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Toddlers are a critical age group 0–59 months who require optimal nutritional intake to support physical and cognitive growth and development. The quality of toddler feeding patterns is influenced by family socioeconomic factors, including income, education, and parental occupation. This study aims to analyze the relationship between family socioeconomic status and toddler feeding patterns in the working area of the Saritani Community Health Center, Boalemo Regency. This study used an observational design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 40 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, observations, and secondary data from the Community Health Center, then analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of p < 0.05 . Results: Most families have middle (45%) and low (40%) socioeconomic status. Good feeding patterns are received by 55% of toddlers, while 45% have inadequate feeding patterns. The analysis shows a significant relationship between family socioeconomic status and toddler feeding patterns (p = 0.043). Families with low incomes and limited maternal education tend to provide food with less than optimal variety and nutritional content. Conclusion: Family socioeconomic status has a significant influence on toddler feeding patterns in Saritani.

Background: Most premature infants experience feeding difficulties, including difficulty getting food into their mouths, limited oral capacity, and impaired tongue movement in transferring the bolus toward the posterior part of the oral cavity. This condition underscores the need for special attention in the care of premature infants, particularly in meeting their nutritional needs, which play a crucial role in supporting growth and survival. Purpose: To implement oral motor stimulation interventions for premature infants with feeding problems in the Perinatology Room of Charitas Hospitals Palembang. Method: This case study was conducted on 3 premature infants who received oral motor stimulation interventions for 3 days, with a training frequency of 2 times a day, morning and evening, for 15 minutes. Results: After oral motor stimulation interventions were performed on the three premature infants, good improvement data were obtained, namely in the strength of sucking and swallowing reflexes, and improvement in sucking movements as preparation for the transition from enteral to oral feeding. Conclusion: Providing oral motor stimulation interventions to premature infants helps improve their feeding abilities by enhancing sucking and swallowing reflexes and supporting optimal nutritional intake.

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is an important effort to improve infant health and survival. Although the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding are widely known, its practice is still not optimal in various regions due to the influence of social and cultural factors. This study aims to analyze the relationship between socio-cultural factors and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in breastfeeding mothers. The study used a descriptive analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 30 mothers with infants aged 6–12 months at the Kobe Community Health Center, selected using an accidental sampling technique. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test. The results showed that 56.7% of mothers successfully provided exclusive breastfeeding. Husband's support and family traditions had a significant relationship with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, with p = 0.030 and p = 0.040, respectively. Mothers who received high husband's support and were in a supportive family environment had a greater chance of successfully providing exclusive breastfeeding. This study concluded that socio-cultural factors play an important role in determining the success of exclusive breastfeeding.

Background: Anemia is often a health problem experienced by many students, mainly due to an unbalanced diet and a lack of essential nutrients, such as iron, which the body needs. Nursing students, as future health workers, should be highly aware of the importance of a nutritious diet to support their health and academic performance. This study is useful for determining the relationship between diet and the incidence of anemia in fourth-semester nursing students at Sultan Agung Islamic University in Semarang. Methods: This study adopted a correlational descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of 173 fourth-semester students from the Faculty of Nursing, with a sample of 121 respondents selected purposively. Data were collected using a dietary questionnaire and hemoglobin level tests, then analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: The majority of students had poor dietary patterns (41.3%), but 81 respondents (66.9%) still experienced anemia. The output of the Chi-Square test revealed a significant relationship between dietary patterns and the incidence of anemia (p-value = 0.001). In conclusion, there is an important relationship between dietary patterns and the incidence of anemia among fourth-semester nursing students. Students who have poor dietary patterns tend to have a higher risk of anemia. Efforts are needed to raise nutritional awareness through education and the promotion of balanced dietary habits on campus.

Background: Breastfeeding is a crucial practice that provides optimal nutrition and immunity for infants while supporting maternal health. However, inadequate knowledge and limited understanding about the importance of breastfeeding often lead to low motivation among pregnant women in preparing for breastfeeding. Providing structured education is expected improve pregnant women’s readiness and commitment to breastfeeding after childbirth. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of providing education about the importance of breastfeeding on the motivation of pregnant women in preparing to breastfeed at the Paguat Community Health Center UPTD. Methods: This study employed a pre-experimental design with one-group pretest–posttest approach. A total of 30 pregnant women were selected as the sample using purposive sampling techniques. Data on mothers’ motivation to prepare for breastfeeding were collected before and after the educational intervention using a structured motivation questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess differences in motivation levels before and after the intervention. Results: The results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant effect of breastfeeding education on the motivation of pregnant women in preparing breastfeed. The findings demonstrate that educational interventions significantly increased maternal motivation following the provision of education. Conclusion: Providing education about the importance of breastfeeding has a significant positive effect on the motivation of pregnant women in preparing to breastfeed. Therefore, breastfeeding education should be strengthened and routinely implemented during antenatal care services to improve maternal readiness and support successful breastfeeding practices.

Low parental literacy regarding nutrition, parenting, and lack of utilization of Posyandu services as well as low father participation are among the factors contributing to the continued existence of malnutrition and stunting risks at the Flamboyan 3-4 Ulu Posyandu. This study aims to identify the root causes of low parental literacy, map its impact on the condition of toddlers, and evaluate two alternative policies to improve the quality of parenting education. This study uses a mixed method with a predominance of descriptive qualitative data. Data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and anthropometric data. Policy analysis was conducted using the six evaluation criteria of William Dunn (1999), namely effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, fairness, responsiveness, and accuracy. The results of the study show that of the 13 children examined in August-September, there were 3 children whose weight and height were not appropriate for their age. The three main factors causing this problem were limited knowledge about nutrition and feeding, low understanding of child growth and development, and minimal use of posyandu services, including the involvement of fathers. The impact of this condition is evident in several toddlers with Z-scores for weight-for-age and height-for-age below the standard. Two policy alternatives were evaluated: the Healthy Family Room Program (RKS) and the 1000 HPK Home-to-Home Counseling Program. The evaluation results show that the RKS Program received the highest score with an average of 3.3, making it more feasible to implement because it is more effective, sufficiently efficient, and more responsive to family needs.

Background: Anxiety in postpartum mothers is a psychological problem that can negatively impact maternal mental health, marital relationships, and the lactation process. This psychological disorder can inhibit the production and let-down of breast milk, which, if not addressed promptly, can lead to physical complications such as breast engorgement or mastitis, as well as hinder the fulfillment of the infant's nutritional needs. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and delayed breast milk let-down in postpartum mothers at Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou General Hospital Manado. Methods: This research is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 30 postpartum mothers selected using non-probability sampling. Research instruments included questionnaires and interviews, with data analysis using the chi-square test. Results: The majority of respondents experienced moderate anxiety (60.0%) and had non-smooth breast milk let-down (53.3%). Statistical test results showed a p-value = 0.030, indicating a significant relationship between anxiety levels and delayed breast milk let-down. Conclusion: High anxiety levels in postpartum mothers contribute to delayed breast milk let-down. Psychological support for postpartum mothers is needed to maintain the smoothness of the breastfeeding process.

Stunting is a major public health problem that reflects chronic malnutrition and adversely affects children’s physical growth, cognitive development, and future productivity. The first 1,000 days of life represent a critical window during which stunting develops and determines long-term health outcomes. This study aims to review evidence on the determinants of childhood stunting and the effectiveness of prevention interventions within public health policy frameworks in Indonesia.A literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and national reports published in the last decade. The literature was analyzed to identify key risk factors, intervention strategies, and policy impacts on stunting reduc-tion.The findings show that stunting is primarily driven by inadequate dietary intake, low socioeconomic status, limited caregiver nutrition knowledge, and poor access to health and sanitation services. National data indicate a decline in stunting prevalence in Indonesia from 24.4% in 2021 to 21.6% in 2022. Evidence consistently highlights that integrated interventions targeting the first 1,000 days of life, including maternal nutrition improvement, breastfeeding promotion, appropriate complementary feeding, and multisectoral collaboration, are effective in reducing stunting.In conclusion, reducing childhood stunting requires sustained, integrated, and policy-based interventions that prioritize early-life nutrition to improve human capital and support long-term national development.

Health issues are complex and require new ideas for their resolution. Public health focuses on disease prevention, health promotion, and physical, mental, and social therapy. Maternal and Child Health (MCH) and women’s health throughout their life cycle are crucial public health issues as they have a significant impact on the quality of human resources in a generation. In Pukdale Village, East Kupang District, Kupang Regency, problems such as the lack of knowledge among pregnant women about Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), pregnancy anemia, Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF), balanced nutrition, and weaning have been identified. To address these issues, a Community Midwifery Care program based on community service was carried out, which included counseling, training, demonstrations, and simulations. The results of this activity showed a positive response and active participation from the community in Pukdale Village in the programs implemented by the students. There was a significant improvement in the knowledge of pregnant women about CED, pregnancy anemia, EBF, as well as the knowledge of mothers of infants about balanced nutrition and weaning. This is expected to improve the overall health status of the community in the village.

Infant nutritional status is an important indicator of child health that is influenced by various factors, including maternal characteristics. Maternal education is often considered to play a role in determining infant care and feeding practices. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the mother's education level and infant nutritional status. The study uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional analytical observational design. The study sample consisted of 30 mothers and infants aged 0–12 months selected using purposive sampling. Maternal education level was categorized as elementary, secondary, and higher education, while infant nutritional status was determined based on anthropometric indicators according to WHO standards and the position of the Health Card (KMS). Data analysis was performed bivariately using Spearman's rho correlation test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results of the study indicate that there is no significant relationship between the mother's level of education and the nutritional status of the infant (p = 0.575; r = −0.098). The correlation coefficient value indicates a very weak and statistically insignificant relationship. The conclusion of this study indicates that the mother's education level is not a factor directly related to the nutritional status of infants. The nutritional status of infants is likely to be more influenced by other more proximal factors, such as feeding practices, the quality and quantity of food intake, the child's health condition, and the family's environmental and socioeconomic factors.

Stunting remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, particularly in Aceh Province. Family smoking behavior and adherence to exclusive breastfeeding are considered important determinants of child nutritional status. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family smoking behavior and exclusive breastfeeding adherence with stunting among toddlers in Tuha Village, Trienggadeng District, Pidie Jaya Regency. This study used a quantitative cross-sectional design with a sample of 46 toddlers selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with logistic regression tests. The results showed that family smoking behavior was significantly associated with stunting (p = 0.002; OR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03–0.47). Meanwhile, exclusive breastfeeding adherence was not significantly associated with stunting (p = 0.940; OR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.17–5.09). These findings indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the household is an important risk factor affecting child nutritional status. Strengthening family-based interventions, especially smoke-free home initiatives, is essential to reduce stunting prevalence.

Breakfast and sleep quality are important factors that can influence students’ concentration and academic achievement. This study aims to analyze the relationship between breakfast consumption levels and sleep quality with the learning achievement of students at SMP Negeri 31 Medan. This research used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of all 192 eighth-grade students, with a sample of 88 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Breakfast intake was measured using a 3x24-hour food recall (breakfast time only), sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, while learning achievement was obtained from semester exam scores in Indonesian Language and Mathematics subjects. Data analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed a significant relationship between breakfast intake and learning achievement in Indonesian Language (p=0.003) and Mathematics (p=0.000). Sleep quality was also proven to be associated with learning achievement in Indonesian Language (p=0.001) and Mathematics (p=0.000). The conclusion of this study is that having breakfast with adequate nutritional intake and maintaining good sleep quality contribute positively to improving students’ learning achievement.

Public health is a crucial aspect of national development and is influenced by dietary consumption patterns. In Indonesia, the consumption of preserved foods has increased alongside lifestyle changes, economic conditions, and access to processed and packaged foods. Although preservatives function to extend shelf life, their improper use particularly hazardous substances such as formaldehyde, borax, and rhodamine B can have adverse health effects. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to high preserved food consumption, analyze their impact on public health, and examine weaknesses in Indonesia’s food monitoring system. The research employs a qualitative method through a literature review of scientific articles, reference books, and official reports from the National Agency of Drug and Food Control and the Ministry of Health. The findings indicate that preserved food consumption is influenced by a preference for convenience, economic constraints, and limited public knowledge of nutrition and food safety. Health impacts include digestive disorders, decreased immunity, impaired organ function, and an increased risk of chronic diseases. In addition, limited resources and weak law enforcement contribute to suboptimal food supervision. Therefore, strengthening regulatory oversight, enhancing public education, and promoting cross-sector collaboration are necessary to achieve a safe and healthy food system.

The acceleration of stunting reduction in Ponorogo Regency faces challenges regarding the complexity of the issue and regional fiscal constraints, necessitating strategic cross-sectoral collaboration. This study aims to evaluate the synergy of Bank BCA's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program through the "Bakti BCA" scheme in supporting local government policies related to specific and sensitive nutrition interventions. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews with key informants from Bank BCA Ponorogo management, Bappeda, the Health Office, and beneficiary families, complemented by participatory observation and a review of the Regional Action Plan (RAD) documents. Data analysis was performed interactively by integrating the Collaborative Governance framework from Ansell and Gash, William N. Dunn's six policy evaluation criteria, and Mark Moore's Public Value concept to analyze the dynamics of cooperation and program performance achievements. The results indicate that the established synergy meets the criteria of appropriateness and effectiveness, where CSR interventions successfully bridged the gap in sanitation services and nutritional fulfillment in stunting locus villages uncovered by the regional budget (APBD). This collaboration proved successful in creating public value in the form of improved physical health status of toddlers, regional budget efficiency, and high community responsiveness. It can be concluded that this strategic partnership effectively accelerates the achievement of stunting reduction targets through equitable resource distribution. This study recommends that private sector engagement be formally integrated from the development planning deliberation (Musrenbang) stage to ensure long-term impact sustainability.

This study analyzes the strategic role of quality-based marketing models in enhancing the competitiveness of kombucha products, with a specific focus on Rumah SCOBY DBA, produced by the Yayasan Dharma Bintang Akademia. By integrating Total Quality Management (TQM), Quality Assurance (QA), and Quality Control (QC), the research explores how quality-driven frameworks contribute to marketing effectiveness, consumer trust, brand positioning, and sustainable performance in the functional beverage industry. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) combined with conceptual analysis, the study systematically examined publications from 2015 to 2025 across leading academic databases, focusing on themes of quality management, functional beverage marketing, kombucha production, consumer behavior, and digital strategies. The findings reveal that product quality—characterized by fermentation stability, microbiological safety, and nutritional consistency—serves as the primary driver of consumer purchase intention. Process quality, through standardized SOPs, hygiene protocols, and traceability systems, reinforces credibility, while service quality, including transparent labeling, health education, and digital engagement, strengthens brand trust. Integrating TQM principles into marketing fosters consumer loyalty, differentiates brands in competitive markets, and supports long-term sustainability. This study provides practical guidance for producers, community-based enterprises, and policymakers to adopt quality-driven marketing models, offering a novel conceptual framework tailored to kombucha products and mapping future research directions in functional beverage innovation.

Work fatigue is one of the occupational health problems that may affect productivity, concentration, and increase the risk of workplace accidents. Security officers at Ferry Mulia Raja Napitupulu Port, Balige, are at high risk of experiencing fatigue due to shift work systems, physical and mental workload, and poor sleep quality. This study aims to identify factors associated with work fatigue among security officers. A quantitative method with a cross-sectional design was applied. The sample consisted of 45 security officers selected using total sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires on individual characteristics, nutritional status, sleep quality, workload, and environmental temperature, and analyzed using bivariate tests. The results revealed significant relationships between age, nutritional status, sleep quality, workload, and temperature with work fatigue levels (p<0.05). It can be concluded that both individual and work environment factors contribute to fatigue among security officers. The study recommends that port management pay more attention to shift arrangements, rest patterns, and occupational health interventions to reduce fatigue risk and enhance officers’ productivity.

Banana blossoms are often considered waste and rarely utilized by the community, even though this material is easily obtained, has nutritional value, and has the potential to be processed into economically valuable food products. This community service activity was carried out in Melati II Village, Pasar 6, Pala Hamlet, Perbaungan District, with the aim of providing assistance to the community in processing banana blossoms into chips as an alternative snack. The implementation method included a brief counseling on the potential and benefits of banana blossoms, training in processing techniques, hands-on practice in making chips, and a simple evaluation of the quality of the resulting product. The results of the activity showed that the community was able to process banana blossoms into chips with a crispy texture, acceptable taste, and an attractive appearance. In addition to improving community skills and creativity, this activity also helped reduce organic waste and opened up sustainable household-scale business opportunities for the local community.

Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) program is a national policy designed to improve the nutritional quality of children and support human resource development. However, its implementation at the regional level still faces various institutional and coordination issues. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Free Nutritious Meals program in Jambi City, focusing on the dynamics of program implementation and the inhibiting factors. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with policy implementers and  documentation with informants determined through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Merilee S. Grindlee policy implementation theory through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the MBG program in Jambi City has not been running optimally. This condition is characterized by the strong dominance of the central government in the decision making process, weak coordination between actors at the regional level, and inadequate readiness of supporting institutions, especially in aspects of human resources, monitoring system, and clarity of operational standards for implementation.

Maternal reproductive health is a critical factor in reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). Data from Deli Tua Primary Health Center shows that K4 coverage reached only 78% with prenatal class participation at 40%, still below the national target. Low knowledge among pregnant women about reproductive health is one of the main causes. This Community Service Student Creativity Program (PKM-M) aims to improve reproductive health knowledge through innovative and interactive prenatal class improvement. The implementation method includes developing educational media (modules, posters, videos), conducting classes with participatory learning methods, and evaluation through pre-post tests. The program was conducted over 5 months targeting 30 pregnant women divided into 3 groups, each attending 6 sessions. Materials covered physiological changes during pregnancy, nutrition, reproductive hygiene, danger signs, childbirth preparation, and postpartum care. Results showed a knowledge score increase of 42.5% (from 58.3±12.4 to 83.1±8.7) with significance p<0.001. Participation reached 86.7% with satisfaction level of 4.3/5.0. The program proved effective in improving reproductive health knowledge and can be replicated in other primary health centers with local context adaptation.

The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been increasing among various age groups, including children and adults. UPF is generally low in iron content and can interfere with iron bioavailability, thereby increasing the risk of anemia. Additionally, the high calorie content of UPF contributes to the development of degenerative diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between UPF consumption, iron intake, and the risk of anemia. The study employs a narrative review method. Literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases, using controlled terms. The results showed that high UPF consumption had a negative impact on iron intake and increased the risk of anemia. Similar effects were found in high fat and sodium consumption. Some studies showed varying results regarding protein intake, fiber, and micronutrients such as sodium and calcium. In general, it can be concluded that excessive UPF consumption negatively impacts the quality of nutrient intake, both macro and micro, and contributes to the occurrence of anemia. These findings highlight the need for public health strategies to limit UPF consumption, particularly among vulnerable populations, as a preventive effort against anemia.