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This study examines the words structure of two selected songs, “Kekal” and “Di Akhir Perang”, from Nadin Amizah’s album Untuk Dunia, Cinta, dan Kotornya, with a focus on identifying and interpreting the functions of open class words and closed class words within the lyrical composition. The background of this research lies in the growing interest in understanding how contemporary Indonesian songwriters construct meaning through linguistic choices that contribute to the emotional depth of their works. The objective of this study is to analyze how open class words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs contribute to semantic imagery, while closed class words such as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and aspects establish grammatical cohesion and narrative continuity. Using qualitative descriptive methods, the lyrics were segmented, categorized, and interpreted based on linguistic theory to reveal the semantic and grammatical roles of each word class. The findings show that open class words dominate the emotional and metaphorical landscape of the songs, functioning as carriers of imagery, personal vulnerability, and symbolic representation of healing, love, and existential reflection. Meanwhile, closed class words serve as structural anchors that link ideas, mark relationships between clauses, and maintain narrative fluidity, particularly in expressing inner conflict and the resolution of emotional war depicted in the lyrics. The study concludes that Nadin Amizah’s lyricism is not only aesthetically expressive but also linguistically strategic, revealing a deliberate interplay between lexical creativity and grammatical precision. These findings imply that linguistic analysis can enrich the appreciation of contemporary Indonesian music and open new perspectives for future studies in stylistics, discourse analysis, and cultural semantics.

This study aims to explain the level of student interest and various aspects that influence their interest in reading poetry among students of the Department of Indonesian Language and Literature Education, Lambung Mangkurat University (ULM) class of 2024. The research focuses on how students interpret poetry, factors that encourage and inhibit reading interest, and the role of the academic environment in shaping literary appreciation, especially poetry. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews and documentation to gain an in-depth understanding of students' experiences, views, and habits in reading poetry. The results show that students' interest in poetry is in the moderate category. Some students consider poetry to be beautiful and meaningful works, thus helping them to reflect on themselves and increase their interest in reading. However, others find it difficult to understand the implied meaning in poetry and consider poetry a complicated and less interesting genre. Factors that encourage interest in reading poetry include the active role of lecturers in presenting interesting poetry material, campus literary activities such as poetry readings and competitions, and the existence of student communities that focus on writing and literary appreciation. Meanwhile, obstacles found include limited literacy facilities such as reading rooms and poetry book collections, low student personal motivation, and the dominance of digital media which is more practical and entertaining than printed literary works. This research emphasizes the importance of creative learning strategies and support for campus activities to revitalize the culture of reading poetry so that literary appreciation can develop more optimally.

The phenomenon of cockfighting still persists in various communities in Indonesia as a cultural practice, entertainment, and symbol of certain social identities. However, this practice raises serious issues when analyzed from the perspectives of modern bioethics, animal welfare, public health, and normative religious values, particularly maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. This study aims to examine the ethical conflicts that arise from cockfighting by analyzing the biological and physiological impacts on animals, violations of animal welfare principles, and tensions between local cultural legitimacy and universal ethical standards. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach based on a review of relevant scientific literature, including national and international publications in the fields of bioethics, animal welfare, animal health, and law. The results of the study show that cockfighting systematically causes severe physical injury, extreme biological stress, behavioral disorders, and an increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission, so it can be categorized as a form of organized animal cruelty. From a bioethical and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah perspective, this practice contradicts the principles of respect for life, non-maleficence, and protection of life and public welfare. The lack of legal protection focused on animal welfare reinforces the urgency of a transformative approach through regulatory reformulation, public education, and the development of non-violent cultural alternatives. This study is expected to serve as a scientific and ethical basis for policy formulation and contextual and sustainable animal protection efforts.  

This research is motivated by challenges in biology learning, including the lack of digital literacy assessment in schools and the use of conventional learning methods that tend to make students bored. Impractical printed teaching materials cannot be integrated into the form of videos. This research aims to develop an e-module based on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) to analyze the feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness of e-modules in improving students' understanding of concepts and digital literacy on human respiratory system materials. This research uses the Development Research (R&D) method with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development model.  The research was carried out at SMAN 1 Malinau. The implementation stage used a non-equivalent control group  design involving 34 students in the experimental class and the control class. Data collection instruments include validation sheets for media and material experts, practicality questionnaires for teachers and students, and pretest-posttest  tests to measure concept understanding and digital literacy.  Analysis of effectiveness data using N-gain test and hypothesis test (independent sample t-test for concept understanding and Mann-Whitney for digital literacy). The results of the research based on the validation of media experts and subject matter experts show that the STEM-based e-module is declared "Excellent". The e-module is also rated "Very Practical" by biology teachers and students. The e-module was shown to be effective in improving conceptual understanding, where the average N-gain value of the experimental class (58.63; Quite Effective category) was significantly higher (p=0.017) than that of the control class (40.62).

Parents act as early educators entrusted with guiding, nurturing, and caring for their children. Their influence is crucial from the outset, as they substantially shape their children's character and disposition. The way parents parent their children can significantly enhance their overall development, as their methods significantly influence their children's social and emotional maturity. To foster healthy maturation and ensure their children's social integration, parents need to thoroughly understand the intricacies of their children's social and emotional development. Parents are the first teachers responsible for teaching, nurturing, and raising their children. Parental involvement is crucial. This study aims to examine the significance of parenting strategies employed by mothers and fathers and the extent to which these strategies shape their children's social and emotional development. The results of this study identified three distinct categories of parenting tactics commonly employed by mothers and fathers in raising their children: indulgent, dictatorial, and collaborative. Each of these parenting approaches exerts a unique influence on children's social and emotional maturation. The main difference lies in the observation that dictatorial and indulgent parenting approaches typically produce less beneficial results than collaborative parenting approaches, which typically produce more beneficial results. Therefore, it is recommended that mothers and fathers adopt a collaborative parenting approach when raising their children.

This study aims to determine the effect of authoritative parenting on the independence of children aged 4-5 years. The ex-post facto method was used as the research method, with the population being all parents of TPA Siti Hajar who use authoritative parenting. The sample was determined using a total sampling technique with data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using normality tests and simple regression. The results showed that parents use an authoritative parenting style. Respondents always ask their children about their lessons at school (64.08%), listen to their children talk about their school situation (57.00%), and provide encouragement when their children start to be lazy about their homework (66.70%), with a level of independence in the fairly good category, with indicators of self-confidence (65.00%), being able to make their own choices (52.31%), being responsible (50.60%), and being easy to make friends (55.00%). Therefore, the conclusion that can be conveyed is that there is an influence of authoritative parenting on the independence of children aged 4-5 years with a percentage of 46.00%. This study aims to determine the effect of authoritative parenting on the independence of children aged 4-5 years. The ex-post facto method was used as the research method, with the population being all parents of TPA Siti Hajar who use authoritative parenting. The sample was determined using a total sampling technique with data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using normality tests and simple regression. The results showed that parents use an authoritative parenting style. Respondents always ask their children about their lessons at school (64.08%), listen to their children talk about their school situation (57.00%), and provide encouragement when their children start to be lazy about their homework (66.70%), with a level of independence in the fairly good category, with indicators of self-confidence (65.00%), being able to make their own choices (52.31%), being responsible (50.60%), and being easy to make friends (55.00%). Therefore, the conclusion that can be conveyed is that there is an influence of authoritative parenting on the independence of children aged 4-5 years with a percentage of 46.00%. 

Swimming performance is strongly influenced by aerobic endurance, which enables athletes to maintain speed, technique efficiency, and physiological stability during prolonged activity. However, quantitative data regarding aerobic endurance levels among club-level swimmers in Indonesia remain limited. This study aimed to describe the aerobic endurance level of athletes from the Science Swimming Team. A descriptive research design was employed involving 11 swimmers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Cooper Swimming Test conducted over a 15-minute freestyle swimming session, and aerobic capacity was estimated through VO₂max values. The collected data were analyzed descriptively to classify aerobic endurance levels based on established normative categories by sex and age. The findings indicated that most athletes achieved good to very good performance in swimming distance; however, VO₂max classifications showed that aerobic capacity was predominantly in the moderate category, with only one female athlete reaching an excellent level. This disparity suggests that favorable distance performance does not necessarily reflect optimal aerobic capacity. The results imply the need for more targeted training programs focusing on improving VO₂max through structured aerobic and interval-based training. These findings provide practical input for coaches in designing data-driven and individualized training strategies to enhance aerobic endurance and competitive performance in swimming athletes.

Response time refers to the speed of nurses in providing initial responses to patients, measured from the moment patients arrive at the hospital entrance until they receive medical attention from emergency room staff. Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of healthcare quality, reflecting the comparison between patient expectations and the services received. This study passed the ethical review process with approval number 66/EC-LPPM/UWHS/IV-2025 and used a quantitative correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique applied purposive sampling involving 197 respondents. Data were collected using a nurse response time observation sheet and a patient satisfaction questionnaire that had undergone validity and reliability testing. The validity test using the Pearson Product Moment method showed that the calculated r value was greater than the r table value of 0.361, indicating that all questionnaire items were valid. The reliability test using Cronbach’s alpha produced a coefficient value of 0.855, confirming that the instrument was reliable. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with the Spearman’s rho test. The results showed that nurse response time was categorized as fast (≤ 5 minutes) for 177 respondents (89.8%). Patient satisfaction levels showed that 177 respondents (89.8%) were very satisfied, 10 respondents (5.1%) were satisfied, and 10 respondents (5.1%) were moderately satisfied. The Spearman Rank test produced a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05) with a correlation coefficient of 0.893, indicating a strong and positive relationship between nurse response time and patient satisfaction in the Emergency Room of Charlie Hospital Kendal.

Premarital sexual behavior among adolescents remains a public health concern influenced by social change, technological development, and social environment. This study aims to analyze factors associated with adolescent premarital sexual behavior based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). A systematic literature review was conducted on eight studies published between 2019 and 2025, including journal articles, undergraduate theses, and a doctoral dissertation. The findings were analyzed by categorizing the results into six HBM components: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The results indicate that perceived susceptibility is the most consistently associated component with adolescent premarital sexual behavior. Perceived severity, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy also show significant associations in several studies, whereas perceived benefits demonstrate the weakest and most inconsistent relationship. Overall, adolescent premarital sexual behavior is shaped by the interaction between risk perception, environmental support, and individual confidence in behavioral control. These findings confirm that the Health Belief Model remains a relevant framework for designing adolescent health promotion and preventive interventions.

Chronic kidney disease is an increasingly prevalent health issue that requires more precise clinical data-based early detection methods to enable timely and appropriate treatment. This study focuses on developing a predictive model for chronic kidney disease using the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) algorithm and enhancing its performance through hyperparameter optimization with the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The dataset used originates from public sources and undergoes several preprocessing steps, including missing value imputation, categorical feature encoding, outlier handling, initial feature selection, and stratified data splitting to maintain model quality. Three modeling approaches were evaluated: LightGBM with default parameters, LightGBM enhanced using Random Search, and LightGBM optimized with GWO. The experimental results indicate that the baseline model already performs well, Random Search improves accuracy and F1-score, and GWO achieves the highest AUC-ROC value despite requiring longer computation time. Significance testing through cross-validation shows that the performance differences among the three models are not statistically significant, suggesting that the observed improvements are not strong enough to determine a definitively superior optimization method. The feature importance analysis highlights that clinical indicators such as creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, and urine protein contribute most prominently to the prediction. Overall, the study demonstrates that LightGBM is a reliable model for early detection of chronic kidney disease, and hyperparameter optimization still offers added value that can support the development of AI-based clinical decision-support systems

This study aims to determine the description of work motivation, workload, and employee performance, as well as to analyze the magnitude of the influence of work motivation and workload on employee performance, both partially and simultaneously. The research method used is descriptive and verification with a quantitative approach. The study population includes all employees of the Bogor City Regional Revenue Agency, namely 83 ASN, who were used as respondents using a non-probability sampling technique through a saturated sampling approach. The results of the study indicate that the description of work motivation, workload, and employee performance are generally included in the sufficient category. Based on the results of the determination test, it is known that work motivation has a 53.5% effect on employee performance, while workload has a 13.9% effect on employee performance. Simultaneously, work motivation and workload have a 61.9% effect on employee performance. Thus, the results of the hypothesis test prove that work motivation and workload have a significant effect on employee performance.

Micro-Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) is a renewable energy solution suitable for remote rural areas with river flow availability. This study was carried out in Kampung 17, Batulawang Village, West Java, through the Community Service Program of HMM ITPLN, by designing and implementing a simplified MHPP system. The analysis indicates a hydraulic power potential of 1.511 kW with an effective head of 3.08 m and a discharge of 0.005 m³/s. Of this potential, the maximum utilized power reached 1.108 kW, equivalent to 73.32% of hydraulic energy utilization. The system is capable of producing approximately 26.6 kWh per day or around 798 kWh per month, matching the total demand of 12 households and one mosque in Kampung 17. If this demand were supplied by the national grid (PLN) under the R-1/TR 1300 VA category at Rp1,444.70 per kWh, the monthly cost would amount to approximately Rp1,152,870. Hence, the MHPP enables annual savings of around Rp13.8 million while ensuring local energy independence

Balikpapan City, as one of the economic centers in East Kalimantan, plays an important role in the development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The Goetji, as one of the MSMEs engaged in the beverage industry, faces significant challenges and opportunities in improving its performance and competitiveness. This study aims to analyze the influence of employee work motivation, corporate culture, and corporate atmosphere on business production and economic growth in Balikpapan City. The research method used is a quantitative approach with statistical analysis to measure the relationship between the variables studied. Data was collected through a survey involving The Goetji employees and analyzed using regression analysis to identify the significance of each factor's influence. The results show that employee motivation has a significant effect on the development of The Goetji SMEs, with a significance value of 0.000, indicating a strong relationship. In addition, a positive corporate culture and a supportive corporate atmosphere also contribute to increased productivity and product quality. This positive impact is not only seen in The Goetji's internal performance but also contributes to local economic growth by creating jobs and increasing regional income. This study concludes that strengthening work motivation and a positive corporate culture are key to improving the performance of MSMEs, which in turn contributes to the economic growth of Balikpapan City. Recommendations are provided to continue developing strategies that support these two aspects in order to achieve greater sustainability and growth

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has intensified financial misinformation and disinformation, particularly through illegal online loans and online gambling targeting communities with limited digital and financial literacy. This community engagement program in Dusun Munggur, Girimulyo Village, aimed to strengthen residents’ ability to identify and respond to deceptive digital practices through contextualized education on risk indicators, manipulative design strategies, and verification methods. Using a three-hour interactive socialization combining visuals, discussion, and a short comprehension exercise, the program improved participants’ understanding of how fraudulent financial schemes operate and how personal data, behavioral triggers, and algorithmic amplification are exploited. Participants demonstrated greater awareness of suspicious platforms, increased confidence in evaluating online offers, and requested sustained resources such as booklets and reporting guides for household- and community-level prevention. Although effective in raising immediate awareness, the intervention was limited by the lack of long-term behavioral assessment and the rapidly evolving nature of digital fraud. The program underscores the importance of community-centered, preventive literacy to mitigate digital financial risks in rural Indonesia.

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has intensified financial misinformation and disinformation, particularly through illegal online loans and online gambling targeting communities with limited digital and financial literacy. This community engagement program in Dusun Munggur, Girimulyo Village, aimed to strengthen residents’ ability to identify and respond to deceptive digital practices through contextualized education on risk indicators, manipulative design strategies, and verification methods. Using a three-hour interactive socialization combining visuals, discussion, and a short comprehension exercise, the program improved participants’ understanding of how fraudulent financial schemes operate and how personal data, behavioral triggers, and algorithmic amplification are exploited. Participants demonstrated greater awareness of suspicious platforms, increased confidence in evaluating online offers, and requested sustained resources such as booklets and reporting guides for household- and community-level prevention. Although effective in raising immediate awareness, the intervention was limited by the lack of long-term behavioral assessment and the rapidly evolving nature of digital fraud. The program underscores the importance of community-centered, preventive literacy to mitigate digital financial risks in rural Indonesia.

Open fractures are serious orthopedic injuries with a high risk of infection and soft tissue complications. A 20-year-old male patient presented to the Emergency Department with severe pain in his left leg and wrist, accompanied by a laceration on his face, following a traffic accident. Physical examination revealed deformity and an open wound on the left leg, along with severe swelling and tenderness. Radiographic results showed an open fracture of the proximal third of the left tibia and fibula, an open fracture of the left pedal metatarsal, a closed fracture of the distal phalanx of the third digit of the left foot, and a closed fracture of the distal third of the left radius with distal radioulnar joint dislocation. Based on the Gustilo–Anderson classification, the case was categorized as type IIIB. The patient received initial management including debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotics, analgesics, and splinting. Surgical intervention was performed in stages, comprising Open Reduction External Fixation (OREF) for the tibia–fibula and left foot, followed by Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) for the distal left radius. Postoperative evaluation showed clinical improvement with reduced pain, decreased edema, and improved extremity function. This case emphasizes the importance of rapid and appropriate management of multiple open fractures to prevent infection, maintain bone stability, and accelerate the healing process.

Here, it is examined how language is employed as a weapon on the internet by means of the illocutionary acts in Bhad Bhabie's 2023 diss track "Ms. Whitman." According to J.L. Austin's and John Searle's Speech Act Theory, the paper categorizes the lyrics of the song into the various kinds of illocutionary acts-assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives to determine how word aggression is an instrument of cyberbullying. Through qualitative text analysis, the study reveals expressive and assertive acts most prominent in the lyrics to disseminate defamatory claims, insults, and emotional harm against the object of attack Alabama Barker. Commissive and directive acts, on the other hand, serve to threaten, command, and dominate. The analysis shows how these speech acts collectively construct a model of systematic online verbal attack under the guise of musical performance. The findings show how music culture will tend to normalize aggression, make boundaries between entertainment and harassment opaque, and place audiences' understanding of digital communication ethics. The conclusion synthesizes the recommendation of media education as a means to enable listeners to critically understand the linguistic power of such content.     

The community service activity entitled "Building a Smart Society: Reading for the Future" The community service activity entitled "Building a Smart Society: Reading for the Future in Early Childhood" aims to increase children's interest in reading and strengthen the role of parents and teachers in fostering a culture of literacy from an early age. The background of this activity is the low interest in reading among Indonesian children caused by a lack of access to reading materials, minimal guidance from parents, and increasing dependence on gadgets. Through this program, it is hoped that parents and teachers will be able to understand the importance of guiding children in fun, interactive, and continuous reading activities. The implementation method of the activity includes lectures, discussions, questions and answers, and observations, involving teachers and parents of early childhood children in the Mangga Dua Selatan RPTRA environment. Evaluation was carried out using pre-tests and post-tests to measure the increase in participants' knowledge. The results of the activity showed an increase in the average score of participants from 59.5 to 84.5 with an N-Gain Score of 0.6 which is included in the moderate category. This proves that the activity is quite effective in improving parents' ability to guide children in reading. This community service activity contributes positively to building awareness of the importance of family literacy as the main foundation for the formation of the next generation. intelligent and competitive. This program is expected to continue to be implemented sustainably to strengthen the reading culture in the community.

Fantasy eyelashes are eyelashes that are used to add an accent of beauty to fantasy eye makeup. Currently, fantasy eyelashes are rarely sold on the market, and most of them are relatively expensive with simple designs. The scarcity of fantasy eyelashes at relatively high prices has led the author to innovate by utilizing mother-in-law's tongue leaf fibers as the basic material for making fantasy eyelashes. The research aims to simplify the search for fantasy eyelashes needed by the public at an affordable price while using natural materials that minimize the risk of irritation, thereby presenting an entrepreneurial opportunity. The natural material used is the mother-in-law's tongue plant. This plant is an environmentally friendly ornamental plant that is easily found in the author's surroundings, highly beneficial for health as it filters toxins and air pollution, and has high economic value. This research employs observation, literature review, experimentation, documentation, and questionnaires. The author uses descriptive qualitative analysis, presenting research results in narrative form using words and sentences. The author offers a price of Rp. 35,000 per pair, which is competitive with market prices for fantasy eyelashes. Product validation was conducted through sensory testing with three expert validators, covering aspects such as texture, shape, neatness, and a rating of 15 in the “very suitable” category. The level of preference was assessed through a preference test with 60 respondents, covering statements 1 to 8, with results ranging from 241 to 300 indicating “very liked.” This study concludes that fantasy eyelashes made from mother-in-law's tongue leaves can compete and are favored by makeup artists and practitioners.

Food waste generated from the household sector is one of the largest contributors to environmental degradation in Indonesia. Food waste generated from the household sector is one of the main contributors to the increasing volume of organic waste in Indonesia. This issue not only creates social and economic problems but also poses a serious threat to environmental sustainability. This study aims to analyze the contribution of household food waste to environmental degradation and to review sustainable management strategies. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method guided by the PRISMA 2020 Statement to review relevant national research conducted during the period 2018-2025. The results of the literature selection show that the impacts of household food waste on environmental sustainability can be categorized into three main dimensions: (1) ecological impacts, including pollution and the increase of greenhouse gas emissions; (2) resource impacts, such as the wastage of energy, water, and land; and (3) social-environmental impacts, including the increasing burden of regional waste management and the declining quality of life for communities living near landfills. The findings emphasize that the management of household food waste plays a crucial role in achieving environmental sustainability, particularly in supporting the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production. Therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies of reduction, reuse, and recycling of food waste at the household level to minimize the negative impacts on environmental sustainability in Indonesia.