education are essential to reduce exposure and prevent future health risks.

Rapid technological developments and social changes in the disruption era require organizations, including educational institutions, to adapt quickly and innovatively. This article discusses the importance of building psychological safety as a foundation to enhance team innovation and adaptability. Psychological safety is a condition in which team members feel safe to express ideas, ask questions, and share opinions without fear of negative consequences. The study employs a qualitative literature review method; analyzing various scientific sources related to psychological safety, leadership, and organizational management. Findings indicate that supportive and inclusive leadership plays a crucial role in fostering a psychologically safe environment, which in turn promotes open communication; effective collaboration, and innovative behavior. Developing psychological safety enhances intrinsic motivation, job engagement, and learning agility; enabling teams to respond effectively to rapid organizational changes. This research implies that organizations should prioritize psychological safety to strengthen team performance and sustainability in the dynamic disruption era.

This article examines the dialogue between John Calvin’s educational thought and the Merdeka Curriculum within the context of Christian Religious Education (PAK) in Indonesia. Employing a qualitative-comparative approach with descriptive analysis, this study traces the points of convergence and tension between Calvin’s educational principles particularly the concept of imago Dei, holistic education, and the God-centered purpose of education and the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum such as flexibility, differentiated learning, and the Profil Pelajar Pancasila (Pancasila Student Profile). The analysis reveals significant convergence in terms of respect for the potential and uniqueness of learners, holistic educational orientation, and the role of teachers as facilitators and character formers. However, fundamental tensions also exist regarding Calvin’s theocentric theological foundation vis-à-vis the secular Pancasila foundation, the concept of discipline and authority versus student freedom, and the ultimate goal of education glorifying God versus forming the Pancasila Student Profile. Based on these findings, this article offers practical recommendations for PAK curriculum design based on the Merdeka Curriculum, a Kingdom of God-nuanced project-based learning approach, holistic assessment, and Christian character formation within the Profil Pelajar Pancasila framework. This research contributes to filling the gap in studies that dialogue the Reformed theological tradition with contemporary Indonesian national education policy.

This study aims to analyze the relevance of Robert Raikes' Christian educational thinking to the character formation of children in contemporary Sunday School services. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data were obtained from various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and research articles related to Christian education, character education, and the history of Sunday School development. Data analysis techniques were carried out through the stages of data reduction, grouping themes, interpretation, and drawing conclusions using descriptive qualitative methods. The results show that Robert Raikes' thoughts remain relevant in modern Christian education, especially in the formation of children's character through the teaching of God's Word, discipline, role models, and the instilling of Christian values. Sunday School plays an important role as a means of fostering faith, morality, and social responsibility in children from an early age. In addition, the challenges of the digital era require churches to develop more creative, interactive, and contextual learning methods without abandoning the basic values ​​of the Christian faith. This study confirms that the success of children's character formation depends not only on the church, but also on the role of Sunday School teachers and families who work together to build a conducive spiritual environment. Thus, Robert Raikes' thinking makes an important contribution to the development of Christian education that is relevant in the modern era.

The rise of social media has created a digital public sphere that enables users to express their opinions on social and political issues openly and in real-time. One of the most discussed topics on social media platform X is the trending hashtag #IndonesiaGelap, which reflects public concern and criticism regarding various governmental and societal conditions. This study aims to conduct sentiment analysis on tweets containing the hashtag to determine the overall sentiment trend among users. The method employed in this research is the Naive Bayes classification algorithm, known for its simplicity and effectiveness in text classification. To enhance the model’s performance, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to optimize feature selection and parameter tuning. The dataset consists of public tweets collected via the Twitter API, followed by preprocessing, feature extraction using TF-IDF, and sentiment classification into three categories: positive, negative, and neutral. The results indicate that the integration of PSO significantly improves the classification accuracy of the Naive Bayes model compared to the baseline. The majority of tweets related to #IndonesiaGelap exhibit a negative sentiment, indicating widespread public dissatisfaction and criticism. This research is expected to contribute to a better understanding of public perception and serve as valuable input for stakeholders in addressing social issues in the digital age.