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Cutaneous fungal infections caused by Malassezia furfur remain a significant health concern in tropical regions, highlighting the need for safe and effective alternative therapies. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are reported to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit potential antifungal activity. This study aimed to develop a topical suspension formulation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and to evaluate the effect of varying extract concentrations on the physical characteristics of the preparation. An experimental method was employed using four formulations: F0 as the control, and F1, F2, and F3 containing 9%, 10%, and 11% extract, respectively. Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and adhesiveness, as well as stability testing using a cycling test method for 12 days. The results demonstrated that all formulations exhibited good organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, and viscosity. The pH values remained within the acceptable range for skin preparations, although slight fluctuations were observed during storage. Adhesiveness also showed variations across several testing cycles. Overall, the formulations met acceptable physical quality criteria and demonstrated potential for further development as topical suspensions; however, formulation optimization is still required to enhance stability during storage.

Cutaneous fungal infections caused by Malassezia furfur remain a significant health concern in tropical regions, highlighting the need for safe and effective alternative therapies. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are reported to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit potential antifungal activity. This study aimed to develop a topical suspension formulation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and to evaluate the effect of varying extract concentrations on the physical characteristics of the preparation. An experimental method was employed using four formulations: F0 as the control, and F1, F2, and F3 containing 9%, 10%, and 11% extract, respectively. Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and adhesiveness, as well as stability testing using a cycling test method for 12 days. The results demonstrated that all formulations exhibited good organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, and viscosity. The pH values remained within the acceptable range for skin preparations, although slight fluctuations were observed during storage. Adhesiveness also showed variations across several testing cycles. Overall, the formulations met acceptable physical quality criteria and demonstrated potential for further development as topical suspensions; however, formulation optimization is still required to enhance stability during storage.

Strawberries are horticultural commodities that are highly susceptible to postharvest deterioration due to their high respiration rate, microbial activity, and oxidative degradation, resulting in a relatively short shelf life. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of edible coatings in extending strawberry shelf life through a systematic literature review (SLR) approach. Literature was collected from several scientific databases using keywords related to edible coating, shelf life, and strawberry, covering publications from 2019–2026. From an initial 109 articles, a selection process based on inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 35 articles specifically discussing the application of edible coatings on strawberries. The synthesis results showed that all studies reported an extension of shelf life after edible coating application, although the effectiveness was influenced by the type of material, formulation, and storage conditions. Chitosan was the most widely used coating material due to its natural antimicrobial activity and excellent film-forming ability. The incorporation of bioactive compounds such as essential oils, plant extracts, and phenolic compounds was proven to enhance antifungal and antioxidant activities. In addition, nanotechnology-based systems demonstrated better preservation performance compared to conventional systems. However, methodological standardization and industrial-scale validation are still required to support commercial implementation.

Tinea incognito is a dermatophyte fungal infection when the clinical picture becomes unclear due to inappropriate treatment, which is usually caused by the use of topical steroids in cases of skin infections. A 46-year-old woman came with complaints of itchy reddish patches all over her body, experienced for 2 years. The itching worsened when consuming anchovies. The patient said she often took medication bought from a pharmacy without a doctor's prescription, the patient took methylprednisolone tablets and ointment. The itching complaint improved, but after stopping taking the medication, the itching complaint increased, and the patches widened. The patches first appeared on the right leg, initially resembling prickly heat spots then widened and spread to other parts of the body. Currently, the patches appear red in the shape of a ring with a clearer center. The patches were found on the face, neck, chest, abdomen, back, buttocks, left hand, and left foot. The patient noticed within a few months after taking the medication that her body was swollen, her weight increased, and her face looked rounder. A 20% KOH examination found hyphae and spores. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with Tinea Incognito caused by long-term topical steroid use. The patient was prescribed antifungal therapy with Ketoconazole 200 mg tablets once daily and Ketoconazole cream twice daily.

This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the potential pharmacological activities and safety profiles of seven secondary metabolite compounds (Caffeic Acid, Syringic Acid, Quercetin, Luteolin, p-Coumaric Acid, Ferulic Acid, and Epicatechin) identified in the Bajakah plant (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.). The research approach integrates in silico analysis using the PubChem database, biological activity prediction via PASS Online, oral toxicity assessment through ProTox-II, and pharmacokinetic evaluation using pkCSM, which were subsequently validated through an empirical literature review. The results indicate that these compounds exhibit significant activity probabilities, particularly as antimutagenic, antiseptic, and antioxidant agents. Luteolin demonstrated the highest antimutagenic potential, while Quercetin showed dominant antioxidant activity. Toxicity profiling revealed that Luteolin and Caffeic Acid possess the highest safety levels (Class 5), whereas Quercetin requires special attention (Class 3). These computational findings strongly correlate with empirical evidence demonstrating that Bajakah extract exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, antifungal activity against Candida albicans, as well as high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. This study provides a strong molecular foundation for the development of Bajakah as a safe and effective phytopharmaceutical candidate.

Canker sores are an inflammation of the oral tissues, generally caused by bacterial and fungal infections. They can cause pain and discomfort and reduce the sufferer's quality of life. Treatment for canker sores has been dominated by synthetic drugs, but they are less popular among the public, especially children, due to discomfort and concerns about side effects. Therefore, we need safer and more easily accepted alternative treatments based on culturally derived materials. This study is to investigate the potential of pineapple and melon stems formulated in the form of gummy candy nanosimplicia as a complementary therapy in the treatment of canker sores. The research method was carried out through a literature review by collecting scientific articles from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, then analyzed using VOSviewer software to map emerging research trends and potential. The analysis results indicate that there are approximately 600 articles discussing the active metabolite content in pineapple and melon stems that have antibacterial and antifungal activity, as well as the development of innovative preparations such as gummy candy as a delivery medium for bioactive compounds. The implications of this study indicate that the combination of pineapple stem and melon nanosimplisia has the potential to be developed as a safe, attractive, and effective natural herbal candy product for the prevention and treatment of mouth ulcers, especially in children.

Fungal infections are a common health problem in tropical regions, including Indonesia, since humid conditions support microbial growth. Candida tropicalis is a pathogenic species frequently identified as the cause of both superficial and systemic candidiasis. The rising resistance to synthetic antifungal agents such as fluconazole and ketoconazole highlights the need for safer and more effective alternative therapies. Propolis, a resinous substance produced by Trigona sp. bees from various plant sources, contains flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids with important biological activities, including antimicrobial and antifungal effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanol extract of propolis from Balikpapan against the growth of Candida tropicalis using the disk diffusion method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids in the extract. Antifungal activity testing showed that concentrations of 80%, 90%, and 100% significantly inhibited fungal growth, with the largest inhibition zone of 27.93 mm observed at 100% concentration. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant differences among treatments. Thus, ethanol extract of Trigona sp. propolis from Balikpapan demonstrates strong potential as a natural antifungal agent. These findings support the use of propolis as a natural-based therapeutic alternative for fungal infections and contribute to the development of herbal pharmaceutical products.

Leaves of Etlingera walang (Blume) RMSm have been empirically used in traditional medicine to relieve stomach disorders and are known to contain secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Salmonella typhi infection can cause typhoid fever with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, while Candida tropicalis is a fungus that can infect the gastrointestinal tract and lead to digestive disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves against S. typhi and C. tropicalis. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using the disk diffusion method at extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol and ketoconazole as positive controls, and DMSO as the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. However, the results showed that the extract did not produce inhibition zones against either test microorganism. Extract evaluation indicated a moisture content of 12.23%, total ash 13.39% (above the standard), acid-insoluble ash 1.25%, total plate count 1.8 × 10 ⁴ , and mold and yeast count 1.0 × 10 ³. The findings suggest that although the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves contains secondary metabolites and is traditionally used for stomach ailments, it does not exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. typhi or C. tropicalis.

Opportunistic fungal infections caused by Candida albicans pose increasing global health challenges, especially in immunocompromised patients. Resistance to conventional antifungal agents such as azoles and echinocandins has driven the search for alternative natural sources of antifungal compounds. This study reviews the isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria from Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizomes and their potential to produce antifungal metabolites against C. albicans. Literature from the past ten years was analyzed, focusing on bacterial endophytes isolated from temulawak, their identification methods, and antifungal activities. Dominant endophytes such as Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens demonstrated significant inhibition of C. albicans growth, with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 25 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 62.5 and 250 µg/mL. Antifungal activity is attributed to bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly lipopeptides produced by Bacillus species. Molecular identification via 16S rRNA sequencing confirms bacterial taxonomy, supporting further biotechnological exploration. This review highlights the promising potential of temulawak endophytic bacteria as a natural source for new antifungal agents to address drug resistance issues.

Fungal infection is an infectious disease that has a fairly high prevalence in tropical countries. Fungi that cause infections include Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. Sungkai plants (Peronema canescens) can be used as antifungals because they contain secondary metabolite compunds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The pupose of this study was to determine the antifungal activities of 96% ethanol extract of sungkai leaves against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. The antifungal activity test of the extract used the disc diffusion method with test solution concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% with ketoconazole as positive control and sterile aquadest as a negative control. The best inhibition results were obtained at a concentration of 50% with an average inhibition zone of 9.8mm (moderate category) against Candida albicans and an average inhibition zone of 6.88mm (moderate category) against Malassezia furfur. This shows that ethanol extract of sungkai leaves has antifungal activities.

The present study was aimed at gaining knowledge about the type of pathogen responsible for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) infections and evaluating the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Candida spp. antibiotic resistance. 112 samples were taken from infected women with VVC of different ages from September to December 2024. All specimens were collected from Al Hussein Teaching Hospital/ Al- Thiqar- governorate. The results showed that 67 (59.82%) of all cases had positive results for Candida spp., while 45 (40.18%) had negative results. Candida spp. Isolated from VVC were C. albicans, the most prevalent 33 (49.26%), C. glabrata, 12 (17.91%), C. krusi and C. kefyr, 9 (13.43%), and C. guilliermondii, 4 (6.90%). The antifungal sensitivity of the pathogenic Candida spp. was tested against five types of antifungals, and the results showed the highest resistance to ketoconazole was 66 (98.51%) of Candida spp. Because of the presence of these physiologically active chemicals, Zizyphus spina-christi L. exhibits antimicrobial capabilities. In this study, the main aim is to study the antifungal activity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract on some resistant candida and conduct analysis to confirm that the Ziziphus spina-christi leaves have phytochemical contents. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to find the bioactive components present in extracts of Z. spina-christi leaves. Finally, we decided the inhibitory activity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract. The extract of Ziziphus spina-christi had alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannic acid, and terpenoids, according to a preliminary phytochemical screen. In addition, GC-MS analysis of the extract confirmed the presence of many beneficial chemicals. The extract showed promising antimicrobial activity for Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. glabrata,C. krusi , C. kefyr, and C. guilliermondii)  . These results show that the Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract is a valuable resource for bioactive chemicals with potential uses in a variety of biological contexts.

EcoCleanzyme Wash is an innovative dishwashing liquid based on ecoenzyme, a liquid derived from the fermentation of organic waste such as fruit peels, vegetable scraps, brown sugar, and water. This product offers an environmentally friendly solution for household needs while addressing the challenges of suboptimal organic waste management. The three- month ecoenzyme fermentation process produces a liquid rich in natural enzymes with antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties, capable of breaking down harmful organic compounds. EcoCleanzyme Wash provides a safer alternative compared to conventional dishwashing liquids, which often contain harmful chemicals that can pollute water and soil. This product not only effectively cleans utensils but also supports the concept of sustainability by utilizing household organic waste. Additionally, EcoCleanzyme Wash helps reduce environmental pollution, often caused by improperly managed household waste. In Indonesia, organic waste constitutes the largest portion of household waste, which, if left unmanaged, can contaminate water, soil, and air, leading to various health issues such as diarrhea and skin infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. The use of ecoenzyme in EcoCleanzyme Wash represents a tangible step toward promoting the concepts of reuse and sustainable waste management, aligned with government regulations on waste handling. This product also contributes to reducing negative impacts on ecosystems and raising public awareness about the importance of managing organic waste. This research aims to provide a detailed guide on the production process of ecoenzyme-based dishwashing liquid, covering the utilization of organic raw materials, fermentation steps, and product formulation. It is expected that the findings of this research can serve as a reference for the development of other environmentally friendly products and encourage innovation in household waste management. EcoCleanzyme Wash is a progressive step in creating a product that not only fulfills household needs but also positively impacts the environment.

Garlic is a medicinal plant that is widely used for health and is used by people for traditional medicine. Garlic contains various secondary metabolite compounds which have antifungal activity, including tannins, flavonoids, allicin. Flavonoids are the largest group of phenolic compounds. So it is possible that flavonoids also have an effective antifungal effect. This research aims to formulate an ethanol extract of garlic (Allium sativum) ointment with a variety of bases and to determine the physical quality of the ointment. The type of research is laboratory experimental. The method used is maceration of the extract using 1000 ml of 70% ethanol, the design of the ointment formulation is to use three base variations FI (Hydrocarbon Base), FII (Absorption Base), FIII (Water Soluble Base). The results of the research conducted show that ethanol extract of garlic (Allium sativum) can be formulated into an ointment and has stable physical quality. The conclusion from this research is that ethanol extract of garlic (Allium sativum) can be formulated into an ointment and has stable physical quality.

Indonesia is a country rich in useful biodiversity, such as red galangal (Alpinia purpurata K.Schum). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the compounds isolated from the red galangal rhizome is the beginning of a new innovation to implement the concept on plants. The content of 1,8 sineol and eugenol in it makes red galangal rhizome can be used as a fungicide on lettuce plants. The widespread use of chemical-based pesticides can harm farmers and the environment with repeated exposure and over a long period of time. So biofungicide innovation is needed that can support the concept of Green Chemistry. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of red galangal rhizome extract as a fungicide on lettuce plants, as well as to analyze and determine under what conditions the fungicide from red galangal rhizome extract is optimal in eradicating Rhizoctonia Solani fungus on lettuce plants. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments. All data were tested for normality followed by homogeneity test and all data were found to be normally distributed and homogeneous. Data were analyzed with parametric statistical tests using one-way ANOVA tests and further tests using Tukey with an error rate of 10% to determine whether there was an effect of the treatment tested on the material. The results of this study indicate that red galangal rhizome extract is effective in eradicating Rhizoctonia Solani fungus on lettuce plants with an optimum concentration of 50%.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, rose mallow, is one of the Malvaceae family. Hibiscus rosa sinensis is valued as an attractive, ornamental addition to a healing plant. traditionally to treat skin conditions, menorrhagia, bronchitis, demulcent, abortion, antifertility, contraception, and diuretics Numerous phytochemical components, including flavonoids, mucilage, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic acid, and polyphenols, define it. It has been documented that hibiscus flowers can be used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and asthmatic. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers have anti-oxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial qualities. This work aimed to mini-review and establish the available evidence and information about Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and its bioactive constituents and pharmacological activity uses. This study suggests future work for more novel chemical structural characterization quality control, molecular docking studies, and clinical trials.

Dandruff is an anomalous state of the scalp one of the causes is the fungus Candida albicans. Ant nest (Mrymecodia pendens) is a natural material containing antifungal compounds namely flavanoid and tannin. The aim of this research is to make anti dandruff shampoo preparation form extract of ant nest (Myrmecodia pendens) with five variation concentration of 0%, 1,5%, 2%, 2,5% and 3%. The results show that ant nest extract (Myrmecodia pendens) can be formulated as an anti-dandruff shampoo that meets requirements such as organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, high foam, and foam stability.  

Dandruff is one of the problems that cause a lack of confidence. The triggering microorganism is Candida albicans. The innovation in the skin of red dragon fruit has the potential as an antibacterial and antifungal because it contains several active compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. This study aims to find out at what concentration the anti-dandruff activity on the growth of Candida albicans fungus in the formulation of dragon fruit peel extract shampoo preparation (Hylocereus polyrhizus). This research method is an experimental research using the disc paper diffusion method which consists of making dragon fruit peel extract with the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The extract is formulated in shampoo with concentrations of 20.40 and 80%. The results of this study were in the organoleptis test in the form of a viscous liquid, soft sticky texture, brown and menthol flavor. pH test 6.13, 6.71, 6.39, 5.49. Test the height of the foam 5.8cm, 6.0cm, 6.5cm, 10.3cm. Viscosity test 500 Cp, 612 Cp, 635 Cp, 624 Cp. Homogeneity test is homogeneous. Anti-dandruff shampoo activity test of kontro (+), control (-), concentration of 20%, 40%, 80% with an average of 21.95 mm, 0.00 mm, 22.9 mm, 26.07 mm, 28.52 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the formulation of dragon fruit peel extract shampoo (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has provided an inhibitory effect on the growth of Candida albicans fungus with the strongest inhibitory concentration produced in formulation III with a concentration of 80% of 28.52 mm.    

Sweet arum mango is one type of mango which when harvested has the highest vitamin C content of 7.53 ± 0.4 mg / 100 g. Processed sweet arum mango fruit products that have the potential to be developed are in the form of fruit juice. This is a consideration for researchers to conduct further research on the addition of eugenol preservatives with different concentrations of preservatives and storage times to produce better mango juice. Eugenol compounds have pharmacological activities as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiseptic, stimulant, so these compounds are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Based on the experimental results, optimal conditions for the use of eugenol occurred until day 2, where the addition of eugenol with treatment 3 as much as 1 ml amounted to 38.82% better when compared to other variations of eugenol addition.  The addition of eugenol preservatives cannot preserve the content of vitamin C in sweet mango juice even the content of vitamin C tends to decrease. Sweet arum mango juice has a shelf life of 12 days and total dissolved solids of more than 20%, so the resulting fruit juice does not meet SNI 7382:2009.

Eco Enzyme is a result of organic waste fermentation, derived from leftover fruits, vegetables, sugar, and water. It was first discovered by Dr. Rosukon Poompanvong, a member of the Organic Farming Association from Thailand. Eco Enzyme serves as a versatile liquid for household, agricultural, and livestock purposes. According to an article by Vama & Chekar in 2020, eco enzyme can be utilized as an antifungal, antibacterial, insecticide agent, and cleaner. Some of its functions include being a floor cleaner, dish cleaner, and toilet cleaner.The author created a business around eco enzyme using leftover fruits. The raw materials for eco enzyme are obtained from fruits that are no longer consumable or have become spoiled. Although there have been numerous studies on utilizing leftover fruits for eco enzyme production, not many people in the community are aware of or use eco enzyme. Therefore, the author came up with the idea of a business centered around eco enzyme, both as a value proposition for utilizing leftover fruits and as a means to educate people who are unfamiliar with eco enzyme.

Telang flower has the potential to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, Malasezia furfur, Pitosporum ovale, and Aspergilus fumigatus through the kombucha fermentation biotechnology method. The purpose of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of telang flower kombucha at various concentrations of white sugar. The varying concentrations of granulated sugar used in this study were 20%, 30%, and 40% (w/v), each repeated 3 times. The positive control used was kombucha made from green tea. The negative control used was sterile distilled water. The well diffusion method is one of the methods used to test antifungal activity. The fementation of telang flower kombucha has overall antifungal activity. White sugar concentration of 40% kombucha telang flower was the best concentration in inhibiting the growth of fungi as a whole when compared to the concentration of white sugar kombucha telang flower of 20%, 30% and positive and negative controls.