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Water is an essential need for all living things on Earth to support various vital biological processes. Without water, life cannot exist because of its role as a solvent, nutrient transport medium, and temperature regulator. Water in nature does come from various sources such as rivers, lakes, rain, and groundwater, which are not all clear because they are contaminated with particles or other substances, in contrast to mountain springs which are often purer. In this study, a water filtration system was created aimed at making turbid water purify to be suitable for use by assessing the NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) of turbid water due to suspended particles such as mud or sediment, thus producing clear water suitable for use for household or irrigation purposes. The use of two Siemens S7-1200 PLCs as controllers in the water filtration system is a reliable redundant approach to automate mechanisms such as pump, valve, and NTU sensor settings. PLC 1 is used for the filtration system and PLC 2 is used for the water distribution system. The water distribution process uses a DC pump that runs when it receives input from the water level sensor in the raw water tank and clean water tank. The water filtration process has three main stages: reading the water turbidity level using a turbidity sensor, regulating the water flow rate using a solenoid valve, and filtering the water using filter media. The system's operation can be monitored and controlled through a SCADA system. Both PLCs are connected using an OPC server for communication between the PLC and SCADA. The OPC server sends data from the PLC to the Wonderware InTouch application as the SCADA system. To monitor and control the SCADA system, users must log in to access the system.

Sleep disturbances are a common complaint among perimenopausal women due to hormonal, psychological, and physiological changes, which impact their health and quality of life. Safe and easy-to-apply non-pharmacological approaches, such as lemongrass aromatherapy (Cymbopogon citratus), have the potential to be a supportive alternative in overcoming sleep disturbances during this phase. However, empirical evidence regarding the effect of lemongrass aromatherapy on the sleep quality of perimenopausal women is still limited, especially in the context of primary health care in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of lemongrass aromatherapy on the sleep quality of perimenopausal women. This study used a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest–posttest pre-experimental design. The sample consisted of 30 perimenopausal women selected using total sampling technique in the working area of Pustu Paring Lahung UPT Tumpung Laung. The intervention in the form of lemongrass aromatherapy through inhalation was carried out regularly before bedtime. Sleep quality was measured before and after the intervention using a standardized questionnaire. Data analysis was performed descriptively and bivariately using Fisher's Exact Test. Descriptively, there was an improvement in sleep quality after the administration of lemongrass aromatherapy, marked by a decrease in the proportion of poor sleep quality and an increase in good sleep quality. However, the statistical test results showed that the relationship between sleep quality before and after treatment was not statistically significant (p = 0.515). Lemongrass aromatherapy showed a tendency toward clinically significant improvement in sleep quality, but this was not statistically significant. Further research with a stronger design and longer intervention duration is needed to confirm the effectiveness of lemongrass aromatherapy on the sleep quality of perimenopausal women.

Electrolytes are essential minerals that play a critical role in various physiological processes within the body, including the maintenance of fluid balance, proper neuromuscular function, and the transmission of nerve impulses. They are vital for the stability of the heart and other crucial organs. When electrolyte levels become imbalanced, as seen in conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium), hypernatremia (high sodium), hypokalemia (low potassium), hyperkalemia (high potassium), and hypocalcemia (low calcium), serious health issues can arise. These imbalances can result from factors like malnutrition, excessive losses through the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract, hormonal disorders, and certain systemic diseases. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations of these disturbances is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Healthcare providers must identify the root causes of electrolyte imbalances while assessing their severity to implement appropriate management strategies. This often involves gradually correcting electrolyte levels to mitigate the risk of life-threatening complications such as arrhythmias, cerebral edema, and neurological impairment. By fostering a comprehensive understanding of electrolyte imbalances, healthcare professionals can improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic effectiveness, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes. This knowledge is crucial in minimizing morbidity and mortality associated with these disruptive conditions, ensuring that individuals receive prompt and effective care to restore balance and maintain overall health.

The global reliance on wheat flour has prompted the food industry to seek sustainable local substitutes. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) emerges as a potential candidate due to its substantial starch content and beneficial bioactive compounds. This study explores innovations in sweet potato flour processing, emphasizing physical, chemical, and enzymatic modifications to enhance its functional properties. The research methods include hydrothermal treatments and fermentation (Modified Sweet Potato Flour/MOSPEF) and their impact on dough rheology and glycemic response. The findings indicate that modified sweet potato flour can effectively replace wheat flour by 30-50% in bakery items and up to 100% in gluten-free formulations without significantly altering sensory traits. This innovation represents a strategic step toward national food sovereignty and improved nutritional quality in the modern food industry, healthier and more nutritious. The use of modified sweet potato flour is expected to strengthen food security and provide economic benefits for local farmers and the domestic food industry.

Hajj savings are an important Islamic banking product designed to assist Muslims in preparing for hajj expenses in a systematic and Sharia-compliant manner. As a trust-based fund, hajj savings require proper accounting treatment to ensure transparency, accountability, and compliance with Sharia accounting standards. This study aims to analyze the implementation of trust fund accounting in the Hajj Savings Program at Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) KCP Tegal Slawi. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using observation, documentation, and interviews conducted during an internship period at the research location. The data were analyzed by comparing accounting practices applied by the bank with relevant Sharia accounting standards, particularly PSAK 105 and PSAK 101. The results indicate that the hajj savings at BSI KCP Tegal Slawi are managed under a mudharabah contract and are recognized as temporary syirkah funds rather than bank income. The processes of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure have generally been implemented in accordance with Sharia accounting principles. However, limitations were found in the level of accounting understanding among operational staff. This study implies that strengthening Sharia accounting literacy among bank employees is essential to enhance accountability and maintain customer trust in managing hajj funds.  

Employee affective commitment is a critical factor for workforce retention and service quality in healthcare organizations, particularly among nurses who represent the largest professional group in hospitals. Kemayoran X Hospital has experienced persistently high nurse turnover rates, indicating potential deficiencies in affective commitment. This study aimed to examine the influence of perceived organizational support and organizational justice on nurses’ affective commitment, with work engagement serving as an intervening variable. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, involving 125 staff nurses at Kemayoran X Hospital selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires distributed via Google Forms and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results demonstrated that perceived organizational support, organizational justice, and work engagement simultaneously exerted a significant effect on affective commitment. Furthermore, perceived organizational support and organizational justice showed significant positive effects on work engagement, which in turn significantly influenced affective commitment. Mediation analysis confirmed that work engagement partially mediated the relationships between perceived organizational support and affective commitment, as well as between organizational justice and affective commitment. These findings indicate that nurses who perceive fair treatment and strong organizational support are more likely to be engaged in their work and emotionally committed to their organization. In conclusion, strengthening organizational support systems, ensuring fairness in decision-making processes, and fostering work engagement are essential managerial strategies to enhance nurses’ affective commitment and reduce turnover in hospital settings.

This research investigates the impact of Creative Problem Solving (CPS) within a group counseling framework to mitigate academic-related stress in students. Intense scholastic expectations often compromise a student’s psychological health and academic achievements, making this a critical area of intervention. Employing a quasi-experimental quantitative design, this study utilized a single-group pretest-posttest model. Participants exhibiting elevated stress markers were recruited via purposive sampling. The core intervention involved systematic group sessions centered on diagnostic problem-solving, divergent idea generation, and strategic decision-making. Pre- and post-intervention data were gathered through a standardized assessment scale and processed using parametric statistics. The data revealed a substantial decline in academic stress levels post-treatment. These results underscore the efficacy of CPS-based counseling in fostering cognitive flexibility. Ultimately, this approach provides a robust mechanism for students to develop resilient coping strategies against educational pressures.

Hospitals often face difficulties in determining patient treatment priorities due to limited medical resources and the uncertainty of patient conditions. Conventional prioritization methods tend to rely on subjective judgment, which can lead to inconsistent decisions and delays in treatment. This study aims to apply fuzzy logic in a decision support system to determine patient priority levels more objectively and systematically. The proposed method utilizes a fuzzy inference system that processes several criteria, including the severity of symptoms, vital signs, patient age, and waiting time. These criteria are represented as fuzzy sets and evaluated using a set of inference rules to generate priority classifications. The results indicate that the fuzzy logic–based system is able to classify patient priorities more consistently and transparently compared to manual assessment. The system provides clear priority categories that can support medical staff in making faster and more accurate decisions. The findings imply that the implementation of fuzzy logic in hospital decision support systems can improve the quality of healthcare services, enhance fairness in patient handling, and optimize the allocation of medical resources, particularly in emergency and high-demand situations.

Background: Dental caries is a major problem in orodental health, especially in children. The primary cause of caries is the activity of cariogenic microorganisms. Unbalanced remineralization of dental tissue followed by destruction of organic matters may cause cumulative and progressive damage to the tooth structure. Extensive caries lesions that have reached the pulp are an indication for pulp therapy with appropriate crown restoration. Case Report: A 10-year-old boy came with a complaint of a painful cavity in his upper right front tooth. The patient was considered communicative and cooperative. The patient also had a habit of consuming sweets. An intraoral examination revealed extensive caries on the entire surface of 53. A periapical radiograph showed a radiolucent area reaching the pulp cavity on the occlusal surface of 53 with resorption of the apical one-third of the root. Based on the examination results, reversible pulpitis was established as the primary diagnosis. The treatment plan was pulpotomy with a dental crown restoration. Treatment was carried out over four visits. First visit included complete examination, periapical radiography, and pulpotomy. The second visit included core buildup, tooth preparation, and dental impressions. The third visit included try-in and crown insertion, followed by a final follow-up visit. Conclusion: Pulpotomy with dental crown restoration can be an effective clinical approach to restore the function and aesthetics of anterior deciduous teeth, especially in cases that consider aesthetics and cost limitations.

Emergency conditions refer to situations that require immediate intervention because they have the potential to threaten life, impair organ function, or cause disability if not managed promptly and appropriately. Status epilepticus is a neurological emergency defined by seizures lasting five minutes or longer, or by repeated seizures without regaining consciousness between episodes. Status epilepticus can develop in individuals both with and without a previous diagnosis of epilepsy and may result from a wide range of causes, such as metabolic abnormalities, infections of the central nervous system, stroke, head injury, sudden discontinuation of antiepileptic medications, and alcohol intoxication or withdrawal. Clinically, this condition is classified into convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus. The diagnosis is primarily clinical and must be established rapidly, while electroencephalography plays an important role, particularly in cases of non-convulsive status epilepticus. Management emphasizes initial stabilization of the airway, breathing, and circulation, after which benzodiazepines are given as first-line treatment, including intramuscular midazolam, intravenous lorazepam, or intravenous diazepam. Status epilepticus represents the most severe form of seizure activity, characterized by continuous, unremitting seizures accompanied by strong muscle contractions, respiratory compromise, and widespread abnormal electrical activity in the brain. If not treated promptly, the risk of permanent brain tissue damage increases and the condition may ultimately lead to death.

The growing number of alleged medical malpractice cases in Indonesia, particularly physicians’ misdiagnosis resulting in patient death, underscores the need for stronger legal certainty and accountability in healthcare services. Physicians are professionally obligated to conduct diagnosis and medical treatment in accordance with professional standards, service standards, and standard operating procedures; however, negligence may occur and lead to severe harm. This study aims to analyze the legal provisions governing physicians’ liability for misdiagnosis causing patient death and to examine the forms of legal responsibility that may be imposed. The research applies a normative juridical method using a case approach and literature review, relying on primary legal materials such as the Indonesian Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Medical Practice Law, the Hospital Law, and Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, supported by secondary and tertiary sources. The findings indicate that physicians may be held liable under civil, criminal, and administrative law if the essential elements of medical negligence are proven, namely duty of care, breach of duty, harm (including death), and a causal relationship between the misdiagnosis and the fatal outcome. Moreover, liability may extend to hospitals under the doctrines of vicarious liability, hospital liability, and strict liability. This study implies the importance of strengthening professional competence, reinforcing disciplinary mechanisms, and ensuring balanced legal protection for both patients and healthcare professionals within Indonesia’s health law framework.

Antibiotics are one of the main pillars in the treatment of bacterial infections and have contributed significantly to increasing human life expectancy. However, long-term use of antibiotics has serious consequences for the balance of the body's microbiome, especially the gut microbiome which plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of the immune system, metabolism, and protection against pathogens. This literature review aims to comprehensively analyze the impact of long-term antibiotic use on the structure, diversity, and function of the human microbiome. The scientific articles reviewed were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, including empirical research, systematic review, and meta-analysis published in the last ten years. The results showed that prolonged exposure to antibiotics consistently decreased microbiota diversity, altered the composition of bacterial communities, and triggered dysbiosis, which is often persistent even when therapy is stopped. Dysbiosis is associated with impaired immune system function, increased systemic inflammation, risk of allergic and metabolic diseases, and potential disorders on the intestinal-brain axis. This impact is more pronounced in vulnerable groups such as neonates and children, especially when exposure occurs during a critical period of development. In conclusion, long-term antibiotic use has broad systemic implications, so a more rational, prudent, and sustainable use strategy is needed to maintain the health of the human microbiome.

Corn milk yogurt is a fermented product that has a low protein content. One of the efforts to increase the protein content of corn milk yogurt is by adding spirulina and soy protein isolate as a source of high protein. The objectives of this research are 1) to study the formulation of high protein corn milk yogurt with the addition of spirulina and soy protein isolate; 2) to study the characteristics of corn milk yogurt. Corn yogurt with the addition of spirulina (0.08, 0.12 and 0.16%) and soy protein isolate (4.5, 8.5 and 12.5%) were tested for physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Results revealed Corn yogurt addition with of 0.08-0.16% spirulina and 4.5 - 12.5% soy protein isolates have protein content of 1.94 - 7.04%, water content of 76.0-81.1%, fat content of 0.66 – 1.17%, 14.5-16.6% of carbohydrate content, viscosity of 328.3-1128.7 mPas, total solids 16.01-17.93oBrix, pH of 3.41-3.67, lactic acid bacteria of 51 x 107 CFU/ml – 76 x107 CFU/ml.  Corn yogurt has sensory characteristics including yogurt taste of 2.60-3.68, green color of 2.42-3.82, yellow color of 1.45-2.53, corn flavor 2.27-2.60, beany flavor 2.70-3.17, spirulina flavor 2.23-3.08, viscosity 2.62-3.82 and preference of 2.25-2.9. The best formulation for making corn yogurt is a combination treatment with 8.5% soy protein isolate concentration and 0.12% spirulina with a protein content of 5.41%. While yogurt is preferred, this formula still needs some fine tuning to eliminate the fishy scent caused by the spirulina

Type 2 diabetes is a persistent medical condition with an increasing incidence that requires long-term treatment. One of the decisive factors in blood glucose control Patient self-awareness is a key variable examined in this study. The research was conducted to assess the relationship between self-awareness and blood glucose levels among individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Tuban Community Health Center area. A correlational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was utilized. The study involved a population of 135 patients, with a sample of 101 respondents selected using simple random sampling.Research data collection was conducted using a self-awareness questionnaire and a blood glucose observation sheet. Data analysis was performed using a chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results of the analysis showed a p-value of 0.002 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant association between self-awareness and blood glucose levels. Based on these results, the study findings generally indicate that greater self-awareness typically allows for more optimal control of blood glucose levels.  

This study aims to examine the effect of creative dance activities on the self-confidence of children aged 4–5 years at TK Pertiwi, Buluh Kasab Village. The background of this study is the low level of children’s self-confidence, which is reflected in passive behavior, reluctance to perform in front of the class, and a lack of courage to express themselves in front of others. This research employed a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. Data were collected through structured observation, while data analysis was conducted by calculating pretest and posttest scores, which were then analyzed using a paired sample t-test and effect size calculation to determine the strength of the treatment effect. The creative dance activities were implemented over six sessions by integrating elements of music, movement, and expression using two children’s songs, namely “Percaya Diri” by Abita and “Aku Bisa” by AFI Junior. The results indicated a significant improvement in children’s self-confidence, as shown by an increase in the mean score from 15.08 in the pretest to 32.75 in the posttest. The t-test results revealed a t-value of −31.006 with a significance level of 0.000 (p < 0.05). An effect size value of 6.43 indicated a very strong effect. Therefore, creative dance activities have a significant impact on enhancing early childhood self-confidence and are recommended as an effective learning strategy.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a steadily increasing prevalence in Indonesia. This condition not only affects physical health but also requires patients to make significant lifestyle changes to maintain stable blood glucose levels. Efforts to adopt a healthy lifestyle such as regulating diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress are often met with various challenges. In this context, family support plays a crucial role in helping patients adapt and remain consistent in self-management. This study aims to describe the experiences of type 2 diabetes patients in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and the forms of family support they receive. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used, involving three participants undergoing outpatient treatment at RSUD Sultan Iskandar Muda Nagan Raya. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed thematically. The findings show that patients face challenges in maintaining dietary control, consistent exercise, and emotional balance. However, family support such as reminding patients to take medication, providing healthy meals, and offering emotional motivation serves as a key factor that strengthens patients’ commitment to a healthy lifestyle. The study concludes that the success of diabetes management is highly influenced by active family involvement. Therefore, educational and health intervention programs should integrate families as essential partners in supporting patients with diabetes.

Skin aging is a natural process that cannot be avoided, but it can be slowed down through proper skin care. The use of natural face masks is one of the safe, affordable, and relatively non-invasive treatment alternatives without long-term side effects. The bandotan plant (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is a weed that grows wild in the Cemani Village area, Sukoharjo Regency. Although often considered worthless, this plant actually contains active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that have the potential to be antioxidants. Therefore, this service activity aims to provide counseling and training to the people of Cemani Village regarding the manufacture of face masks made from bandotan plants. This program is carried out with several procedural stages, starting from the interpretation of problems on the land, followed by the preparation of the timeline for the implementation of activities, then counseling and ending with a workshop session on the procedure for making antiaging masks for bandotan herbs. The program ended with an assessment of the evaluation of the activities. This activity was attended by 20 participants of the Cemani village PKK mobilization team. Based on the pretest and posttest scores, there was an increase in public knowledge about the program carried out with an average of 80 pretests and an increase in the average percentage of posttest scores up to 95.83. In the assessment of the questionnaire, public satisfaction with the implementation of the activity was classified as very satisfied with a score of 92.67.

Skin aging is a natural process that cannot be avoided, but it can be slowed down through proper skin care. The use of natural face masks is one of the safe, affordable, and relatively non-invasive treatment alternatives without long-term side effects. The bandotan plant (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is a weed that grows wild in the Cemani Village area, Sukoharjo Regency. Although often considered worthless, this plant actually contains active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that have the potential to be antioxidants. Therefore, this service activity aims to provide counseling and training to the people of Cemani Village regarding the manufacture of face masks made from bandotan plants. This program is carried out with several procedural stages, starting from the interpretation of problems on the land, followed by the preparation of the timeline for the implementation of activities, then counseling and ending with a workshop session on the procedure for making antiaging masks for bandotan herbs. The program ended with an assessment of the evaluation of the activities. This activity was attended by 20 participants of the Cemani village PKK mobilization team. Based on the pretest and posttest scores, there was an increase in public knowledge about the program carried out with an average of 80 pretests and an increase in the average percentage of posttest scores up to 95.83. In the assessment of the questionnaire, public satisfaction with the implementation of the activity was classified as very satisfied with a score of 92.67.

Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage damage, chronic inflammation, and functional limitation. Current treatments mainly focus on symptom relief and mechanical correction, with limited ability to restore the biological environment of the joint. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell derived secretome has emerged as a promising cell free regenerative therapy with anti-inflammatory and tissue-repair potential. This study aimed to systematically review the role of mesenchymal stem cell secretome in osteoarthritis management, both as an intra-articular therapy and as an adjuvant following surgical intervention. A literature review was conducted on relevant preclinical and early clinical studies published over the past decade. The selected articles were analyzed to evaluate therapeutic mechanisms and clinical implications. The findings indicate that intra articular administration of secretome reduces inflammatory mediators, suppresses catabolic enzyme activity, and improves cartilage integrity in various osteoarthritis models. Early clinical evidence also suggests improvements in pain and joint function, especially in patients with mild to moderate disease. Furthermore, secretome shows potential as an adjuvant therapy after surgery by supporting biological recovery of joint tissues. Overall, mesenchymal stem cell secretome represents a promising component of a multimodal strategy for osteoarthritis management, although further clinical trials are required to confirm its efficacy and safety.

This study aims to: (1) examine the effect of an entrepreneurship program using a Design thinking approach on the entrepreneurial spirit of Grade V students at UPT SPF SD Inpres Baraya 1, Makassar City, and (2) examine the effect of an entrepreneurship program using a Design thinking approach on student independence of Grade V students at UPT SPF SD Inpres Baraya 1, Makassar City. This research employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method using a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The research subjects consisted of two groups: an experimental group that received an entrepreneurship program based on Design thinking and a control group that did not receive the treatment. Data were collected using questionnaires measuring students’ entrepreneurial spirit and independence, supported by documentation. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing through an independent samples t-test. The results indicate that the entrepreneurship program using a design thinking approach had a significant positive effect on students’ entrepreneurial spirit and independence. The independent samples t-test revealed that the program significantly improved students’ entrepreneurial spirit (p = 0.002 < 0.05) compared to the control group. Likewise, a very significant effect was found on student independence, with a significance value of p = 0.001 < 0.05. These findings confirm that the application of a design thinking–based entrepreneurship program effectively enhances key entrepreneurial attributes, including creativity, initiative, responsibility, and independence among fifth-grade elementary school students.