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The learning outcomes of Indonesian in understanding reading texts at the elementary school (SD) level are still low. This study aims to explore the challenges of reading comprehension skills in elementary school students, where many students are able to read technically but have difficulty understanding the reading content. This study examines the phenomenon of the gap between technical reading ability and reading content comprehension in elementary school students in Indonesia. Although students are able to read texts fluently, they often have difficulty understanding the meaning and context of more complex readings. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data was collected through observation, in-depth interviews, reading and text comprehension tests, and documentation at SD Negeri Bunter II, Cimanggung District, Sumedang Regency. The results show that this problem is caused by several factors, such as teaching methods that are less interactive and focus on reading techniques without providing comprehension strategies, lack of use of technology in learning, and low motivation of students to read more complex texts. The text comprehension test showed that only 35% of students were able to understand the content of the reading well. These findings emphasize the need to use more varied, creative, and technology-based learning methods to improve students' reading comprehension. This study provides important recommendations for teachers and schools in implementing a more effective approach to improve students' literacy skills

Educational psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on understanding the learning process and the factors that influence educational success. This article aims to describe the strategic position of educational psychology in the context of the development of science and the modern education system, as well as the benefits of its application for educators, students and the educational environment. This research uses a literature review method by analyzing various relevant theories and previous research. The results of the study show that educational psychology has an important position as a bridge between learning theory and educational practice. Educational psychology helps identify students' learning styles, design effective teaching methods, and understand students' psychological needs. Apart from that, the application of educational psychology can increase learning motivation, overcome student behavior problems, and create a conducive learning environment. Thus, educational psychology not only contributes to the optimization of the teaching and learning process, but also to the holistic development of students' potential.

This study explores the implementation of the Jigsaw method, a cooperative learning strategy, in a junior high school setting and its impact on student motivation. The aim is to investigate how the Jigsaw method affects students’ motivation to learn, especially in the context of science learning. Active student participation in the learning process is emphasized in the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Method. A literature review is the research methodology used, with an emphasis on sources released in the last ten years to ensure validity and relevance. Articles, books, dissertations, and research reports discussing the Jigsaw approach and its impact on junior high school students’ motivation are good places to find these sources. The findings indicate that the Jigsaw method significantly increases student engagement and motivation. Students are divided into diverse groups where each member learns a specific section of the material, the Jigsaw method encourages collaboration and peer teaching, which are essential for developing social skills and a sense of responsibility among students. This confirms that the Jigsaw method is a viable strategy for improving student motivation and learning outcomes in a junior high school setting.  

This research report aims to describe the use of snakes and ladders learning media to increase the motivation to learn numeracy in grade two of SD Muhammadiyah 12. numeracy skills are the ability to understand and use numbers, patterns, numbers, in solving math problems in everyday life. The method used in this research is descriptive leatherative with data collection observation, interviews, documentation. The results of this study indicate that snakes and ladders learning media are able to create a fun and interactive learning atmosphere, students become more understanding of the material, thus increasing student learning motivation. Students become active and enthusiastic in solving numeracy problems. Therefore, snakes and ladders learning media has great potential to be an alternative learning media that is effective in increasing the numeracy learning motivation of second grade students.

This article discusses the significance of educational psychology in enhancing the teaching and learning process. Educational psychology provides insights into students' characteristics, including their needs, motivations, and diverse learning styles. With this understanding, educators can design more effective and responsive teaching methods tailored to individual students. Additionally, the article explores various psychological theories, such as behaviorism and cognitivism, that can be applied in educational contexts to improve learning outcomes. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of positive relationships between students and teachers in creating a conducive learning environment. Through the integration of psychology into the educational curriculum, it is hoped that the quality of learning in Indonesia can be improved, supporting the holistic development of students' character and potential.

This study aims to describe and analyze the implementation of character education in students of Mawar Saron Karangpasar Kindergarten, Tegowanu District, Grobogan Regency in 2020/2021 based on 18 character values, namely religious, honest, tolerant, disciplined, hard working, creative, independent, democratic, curiosity, national spirit, love of the homeland, respect for achievement, friendly/communicative, love of peace, love of reading, care for the environment, care for society, and responsibility. The type of research used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study were the principal, class teachers, Character Education subject teachers, and parents of students. The data collection techniques used were interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique used was the Miles and Huberman model data analysis technique. The data validity test used was the credibility test, reliability test, and confirmability test. Based on the research results, information was obtained that the implementation of character education for students of Mawar Saron Karangpasar Kindergarten, Tegowanu District, Grobogan Regency in 2020/2021 in learning activities and outside learning activities was carried out in various ways. The implementation of character education in learning activities is implemented through five models, namely habituation, learning methods, conditioning, role models, and providing motivation, advice, understanding and appreciation. The most prominent character values ​​in the implementation of character education in learning activities are religious, disciplined, independent, and curious. Meanwhile, the implementation of character education outside learning activities is implemented through habituation, provision of school facilities, provision of school programs, role models, and provision of motivation and appreciation. The most prominent character values ​​in the implementation of character education outside learning activities are the values ​​of tolerance and caring for the environment.

This study examines the effectiveness of the experimental method in improving the learning outcomes and learning motivation of third-grade elementary school students in science subjects. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design, involving an experimental group taught using the experimental method and a control group taught with conventional methods. Data were collected using tests, questionnaires, and observation sheets. The findings reveal that the experimental method significantly enhances both learning outcomes and motivation compared to conventional methods. Statistical analysis using t-tests showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the experimental and control groups in terms of posttest scores and motivation levels. The experimental method proved effective in promoting active student engagement, deeper conceptual understanding, and intrinsic motivation. This method is recommended as a strategy to improve science learning quality in elementary schools.

This study aims to describe: (1) types of errors in the use of Indonesian language which include errors in spelling, word choice, sentence structure, and paragraph structure; (2) factors causing errors in observation reports of grade VIII students at SMPN 6 Rajadesa; and (3) efforts made to overcome these language errors. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a content analysis approach to samples in the form of observation reports from 3 grade VIII students of SMPN 2 Rajadesa. The results of the study show that: First, the forms of language errors found include errors in spelling, choice of diction, sentence structure, and paragraph structure. Second, factors causing language errors in the report include students' lack of understanding of language rules, inaccuracy when writing, low motivation in writing, and limited student vocabulary. Third, efforts made to correct language errors in this observation report include the application of writing learning with a process approach, increasing understanding of language rules through reading activities, and increasing writing practice for students.

This research explores the use of Virtual Reality (VR) storytelling in language learning, focusing on its impact on speaking fluency, narrative skills, and student engagement. As traditional language teaching methods often face challenges such as limited speaking practice and learner anxiety, VR offers a promising alternative by creating immersive, interactive environments that encourage active participation. The objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of VR storytelling in enhancing these language skills, particularly in second language learners. The study utilized an action research methodology, involving language learners who participated in VR-based storytelling interventions. Pre- and post-assessments, along with surveys and student feedback, were used to evaluate speaking fluency, narrative construction, and overall engagement. The findings indicated significant improvements in all three areas, with students reporting increased confidence, reduced anxiety, and enhanced motivation to engage with the language. The use of VR not only improved grammatical and lexical aspects of speaking but also fostered creativity and coherence in storytelling. These results support the potential of VR to transform traditional language education by providing an engaging, low-pressure environment for learners. The study concludes by recommending the integration of VR in language classrooms to enhance language acquisition and suggests further exploration into long-term effects and content diversity.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach on the mathematical problem-solving abilities of elementary school students. RME is a learning approach that connects mathematical concepts with real situations that students can find in everyday life. The research method used is qualitative research by reviewing the results of previous studies that are relevant in the context of mathematics learning in elementary schools. Based on the analysis of various studies, the results of the study indicate that the application of RME can improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. This is evident in various materials such as geometry (circumference and area of ​​trapezoids and kites), mixed arithmetic operations, and equivalent fractions. RME also plays a role in increasing students' self-esteem and self-efficacy in learning mathematics, which in turn strengthens their motivation and performance. In addition, the learning media used in RME, such as geoboards, can enrich students' learning experiences and facilitate understanding of mathematical concepts in a more concrete way. This study provides an overview that RME not only improves students' cognitive abilities, but also supports their emotional and social development in the context of mathematics learning.

Learning Indonesian for foreign speakers faces various challenges, especially in mastering vowels which are an important component in communication. This article aims to examine effective Indonesian language learning strategies using simple vowel pocket books through a literature review. This study involves an analysis of theories and approaches in second language learning, as well as the importance of vowel mastery. The methodology used is a literature review by examining various relevant sources and case studies. The results of the study indicate that simple vowel pocket books are effective in improving the pronunciation and understanding of Indonesian vowels for foreign speakers. This pocket book has also been shown to increase student motivation and involvement in the learning process. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of integrating practical and user-friendly learning aids to support the success of Indonesian language learning.

This study aims to explore the challenges of mathematics learning in grade IX at SMP N 45 Kota Bekasi. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data were collected through interviews with teachers and students, as well as direct classroom observations. The findings show that the main challenges in mathematics learning include low student motivation, ineffective use of educational technology, and limited learning facilities. In addition, teaching methods that still rely on conventional approaches hinder students' understanding of mathematical concepts. This study recommends the use of more interactive teaching approaches and the utilization of technology to improve the quality of mathematics education at the school.

This study aims to examine the role of teachers in enhancing the effectiveness of learning at SDN Karyasari 1 through a literature review and case study approach. The teachers at SDN Karyasari 1 were analyzed regarding the strategies and efforts they undertake to improve the quality of classroom learning. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. The results show that teachers play a significant role in creating a conducive learning environment, managing the classroom effectively, and implementing diverse and engaging teaching methods. Factors supporting learning effectiveness include teacher competence, student motivation, and the use of learning media tailored to students' needs. This study provides valuable insights into the importance of teachers' roles in the success of the learning process at elementary schools.

This research is motivated by the lack of student motivation in learning Indonesian, which is due to the limited availability of innovative learning media. Additionally, this research is tailored to the abilities of the students. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of student motivation in using flash card media in Indonesian language subjects at the elementary school level. The method used is a qualitative approach by conducting field research, with data obtained through observation, interviews, documentation, analysis, reduction, presentation, and data verification. The results of the study indicate that the use of flash card media can enhance student motivation in learning materials on facts and opinions, create an enjoyable classroom atmosphere, and foster student enthusiasm. Moreover, it helps students become more actively engaged in the learning process.

The role of educational leadership is very important in developing entrepreneurial skills in students, especially in the era of globalization that requires graduates to have independent and innovative abilities. Educational leadership acts as a catalyst in creating a conducive learning environment, facilitating an entrepreneurship-based curriculum, and integrating entrepreneurship programs into the learning process. This study aims to explore the role of educational leadership in developing entrepreneurial skills in students. Educational leadership has an important role in shaping students' character and skills, including entrepreneurial skills. The research method used is a literature study to collect data and information relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that effective educational leadership can provide encouragement and motivation to students to develop their entrepreneurial skills. The implication of this study is the need for an active role of educational leadership in creating a learning environment that supports the development of entrepreneurial skills in students.

The role of educational leadership is very important in developing entrepreneurial skills in students, especially in the era of globalization that requires graduates to have independent and innovative abilities. Educational leadership acts as a catalyst in creating a conducive learning environment, facilitating an entrepreneurship-based curriculum, and integrating entrepreneurship programs into the learning process. This study aims to explore the role of educational leadership in developing entrepreneurial skills in students. Educational leadership has an important role in shaping students' character and skills, including entrepreneurial skills. The research method used is a literature study to collect data and information relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that effective educational leadership can provide encouragement and motivation to students to develop their entrepreneurial skills. The implication of this study is the need for an active role of educational leadership in creating a learning environment that supports the development of entrepreneurial skills in students.

The main reason underlying this research is that many students feel that mathematics is a difficult subject, which leads to low learning outcomes in this subject. This research aims to explore the influence of the spinning top learning method on the addition of whole numbers in class III students in elementary schools. Using a quantitative experimental research design, data was obtained through pre-test and post-test to evaluate student skills. The results of the analysis show that the application of the top method significantly improves student learning outcomes, with the average post-test score being higher than the average pre-test score. From this research, it can be concluded that: (1) The mathematics learning method used has proven to be very effective. (2) The test results show an increase in students' mathematical abilities. (3) The spinning top method has a positive impact in improving mathematics learning skills, especially for class III students. This research also shows that this method has proven effective in increasing motivation. and students' understanding of mathematical concepts.

This study explores the role of peer mentoring as a strategy to reduce student dropout rates and strengthen social support networks in universities. Using a mixed-methods approach that combined quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, the research examined students’ sense of belonging, academic motivation, persistence intention, and access to emotional and academic support. The findings indicate that peer mentoring significantly enhances students’ sense of community, increases their academic motivation, and strengthens their commitment to continue their studies. Compared to other retention strategies such as academic counseling or financial support, peer mentoring provides unique advantages by fostering ongoing peer-to-peer relationships and expanding social networks. Moreover, the study found that mentor–mentee interactions create a safe space for students to share academic challenges, personal concerns, and coping strategies, which contributes to improved well-being and greater confidence in navigating university life. Peer mentoring also offers opportunities for skill development, including communication, collaboration, and self-regulation, making it beneficial not only for mentees but also for mentors. These results suggest that peer mentoring not only mitigates dropout risks but also contributes to building long-term resilience and a supportive learning environment for students. Therefore, universities are encouraged to integrate structured peer mentoring programs into their retention initiatives to promote student success and holistic development.

This study explores the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) simulations in middle school science education, focusing on improving students’ conceptual understanding of complex topics such as metamorphosis. The research adopts an experimental design with a treatment group using AR simulations and a control group utilizing traditional teaching methods. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of AR in enhancing students' engagement, motivation, and understanding, as well as to evaluate the perceptions of both students and teachers regarding its use in the classroom. Data is collected through pre-tests and post-tests to measure conceptual understanding, along with perception questionnaires to gather feedback on the AR learning experience. The results of this study are expected to reveal that students in the AR treatment group will demonstrate greater improvements in their conceptual understanding compared to those in the control group. Additionally, it is anticipated that both students and teachers will report positive feedback on the use of AR, citing its interactive and immersive nature as a key factor in boosting motivation and engagement. The study also addresses challenges such as access to technology, cost, and the need for teacher training in effectively integrating AR into the curriculum. The findings suggest that AR can significantly enhance science learning outcomes, making complex concepts more accessible and engaging. The study concludes with recommendations for schools to adopt AR technology, ensure teacher training, and invest in the necessary resources to support AR integration in the classroom. By doing so, AR can play a pivotal role in improving middle school science education.

PAK teachers have the responsibility to educate and improve students' learning achievements. Efforts to improve student learning achievement are not an easy task for a teacher because often students cannot achieve learning achievements as expected by teachers and schools. The decline in student learning achievement is caused by students not understanding the teacher's explanations, monotonous and less creative learning methods, low learning motivation, spending more time playing games, and lack of attention from parents/family. This research aims to determine the role of Christian Religious Education teachers in improving the learning achievement of students at Bhakti Insani Vocational School, Bogor City. The research methodology used is descriptive qualitative with a literature study, observation and interview approach. To achieve learning achievement, students need to receive direction, guidance, motivation, creative learning methods, and attention from Christian Religious Education teachers. That is why, good collaboration between teachers, schools, and parents/families helps students improve their learning achievements.