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This study explores the legal implications of regulations issued by the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI) regarding the necessity of obtaining approval from the heirs of the waqif (donor) for changes in nazhir (waqf administrators) or waqf purposes when the waqif has passed away. It examines the alignment of these regulations with both positive law and Islamic law principles, highlighting potential challenges and contradictions. The study emphasizes the significance of ensuring effective waqf management while maintaining compliance with Islamic law's foundational principles, which assert that waqf assets are separated from personal ownership and cannot be sold, rented, or inherited. However, current BWI regulations require heirs' involvement, raising questions about their potential impact on the flexibility and independence of waqf governance. The research concludes that while involving heirs aims to safeguard waqf assets, it may also introduce unnecessary complexities, potentially hindering the optimal use of waqf resources for public benefit.

Regional Taxes and Levies are one of the important sources of regional revenue to finance the implementation of Regional Government as regulated in NTT Provincial Regulation number 7 of 2020 concerning Fisheries Business License Levy. Regional Regulation of East Nusa Tenggara Province Number 7 of 2020 concerning Fisheries Business License Levy and Law No. 1 of 2022 concerning Financial Relations between the Central Government and Regional Governments gives authority to the Central and Regional Governments to collect Taxes and Regional Levies as a source of local revenue. One of the sources of the APBD comes from the Fishery Business Permit Levy. This is closely related to the collection of fishery business licenses. This research is a normative-empirical legal research that uses primary data and secondary data collected using interview, observation, and documentation techniques and processed using editing, coding, verification, and interpretation techniques and analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of this study show that (1) The regulation of content material in NTT Provincial Regulation Number 7 of 2020 concerning Fisheries Business License Levy at Oeba Fish Market specifically related to the issuance of fishery business licenses and the collection of business license levies has been regulated in the NTT Provincial Regulation, the implementation strategy has not been implemented effectively. (2) Factors that hinder the regulation of East Nusa Tenggara Provincial Regulation Number 7 of 2020 concerning Fisheries Business License Levy and its implementation are legal factors and community legal awareness factors.

This study analyzes the impact of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perppu) No. 2 Year 2022 on Job Creation, particularly in the plantation sector, on the rights of Masyarakat Hukum Adat (MHA). The initial purpose of this Perppu was to increase investment through simplification of regulations and acceleration of licensing, but the formulation of existing norms and regulations can threaten the existence of MHA. This research is a normative research and uses a legislative approach by analyzing primary and secondary legal materials, and using John Rawls' Theory of Justice and Mochtar Kusumaatmadja's Theory of Development Law. The results show that there are significant changes in the application of Perppu No. 2 Year 2022 on Job Creation compared to Law No. 34 Year 2014 on Plantations, including changes in land area limitations, elimination of environmental permits, and elimination of criminal sanctions related to permits and the environment. The implications of the implementation of this Perppu are that it exacerbates the marginalization of Indigenous Peoples, ignores customary rights, and causes overlapping land tenure, as well as ecosystem and environmental damage. This research suggests several strategic steps: accelerating the inventory of customary land and the granting of customary rights certificates, requiring MHA to be involved in every stage of decision-making through FPIC mechanisms, and passing a special law for MHA. Investment policies should also focus on sustainable development with stricter environmental standards than at present.

This study aims to find out about . What is the mechanism for drafting regulations on changes to the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD). What are the implications and legal impacts on regulatory mechanisms for amending the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) which are not in accordance with statutory provisions. The method of data collection in this study was carried out by normative empirical, namely research that uses and processes primary data and side by side with secondary, empirical normative research is focused on the implementation of statutory (normative) legal provisions in action in every particular legal event that occurs in a society (empirical) related to the mechanism of Changes to the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget. The results of the study show that the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget, hereinafter abbreviated as APBD, is the regional government's annual financial plan that is discussed and agreed upon jointly by the local government and the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD), and stipulated by regional regulations/Perda. The APBD budget year covers a period of one year, starting from January 1 to December 31. The Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget consists of the Revenue Budget originating from Regional Original Revenue (PAD), which includes regional taxes, regional levies, regional wealth management results and the share of balancing funds, which includes Profit Sharing Funds, General Allocation Funds (DAU) and Funds Special Allocation. Also known as legitimate income such as grants or emergency funds. While the expenditure budget is the budget used for various purposes of carrying out government tasks in the region. The Regional Government submits a draft Regional Regulation concerning changes to the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) for the current fiscal year to obtain approval from the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) before the end of the fiscal year. After obtaining approval from the Regional People's Legislative Council (DPRD) regarding the draft regional regulation regarding the Revised Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD-P), then the process of evaluating and establishing the draft Regional Regulation concerning the Revised Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD-P) and the draft Regional Head Regulations regarding the translation of the Amended Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD-P) into Regional Regulations and Regional Head Regulations. There are two legal implications of the mechanism of the Amended Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD-P) regulations which are not in accordance with statutory provisions. First, all processes of a series of changes that do not meet the normative requirements cannot be followed up directly. Second, administratively, all types of regional government work programs originate from the remaining budget from the previous year. (APBD-P) as the legal basis

Tanah merupakan sumber daya penting bagi manusia, dan memiliki peranan penting bagi kelangsungan hidup bangsa Indonesia. Manusia membutuhkan tanah tidak hanya untuk kegiatan sehari - hari tetapi juga untuk kebutuhan setelah kematian. Konsep tanah dijelaskan dalam Pasal 4 Ayat 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria, yang menyatakan “Berdasarkan atas dasar hak menguasai dari negara, sebagai yang dimaksud dalam pasal 2 ditentukan adanya macam-macam hak atas permikaan bumi, yang dapat diberikan kepada dan dipunyai oleh orang-orang baik sendiri maupun bersama-sama orang lain serta badan hukum.” Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yuridis dan bergantung pada sumber literatur seperti buku, artikel, jurnal, dan putusan pengadilan yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyelesaian sengketa lahan dapat dilakukan melalui dua jalur, yaitu jalur litigasi dan jalur nonlitigasi. Penyelesaian melalui litigasi dilakukan di Pengadilan, sementara jalur non-litigasi dapat melalui konsultasi, negosiasi, konsiliasi, mediasi, dan arbitrase.

Putusan pailit dianggap sebagai solusi terbaik bagi para debitor khususnya bagi pengembang dalam melunasi hutang-hutangnya, akan tetapi dapat dikatakan upaya tersebut merugikan para pembeli satuan rumah susun atau apartemen yang telah membayar lunas sebelum pembangunan selesai dengan hanya diikat dengan ppjb sebagai bentuk kesepakatan jual beli antara pengembang dengan pembeli tanpa adanya proses levering. Hal tersebut tentu menimbulkan ketidak pastian hukum terkait dengan kepemilikan unit rumah susun yang telah dibeli. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui akibat hukum kepailitan bagi pengembang terhadap pembeli (konsumen) satuan rumah perumahan. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif yaitu menelaah teori dan konsep hukum serta peraturannperundang-undangan yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa uu kepailitan dan pkpu, uupk, serta kuhperdata belum mengatur secara detail terkait perlindungan hukum bagi pembeli satuan rumah perumahan yang pengembangnya dinyatakan pailit. Oleh karena itu, akibat hukum dari adanya permasalahn tersebut yaitu pembeli dapat mengupayakan serta menuntut ganti rugi pelunasan piutang kepada pengembang atas dasar gugatan wanprestasi, dan terkait pelunasan piutang dapat berupa pembayaran tunai atau angsur atau tetap dengan proses pembangunan unit apabila dalam pelunasan kreditor terdapat sisa dana dalam melanjutkan proyeknya.

Kemajuan Teknologi Informasi dan tidak seiring dengan pembaharuan hukum di masyarakat dapat menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Rumusan masalah penelitian adalah bagaimana peran Notaris dalam pelaksanaan e-RUPS menurut hukum positif di Indonesia, bagaimana pelaksanaan e-RUPS dan kepastian hukum dari akta e-RUPS PT. Indofarma Tbk Tahun Buku 2019. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis peran notaris dalam pelaksanaan e-RUPS menurut hukum positif di Indonesia, pelaksanaan e-RUPS dan kepastian hukum dari akta e-RUPS PT. Indofarma Tbk Tahun Buku 2019. Pendekatan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi deskriptif analitis. Data diperoleh dengan studi kepustakaan, kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis kualitatif-yuridis. Hasil penelitian adalah (1) Peran Notaris dalam Pelaksanaan e-RUPS menurut hukum positif di Indonesia adalah Notaris merupakan salah satu dari profesi penunjang pasar modal yang membantu pelaksanaan RUPS. Peran Notaris dalam e-RUPS PT. Indofarma Tbk Tahun Buku 2019 adalah pembuatan Akta Otentik dari Pernyataan Keputusan Rapat PT. Indonesia Farma Tbk, (2) Pelaksanaan e-RUPS PT. Indofarma Tbk Tahun Buku 2019 menggunakan aplikasi eASY.KSEI yang dimiliki oleh PT KSEI sebagai Penyedia e-RUPS. eASY.KSEI. Tata cara atau mekanisme e-RUPS mengacu pada Peraturan KSEI Nomor XI-A tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham yang Disertai dengan Pemberian Kuasa melalui Electronic General Meeting System KSEI (eASY.KSEI), Angka 1 poin 1.5. dan hal ini sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku, yaitu Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas dan POJK 16, dan (3) Akta Keputusan dari e-RUPS PT. Indofarma Tbk Tahun Buku 2019 tidak otentik, sehingga tidak memberikan kepastian hukum bagi pihak-pihak terkait.

Jual beli hak atas tanah seharusnya dilakukan dengan akta otentik untuk perlindungan hukum para pihak. Kenyataannya, banyak jual beli hak atas tanah tidak dilakukan sesuai prosedur yang berlaku. Putusan Perkara Nomor 3370 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 74/PDT/2020/PT.PLK Jo. 6/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Klk membatalkan Sertipikat Hak Milik Nomor 2206, 2207 dan 2208 dan Sertipikat Hak Pakai Nomor 46. Hal ini bertentangan dengan Pasal 32 ayat (1) dan (2) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 1997. Permasalahan: 1. Bagaimana prosedur pembatalan sertipikat menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku? 2. Bagaimana dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam memutus perkara Nomor 3370 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 74/PDT/2020/PT.PLK Jo. 6/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Klk? 3. Bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap Pembeli dalam Jual beli akibat Pembatalan Sertipikat perkara Nomor 3370 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 74/PDT/2020/PT.PLK Jo. 6/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Klk?  Metode pendekatan adalah yuridis normatif, spesifikasi penelitian yaitu deskriptif analitis, pengumpulan data dengan studi kepustakaan, analisis data yaitu analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian : 1. Prosedur pembatalan sertipikat menurut Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang berlaku melalui 6 tahapan yaitu Permohonan, Penanganan, Keputusan Pembatalan, Pemberitahuan, Pencatatan dan Pengumuman. 2. Dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam memutus perkara Nomor 3370 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 74/PDT/2020/PT.PLK Jo. 6/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Klk yaitu pada tingkat Pertama Para Penggugat tidak dapat membuktikan pokok gugatannya. Pada tingkat Banding, majelis hakim tingkat pertama kurang mempertimbangkan pokok perkaranya. Pada tingkat Kasasi yaitu Pengadilan Tinggi Palangkaraya tidak salah menerapkan hukum. 3. Perlindungan hukum terhadap Pembeli dalam Jual beli akibat Pembatalan Sertipikat perkara Nomor 3370 K/Pdt/2021 Jo. 74/PDT/2020/PT.PLK Jo. 6/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Klk terdapat 2 pihak yaitu pertama Rusnah dan Masrani sebagai pembeli sudah terlindungi, kedua para pihak pembeli keempat Sertipikat dapat mengajukan upaya hukum gugatan terhadap Penjual.

Magelang Regency, Central Java, has great potential in the agrotourism sector that can contribute to the local economy and the preservation of cultural values. This study aims to design an Agrotourism Law that regulates the management, development, and protection of the environment in the area. The research method used is empirical juridical, which involves collecting primary data from local communities and analyzing existing regulations. The results of the study indicate that the development of agrotourism in Magelang Regency is still hampered by the lack of coordination and unclear regulations, which can trigger environmental exploitation and injustice in the distribution of economic benefits. Therefore, the drafted law must include regulations on sustainable management, rights and obligations of business actors, environmental protection, promotion of local culture, and financial support for community-based agrotourism. This study is expected to be a reference in formulating policies that are beneficial for the development of sustainable and inclusive agrotourism in Magelang Regency.

Drinking and uncommendable behavior are two intertwined things. Recently, an event that has disturbed the community has become more frequent. Some sexual crimes against children occur after the perpetrator drinks alcohol, where people will be encouraged to commit heinous acts, when their intellect has been influenced by alcohol. The Sikka Regency Government together with the Sikka Regency Regional People's Representative Council made Sikka Regency Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Supervision and Control of Alcoholic Beverages, as a preventive effort to overcome social problems in the community, namely, the high number of traffic accidents, Domestic Violence (KDRT) and vandalism triggered by alcoholic beverages. This research is an empirical juridical law research. This study is descriptive and analyzes primary data to find out the Implementation of Sikka Regency Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2012 concerning Supervision and Control of Alcoholic Beverages. Data collection uses observation, documentation and interview techniques. The results of the study show that: (1) The implementation of Sikka Regency Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2012 concerning Supervision and Control of Alcoholic Beverages needs to be followed up because there are still obstacles faced (2) The impact of the Implementation of Sikka Regency Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2012 concerning Supervision and Control of Alcoholic Beverages, one of which is a decrease in revenue.

Correctional institutions are very important in the Indonesian criminal justice system. Here, prisoners receive education and training to reintegrate into society. They still have the same basic rights. This concept evolved from the changing values and goals of the criminal justice system. Indonesia is transitioning to restorative justice to transform prisoners into mentally and physically healthy individuals, who can contribute to society. The protection of the basic rights of prisoners is an obligation in every correctional institution. This is not only because it is a human right of prisoners, but it is also regulated in the Corrections Act. Furthermore, the realization of these basic rights can help the education and development process of prisoners in correctional institutions.

Abstrak Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendeksripsikan ironi dari keterlibatan Organisasi Masyarakat Keagamaan dalam sektor pertambangan energi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur dan mengkaji dampak Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) No. 25 Tahun 2024, seperti yang diubah oleh PP No. 96 Tahun 2021, tentang Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Mineral dan Batu Bara. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa meskipun izin tambang yang diberikan kepada Ormas dapat berdampak besar pada tata kelola pertambangan, kebijakan ini menimbulkan kontroversi karena kemungkinan melanggar Undang-Undang Minerba. Ironisnya, dampak pertambangan yang dihasilkan oleh Ormas justru diperburuk. Fokus utama diskusi ini adalah konsekuensi hukum, ekonomi, dan lingkungan dari kebijakan ini. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa keterlibatan Ormas dalam industri pertambangan berpotensi meningkatkan risiko kerusakan lingkungan yang signifikan. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa kebijakan publik harus dievaluasi secara menyeluruh untuk memastikan bahwa pengelolaan sumber daya mineral tetap berkelanjutan secara ekologis.

According to legal regulations Republic of Indonesia No. 32 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, it states that waste is the remaining results of activities or businesses whose reprocessing requires more effort and if the storage is not carried out properly it will pollute the environment. Hazardous and toxic waste is classified into three types based on its nature: liquid waste, solid waste, and gas waste. According regulations No. 74, 2001 concerning the Processing of Hazardous and toxic Materials, Hazardous and toxic Waste is the remainder of a business and/or activity that contains hazardous and/or toxic materials which due to their nature and/or concentration and/or quantity, either directly or indirectly, can pollute and/or damage the environment, and can endanger the environment. The implementation of Community Service activity focus on increase Awareness of Hazardous and toxic Waste Management in accordance with laws and regulations, To store and manage Hazardous and toxic Waste in the workplace. The implementation of this Community Service activity was carried out online in August 2024 inviting workers and prospective fresh graduates who were interested in fulfilling aspects of Hazardous and toxic waste management. The results of this activity the pre-test and post-test showed that webinar participants, increase in knowledge about Hazardous and toxic waste of 72%. A significant increase in knowledge is expected to improve community behavior regarding Hazardous and toxic waste.

This article examines the influence of global legal systems on the formation of legislation in Indonesia. Historically, Indonesia adopted the Continental European legal system inherited from the Netherlands as the foundation of its national legal framework. Over time, Indonesia’s legal system has also been shaped by principles of common law, Islamic law, and customary law, deeply rooted in the nation's culture. This study aims to analyze how the interplay of these diverse legal systems has contributed to the development of a unique and complex national legal structure. Employing a literature review and normative analysis method, the research explores how elements from various global legal systems have enriched Indonesia’s legal framework. The findings reveal that, while this diversity enhances the national legal system, it also presents challenges in harmonizing and synchronizing existing regulations. This study offers valuable insights into the dynamics of cross-system legal influences in the Indonesian context and their implications for national legal reform.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) untuk mengetahui peran pembelajaran PKN dalam membangun kesadaran hukum lalu lintas di kelas VIIB SMPN 3 Sragen, 2) untuk menentukan kendala-kendala yang ada dalam membangun kesadaran hukum lalu lintas di kelas VIIB SMPN 3 Sragen, 3) untuk menentukan solusi efektif untuk meningkatkan kesadaran hukum lalu lintas di kelas VIIB SMPN 3 Sragen. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIIB SMPN 3 Sragen pada tahun ajaran 2023/2024 dan guru PKN. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Peneliti bertindak sebagai pewawancara langsung untuk menggali data melalui siswa dan guru PKN. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peran pembelajaran PKN dalam membangun kesadaran hukum lalu lintas siswa di kelas VIIB SMPN 3 Sragen berada pada siswa itu sendiri dengan lingkungan (hubungan sosial dan lingkungan sekitar), serta hubungan antara orang tua dan siswa. Cara siswa memahami peraturan lalu lintas akan menentukan generasi yang memahami hukum. Dengan pemahaman dan pengenalan sejak awal, diharapkan upaya untuk membangun kesadaran hukum lalu lintas dalam pembelajaran PKN di kelas VIIB dapat menghasilkan kepribadian yang kooh sebagai dasaar bagi warga negara yang bertanggung jawab dan handal serta menjadi lebih berkualitas.

Every year on august 17th is commemorated as Indonesia’s independence day. Representatives of young people from all corners of the country gather at Istana Merdeka to hoist the Bendera Merah Putih. However, in the year 2016, an unpleasant incident occurred for the world of Pakibraka.  Indeed, a national Paskibraka member named Gloria Natapradja Hamel had to be dismissed shortly before the flag-raising, as she held dual citizenship. Peraturan Menpora nomor 0065 tahun 2015 and Undang-Undang nomor 12 tahun 2006 directly impact every child who born with dual citizenship, causing limitations in their participation in national-scale activities, in this case, the National Paskibraka. This research is expected to contribute to the development of international civil law, especially regrading the rights of children restricted by it.  

This research aims to understand and analyze Article 73 of Government Regulation No. 11 of 2021 on Village-Owned Enterprises (BUM Desa) with a focus on the transformation of Community Revolving Funds (DBM) from the former PNPM MPd into BUM Desa bersama LKD). The research discusses the use of DBM assets from the former PNPM MPd as capital in the formation of BUM Desa bersama LKD, as mandated by Article 73 of Government Regulation No. 11 of 2021 on Village-Owned Enterprises. This regulation is in accordance with the mandate of Law No. 6 of 2023 on the Enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2022 on Job Creation as a Law and Law No. 3 of 2024 on the Second Amendment to Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages. The data collection technique used in this research is documentation with an analytical matrix instrument. This study employs a normative juridical legal research method, as the title indicates a juridical review. The research concludes that the management of DBM from the former PNPM MPd must transform into BUM Desa bersama LKD to provide a legal foundation and certainty for DBM activities, ensure the preservation of communal assets in one sub-district, and utilize DBM assets from the former PNPM MPd as capital in the establishment of BUM Desa bersama LKD. The issuance of Government Regulation No. 11 of 2021 on BUM Desa is seen as the government's responsibility in overseeing the management of DBM from the former PNPM MPd as part of poverty alleviation efforts.

Pemindahan hak atas tanah secara melawan hukum merupakan permasalahan yang sering terjadi dalam praktik pertanahan di Indonesia, yang dapat mengancam kepastian hukum dan keadilan bagi pemilik tanah yang sah. Tindakan pemindahan hak atas tanah secara melawan hukum bisa dilakukan melalui berbagai cara, seperti pemalsuan dokumen, penipuan, penyalahgunaan wewenang, atau pengambilalihan tanah secara paksa tanpa prosedur yang sah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek perlindungan hukum terhadap hak atas tanah dalam pemindahan hak secara melawan hukum, serta mencari solusi untuk memperbaiki sistem perlindungan hukum di bidang pertanahan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif, dengan mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur hukum, dan teori-teori hukum yang relevan untuk melihat perlindungan hukum yang ada dalam sistem pertanahan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun ada sejumlah aturan hukum yang mengatur perlindungan hak atas tanah, praktik pemindahan hak secara melawan hukum masih sering terjadi karena lemahnya pengawasan, penyalahgunaan wewenang, dan kurangnya pemahaman hukum di kalangan masyarakat. Hal ini berdampak pada terjadinya sengketa pertanahan yang tidak hanya merugikan pihak yang sah, tetapi juga merusak kepercayaan publik terhadap sistem hukum. Sebagai solusi, penelitian ini menyarankan beberapa langkah, antara lain: (1) peningkatan sistem administrasi pertanahan dengan penggunaan teknologi informasi yang lebih baik untuk mencegah pemalsuan dokumen, (2) penguatan penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku pemindahan hak atas tanah secara melawan hukum, (3) peningkatan edukasi dan penyuluhan hukum kepada masyarakat terkait hak-hak atas tanah, serta (4) penyediaan bantuan hukum bagi kelompok rentan yang menjadi korban pemindahan hak tanah secara ilegal. Dengan demikian, diharapkan perlindungan hukum terhadap hak atas tanah dapat lebih efektif dan memberi kepastian hukum bagi masyarakat.

This research evaluates the effectiveness of citizenship legislation in Indonesia, focusing on Law No. 12 of 2006. The background of this study is based on the importance of protecting citizenship rights within the context of evolving social and political dynamics. The aim of the research is to identify discrepancies between regulations and practices, as well as to analyze the impact of policies on social integration and the protection of individual rights. The methodology employed is normative legal analysis, which includes legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches, along with data collection through literature review and interviews with legal experts. The findings indicate that although Law No. 12 of 2006 has brought positive changes, the implementation of policies still faces challenges such as inconsistency and administrative obstacles. The implications of this research highlight the need for reforms in citizenship policy that are fairer and more responsive, which can enhance the protection of individual rights and create a more inclusive system for all citizens.  

Koperasi, organisasi yang pertama kali didirikan pada tahun 1895 ini merupakan gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan kekeluargaan. Koperasi pertama di Indonesia yang didirikan adalah De Poerwokertosche Hulp en Spaarbank der Inlandsche Hoofden (Bank Bantuan dan Tabungan Petani Pribumi Poerwokerto) dengan tujuan membantu masyarakat desa dan pedesaan. Pada awalnya bank ini dibentuk untuk menampung angsuran dari peminjam uang kas masjid dan setelah Kemerdekaan Indonesia, bank ini didaulat sebagai bank pemerintah Indonesia berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 1 Tahun 1946 yang saat ini dikenal dengan nama PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (BBRI). Semakin berkembangnya zaman, semakin banyak pula berbagai macam jenis koperasi yang masuk di Indonesia, salah satunya yaitu Koperasi Multipihak, koperasi yang mengelompokkan anggotanya berdasarkan peran kelompok dalam lingkup usaha tertentu. Koperasi Multipihak di Indonesia menggunakan berbagai Teknik di antaranya pengelompokan anggota, one man one vote, hak suara berbobot, kerja sama dan pengambilan keputusan kolektif. Di Indonesia, sudah tercatat ada 166 Koperasi Multipihak yang sebagian besar merupakan koperasi baru. Banyak orang yang tertarik dengan Koperasi Multipihak. Sebab, KMP dianggap mampu merespons kebutuhan lokal secara lebih fleksibel dan memberikan manfaat yang lebih beragam kepada anggotanya. Menteri Koperasi dan UKM meyakini perkembangan KMP di Indonesia disebabkan oleh perubahan ekonomi dan teknologi. Dengan KMP ini, MenKopUKM berharap bisa membangun kekuatan industry di bidang pertanian dan budidaya perikanan melalui program Koperasi Multipihak untuk memanfaatkan teknologi di sektor manufaktur.