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Stunting remains one of the major nutritional problems in Indonesia. According to the 2024 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI), the prevalence of stunting in Papua Province reached 16.8%. A child’s nutritional status is strongly influenced by dietary intake, particularly protein, which plays a crucial role in growth. One potential source of animal protein is Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), a type of fish commonly found in Papua. Indian mackerel is rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids but is highly perishable, limiting its shelf life. To address this issue, the fish is processed into flour. Additionally, green spinach is used as a source of fiber and minerals, although it is also prone to spoilage. The spinach is processed by extracting its juice, which is then incorporated into noodle products. Dried noodles were chosen as a medium for fortification because they are widely consumed across age groups and often used as a substitute for rice.This study aimed to determine the effect of adding Indian mackerel flour and green spinach extract on the chemical properties and sensory acceptance of dried noodles. The research methods included nutritional content analysis and organoleptic testing. The sensory evaluation was conducted by 25 semi-trained panelists who were nutrition science students

Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease and the leading cause of death in women worldwide. The determinants of breast cancer are multifactorial, including genetic, hormonal, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Breast cancer remains one of the significant global health challenges, with a growing burden of disease in both developed and developing countries. Based on recent data, it accounts for about 25% of all cancer cases in women worldwide (Sung et al., 2021). In Indonesia, breast cancer ranks first in cancer prevalence with an incidence rate of 42.1 per 100,000 population (MOH RI, 2022). This phenomenon requires a comprehensive understanding of the various determinant factors that play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the determinant factors of breast cancer through Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 8 national google schollar journals and 7 international pubmed journals.

Central obesity in women of reproductive age can have a negative impact on their health and is associated with the occurrence of metabolic diseases. This study aims to determine the factors associated with central obesity in women aged 15-49 years in Indonesia in 2023 using 2023 SKI data with a cross-sectional study design. The study sample was 213,309 women of reproductive age obtained using the linear systematic sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out up to multivariate analysis using the Cox Regression test. The results showed that the prevalence of central obesity in women of reproductive age was 49.11%. Age [PR = 1.96 (95% CI: 1.93 - 2.00)], occupation [PR = 1.20 (95% CI: 1.19 - 1.22)], and place of residence [PR = 1.08 (95% CI: 1.07 - 1.10)] were found to be associated with an increased risk of central obesity. Meanwhile, education level [PR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95 – 0.98)], physical activity [PR = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91 – 0.94)], and emotional mental disorders [PR = 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70 – 0.80)] were found to be protective factors against central obesity. The most dominant factor with the occurrence of central obesity is age. Therefore, it is important for WUS to be aware of the risk of central obesity and implement appropriate preventive measures. Preventive efforts can be done by maintaining hormonal balance and body metabolism through a healthy lifestyle, as well as undergoing regular health checks.

The pattern of asah, asih, asuh is still a priority problem to be resolved in Indonesia. Prevalence data on infants and toddlers with a lack of basic needs such as malnutrition, lack of interest in coming to the integrated health post, and the absence of monitoring of infant and toddler development in Babakan Village, Ciseeng District, Bogor Regency, there are around 20 infants and toddlers who still do not get the correct asah, asih, asuh pattern. This education aims to increase public understanding, especially mothers who have toddlers, regarding the concept of Asah, Asih, Asuh as a holistic approach in supporting child growth and development. This education uses a lecture method with booklet media. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires, the results of the education obtained a p value of 0.000 (p <p = 0.05) which means that there is an influence on increasing knowledge of basic living needs for infants and toddlers asah, asih, asuh as an intervention to prevent unbalanced nutrition and a lack of basic needs for infants and toddlers. And the t value is 6.205. The conclusion of this study is that educational interventions on Asah, Asih, Asuh can increase mothers' awareness and knowledge in caring for and fulfilling the basic needs of infants and toddlers, which ultimately contributes to more optimal child growth and development. It is hoped that the infant and toddler development monitoring program can be implemented at the integrated health post and mothers can better understand the contents of the KIA book.

Bullying is an act of physical or psychological violence that can have long-term effects on its victims. In the context of legal protection, Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection serves as the legal foundation for protecting children from all forms of violence, including bullying. This legal protection includes both preventive and repressive measures against perpetrators, as well as the provision of facilities for the recovery of victims.Moreover, social factors such as cultural norms, family environment, and peer interactions often exacerbate the impact of bullying. Stigma and discrimination against victims, which frequently arise due to a lack of public awareness, can worsen their psychological condition and hinder the recovery process.This study aims to analyze the social and legal impacts of bullying on victims and highlight the importance of more effective legal protection in reducing the prevalence of bullying in society.

 Chronic pain is pain that persistent and will continue beyond the proper healing time, there are two time points used in daily practice, namely 3 months and 6 months after the first injury. Sensitivity of peripheral nociceptive neurons and central underlying the process of transition from acute pain to chronic pain. There are several factors that influence the increasing incidence of postoperative chronic pain including preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative factors. Untreated acute postoperative pain also increases the risk of increasing chronic postoperative pain. In Asia, the prevalence of chronic pain varies widely, between 7% in Malaysia to 60% in Cambodia. The prevalence of postoperative chronic pain in adults is reported to be around 20% in developed countries. The incidence includes all ages with a higher incidence in women and the elderly. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of postoperative chronic pain in outpatients in the surgical polyclinic and obstetrics and gynecology polyclinic at RSU Medan. The type of research used in this study was Observational with a Cross Sectional method approach. Based on the research that has been done, it was found that ages 26-35 years experienced the most chronic pain, namely as much as 29.8% and women experienced more chronic pain compared to men. Based on this study it was found that the majority of respondents experienced moderate pain intensity as many as 36 respondents (63.2%). There were descriptions of characteristics that were mostly 26-35 years old.

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has continued to increase over the years, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to designate it as a global health threat. Pycnogenol, a proprietary name for proanthocyanidins—a specific class of bioflavonoids—is known for its potent antioxidant properties. It neutralizes unstable oxygen molecules, or free radicals, that damage body cells. One of the notable benefits of Pycnogenol is its positive effect on cardiovascular health. This study aims to evaluate the effects and potential benefits of Pycnogenol consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease. This article uses a literature review method by collecting scientific articles published within the last ten years (2014–2024) from reputable online sources such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. The results of the study show that Pycnogenol, as a phytochemical compound, plays a beneficial role in maintaining cardiovascular function and preventing heart disease, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular conditions. All reviewed articles consistently describe the connection between Pycnogenol intake and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, Pycnogenol demonstrates strong antioxidant activity that may contribute significantly to the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.  

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality among women, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, where prevalence is high and early detection is often delayed. This study aims to identify and synthesize the major risk factors for cervical cancer through a systematic review of both national and international literature. The core problem addressed is the lack of a comprehensive and context-relevant risk framework for Indonesian women, resulting in suboptimal preventive interventions. The proposed method is a qualitative descriptive literature review, analyzing 15 selected scientific articles based on defined inclusion criteria. Key findings indicate that age ≥35 years, high parity, early sexual activity, smoking habits, prolonged use of hormonal contraceptives, low educational attainment, and physically demanding occupations are significant determinants of increased cervical cancer risk. The synthesis of ideas shows that biological, behavioral, social, and environmental factors interact in complex ways to influence vulnerability to cervical cancer. This study concludes that cervical cancer prevention requires a multidimensional approach that integrates education, routine screening, and increased public awareness of modifiable risk factors. The findings are expected to inform more effective and context-sensitive health policy development in Indonesia.

Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication that often occurs in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a major cause of blindness in older adults and the elderly. This study aims to describe the characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus through a literature review of 10 journals published between 2022 and 2025. The results of the analysis show that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy globally reaches 35%, with the main risk factors including long duration of diabetes (>5 years), high HbA1c levels (>7%), and poor glycemic control. The majority of cases of diabetic retinopathy are found in the non-proliferative stage (65%), which is characterized by microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages, while the proliferative stage is less common but has a high risk of causing blindness. The study also revealed that patients with comorbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia tend to experience more severe diabetic retinopathy. Further stages of diabetic retinopathy if not managed properly can cause vision-threatening conditions. However, low patient compliance in metabolic control and eye examination is a major challenge. Management of diabetic retinopathy requires a holistic approach that includes patient education, regular screening, and comprehensive risk factor control to prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy and maintain the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Mycobacterium Bovis is a serious infection that affects cattle and has ramifications for human health, especially in areas where close contact between humans and animals is widespread and pasteurization of dairy products is not widely used. The purpose of this work is to identify risk factors connected with M. bovis infection, estimate the prevalence of the disease in east Darfur State, and underline the main aspects of the disease. The study included a total sample size of 100 cows milk collected from different localities of East Darfur State in Sudan ( Abu Matarq 21.1%, Yaseen 15.3%,El-Daein 22.1%, Abu Karinka 6.8% and Assalaya 5.1% ) this study estimated that 25% of the collected raw milk specimen was positive for mycobacterium. The incidence of Mycobacterium Bovis in Sudan is the result of a complex interaction of cattle management techniques, environmental conditions, and public health initiatives. While there is increased knowledge of the disease and efforts to control it, obstacles such as limited resources, cultural customs, and environmental stressors continue to impact its tendencies.  

Stunting is a failure to achieve physical development measured by weight for age. The limitation of stunting is height according to age based on Z-score equal to or less than -2SD (Standard Deviation) below the standard average. In 2005 - 2011 Indonesia ranked fifth with the highest prevalence of stunting. The purpose this study was to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months. This study used a literature review method conducted by searching for relevant journals trough Google Scholar, Garuda, PubMed and DOAJ database. Inclusion criteria for reviewing the content of references in English and Indonesia publish in the last ten years. Research result from various literatures show that research finding from various sources indicate that the factor influencing stunting toddler aged 24-59 months include maternal knowledge, exclusive breastfeeding, and disease history.

Rhinitis is one of the health conditions commonly found in the community, with a high prevalence both globally and in Indonesia. These disorders have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, interfere with daily activities, and have the potential to lead to complications such as sinusitis and asthma. Educational efforts through health counseling are an important strategy in improving public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the prevention and management of rhinitis. This counseling activity aims to expand public understanding of rhinitis, including definitions, risk factors, symptoms, preventive measures, and self-management that can be applied in daily life. The methods used include interactive lectures, group discussions, and question and answer sessions, with the target of the general public who have risks or complaints related to rhinitis. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in participants' understanding of the condition of rhinitis and the importance of preventive measures. Participants showed a higher awareness of the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness, avoiding exposure to allergens, and implementing a healthy lifestyle. In addition, there was an increase in participants' proactivity in seeking health information and a commitment to implement preventive behaviors consistently. This counseling has a positive impact on improving public health literacy and encouraging constructive changes in attitudes in dealing with rhinitis. It is hoped that similar activities can be carried out in a sustainable and widespread manner, so as to contribute to reducing the prevalence of rhinitis and improving the quality of life of the community in general. Community-based counseling has proven to be effective as a promotive and preventive approach in handling chronic and recurrent diseases such as rhinitis.

Malnutrition significantly disrupts metabolic processes like fasting blood glucose (FBG) regulation, insulin secretion, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), especially among the elderly. Aging amplifies these effects through declining β-cell function, reduced insulin sensitivity, and chronic inflammation, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Globally, malnutrition affects 22% of the elderly, with prevalence reaching 28% in Indonesia due to food insecurity, limited healthcare access, and poor nutrition education. Malnutrition exacerbates glucose-insulin imbalances by causing muscle loss, increasing FBG levels, and inducing insulin resistance through chronic inflammation. Despite its impact, critical knowledge gaps remain, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia. This study investigates how malnutrition affects FBG, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR in elderly individuals, focusing on mechanisms like inflammation and muscle loss to inform targeted interventions and improve metabolic health in resource-limited settings. This cross-sectional study evaluated fasting blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR among 31 elderly participants at Panti Werdha Santa Anna. The study found no significant differences in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, or HbA1c levels across Mini Nutritional Assessment categories (normal, at risk, malnourished; p > 0.05). These results suggest no strong association between nutritional status and metabolic parameters, highlighting the need for further research with larger samples. This study finds no significant association between nutritional status and glycemic control in the elderly, suggesting malnutrition's indirect impact via mechanisms like inflammation and muscle loss. Comprehensive nutritional assessments remain essential to understanding its effects on metabolic health.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. The spread and endemicity of malaria is greatly influenced by the existence of breeding sites for Anopheles mosquitoes as a result of human behavior. Papua still has the highest malaria endemic status in Indonesia. West Koya Community Health Center, based on data from the Jayapura City Health Service, has the highest number of malaria cases with the highest API figure of the 13 Community Health Centers. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of community behavior on malaria at the Koya Barat Health Center. This type of analytical research uses a crosectional study. The population is 14,442 people who visited the Koya Barat Health Center in 2022, with a sample size of 100 people calculated based on the Slovin formula. Data were analyzed bivariately using the chi square test and risk factor analysis calculating prevalence ratio (RP) values ​​with confidence intervals (CI 95%). Based on the results of the chi square test, it was found that the knowledge variable had an influence with a ρ-value = 0.049 ≤ 0.05, meaning that there was an influence of the respondent's knowledge on the incidence of malaria. Risk analysis obtained RP = 1.441; 95% CI (0.783 – 1.854) which is interpreted to mean that respondents with poor knowledge have a 1.144 times chance of suffering from malaria compared to respondents with good knowledge but it is not significant because the lower and upper values ​​exceed 1. Meanwhile, the results obtained for the attitude and action variables have no effect on However, malaria is a risk factor because the RP value is > 1 but is not significant because the 95% CI exceeds 1. 

The contemporary landscape of data management, marked by an unprecedented scale and velocity of data, has spurred the widespread adoption of NoSQL databases, prioritizing scalability and performance over traditional relational constraints. While offering significant flexibility, this paradigm shift introduces complex cybersecurity challenges, notably query injection vulnerabilities, which are consistently ranked among the top web application security risks. Redis, a leading in-memory key-value store powering critical infrastructure globally, presents a unique security profile due to its architectural design and features like Lua scripting. Despite its prevalence, a comprehensive academic evaluation of Redis injection attack vectors remains understudied. This study addresses this gap by systematically evaluating command and Lua script injection vulnerabilities in Redis version 7.4.1 across controlled configurations: default, password-protected, and ACL-secured environments. We quantify vulnerability risk and empirically validate mitigation strategies by employing a Dockerized testing framework, Python-driven exploit simulations, and CVSS v3.1 scoring. Our findings reveal critical weaknesses in default and permissively configured environments and demonstrate that restrictive Access Control Lists (ACLs), adhering to the principle of least privilege, provide complete mitigation against the specific injection vectors evaluated in our controlled experimental setup. We propose a Redis-specific threat taxonomy and provide empirically validated recommendations for securing Redis deployments, emphasizing layered security controls and proper ACL implementation. This research contributes the first systematic evaluation of modern Redis injection vulnerabilities and highlights the critical importance of security-conscious configurations to protect vital data infrastructure.

Trihexyphenidyl (THP) is a type of anticholinergic drug. The anticholinergic side effects of trihexyphenidyl drugs are categorized as peripheral or central. Common peripheral side effects are dry mouth, lack of sweating, decreased bronchial secretions, blurred vision, difficulty urinating, constipation and tachycardia. Central side effects of anticholinergics include impaired concentration, attention and memory. Drug abuse is the use of drugs (e.g., pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives, etc.) and over-the-counter drugs (e.g., loperamide, promethazine, antitussive cough syrup, etc.) for purposes other than medical for the purpose of pleasure, resulting in dependence, physical damage, psyche and even death. It has recently been revealed that trihexyphenidyl (THP) is one type of drug that is often abused. the prevalence of anticholinergic abuse is 34%, and trihexyphenidyl is the most commonly involved anticholinergic due to its tendency to produce a “high”.

Stunting is a condition of growth failure in toddlers due to chronic malnutrition that occurs over a long period of time, especially in the first 1,000 days of life. Several major risk factors for stunting that are often found in Posyandu include the nutritional status of pregnant women, parenting patterns, exclusive breastfeeding, and environmental sanitation. To analyze the Identification of Risk Factors for Stunting in Toddlers: A Study in the Working Area of ​​the Aek Godang Health Center, North Padang Lawas. The type of observational study with a cross-sectional design, the study population was 139 people. This study used samples from all mothers who had stunted toddlers in Hulu Sihapas District, North Padang Lawas Regency, with the total sampling method. Data collection used a research questionnaire. Data were analyzed univariately, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate (logistic regression) with the enter method. Newborn weight (p = 0.001) and healthy toilets (p = 0.001) significantly influenced the risk of stunting, with low birth weight and poor sanitation increasing the risk of growth disorders in toddlers. This study shows that newborn weight (p = 0.001) and healthy toilets (p = 0.001) have a significant effect on the risk of stunting in toddlers. Babies with low birth weight and environments with poor sanitation increase the likelihood of stunting. More attention is needed to monitor newborn weight and increase access to healthy latrines to reduce the prevalence of stunting. The government and health workers are expected to strengthen nutrition and sanitation programs at the community level. 

The development of information technology in this modern era means that people increasingly need things in life, especially with the increasing prevalence of mobile phone technology and other smart phones which are widely distributed in society. This technology makes everything more efficient and easier. Protection of children's data on social media, especially on the social media platform TikTok, is an issue that is increasingly occurring in the digital modernization realm. With the rapid growth of children's users who are increasingly connected to various online platforms, although TikTok provides space for expression and creativity, on the one hand, TikTok also presents various risks related to the collection and misuse of children's personal data. The data collected on this platform, which will include information such as location, content data preferences, and social interactions, will ultimately be used for advertising purposes and can even be misused by irresponsible parties spread across the Tiktok platform. This article aims to explore aspects of protecting children's personal data on TikTok, as well as including the policies implemented by TikTok and the government.

Depression in adolescents, especially high school students, is a serious mental health problem with significant impacts on psychological well-being, academic performance, and social life. Risk factors such as academic pressure, family conflict, negative mindset, and social media addiction contribute to the increasing prevalence of depression. Early detection in the school environment is a critical step to prevent adverse effects such as self-harm and suicidal ideation. Depression in adolescents is multifactorial and requires a holistic approach. Early detection through symptom screening, mental health education, and school-family-professional collaboration are essential preventive strategies. Recommendations include the integration of mental health modules into the school curriculum and teacher training for early risk identification.

Paranoid schizophrenia is a condition of mental and behavioral disorders characterized by impaired thoughts, perceptions, feelings and consciousness of the patient is fully conscious and intellectually can still be maintained. According to WHO, the prevalence of schizophrenia in 2021 reached 24 million people, and the prevalence of schizophrenia experiencing from 2019-2021 has increased by 54%. Patient Mr. Mr. Z said he was brought to Cut Meutia Hospital because he had a fight with his wife, and he had divorced his 3 wives. The patient said he did not want to eat because there was dirt in his food. The patient said that he heard whispering voices from his wife. The patient said he wanted to divorce his wife but she kept pursuing him. The patient said that he was beaten by his wife's brother. The patient said that he was taken for breaking the glass of a woman's house who insisted on having him. The patient said that he was a Messenger of Allah and he was upset because his power was taken away by a woman. The patient broke the glass because he was taking revenge on the woman who first broke the glass of his house and cellphone. The patient also said that he was given a lethal injection yesterday and his hand now hurts. Fluent speech, verbal and relevant contact, euthymic mood and dulled affect. The patient was given psychopharmacological therapy in the form of anti-psychotic drugs and the family was also given education about supportive therapy to the patient.