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Diarrhea is a condition characterized by increased frequency of bowel movements (BAB) of ≥3 times/day with a more liquid consistency. Diarrhea can be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. Diarrhea can occur acutely, lasting less than 2 weeks, or chronically, lasting more than 2 weeks. The prevalence of diarrhea in toddlers is 12.3% and in infants is 10.6%.3 Based on data from the Medan City Health Office, the incidence of diarrhea in 2023 is estimated to be 66,802 cases across all ages and 32,324 cases in toddlers, with almost half of diarrhea sufferers being children. The Medan City Health Office reported the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers was 2,894 cases and adults 14,112 cases, or approximately 20.5%. Parents are one of the closest people and act as caregivers for children, so they have a crucial role in controlling diarrhea in children, including early management and prevention. Good parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the management and prevention of diarrhea can reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children.

The tourism industry's rapid growth has intensified competition in the accommodation sector, making human resource (HR) quality a decisive factor in guest house service excellence. This study examines the competitive HR characteristics of Rumah Tamu Romana in Kewapante District, Sikka Regency, based on direct field observation. Five key indicators were assessed: competence, adaptability to change, innovation and creativity, integrity and work ethics, and communication skills. Results indicate that staff demonstrate adequate operational knowledge and consistent adherence to standard operating procedures. However, gaps remain in digital technology adoption, particularly online booking systems. Adaptability is satisfactory, supported by open internal communication. Innovation potential exists in room decoration and independent problem-solving. Integrity and discipline stand out as the strongest indicators, with high attendance and guest privacy protection. Communication skills are effective for domestic guests, with basic English competency for international visitors. The study recommends structured training programs, innovation forums, mentoring, and institutional partnerships to develop more competitive HR capabilities.

Risky sexual behavior among adolescents is an increasingly concerning public health issue, particularly due to the lack of comprehensive sexual education in school and family environments. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge, awareness, and preventive attitudes of students at SMA Negeri 2 Tomohon regarding the dangers of free sex and the importance of maintaining reproductive health. The method used was educational socialization through interactive lectures, demonstrations, and open discussions involving 60 students as participants. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test instruments to measure improvements in participants' knowledge. The results showed a significant increase in knowledge, with the average pre-test score of 52.3 increasing to 80.7 in the post-test (a 54.3% improvement). A total of 91.7% of participants reached the good knowledge category after the activity, compared to only 18.3% before the activity. Participants also demonstrated more positive and critical attitudes toward the risks of free association. This activity affirms that interactive education-based socialization on reproductive health is effective in improving adolescent understanding. It is recommended that schools integrate reproductive health content regularly in counseling guidance programs to strengthen the sustainability of this activity's impact.

Education involves acquiring knowledge and skills, with English learning being a skill-based process that requires consistent and engaging practice. In the digital era, mobile applications have emerged as effective tools to overcome traditional limitations in language learning. This study investigates the effectiveness of the Duolingo application in enhancing English vocabulary among university students. A pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was employed involving 40 first-semester Pharmacy students at Anwar Medika University. Participants engaged in daily Duolingo practice (20 XP per day) for 30 consecutive days. Data were collected through vocabulary pretest and posttest as well as a Likert-scale questionnaire. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant improvement in vocabulary scores, with the mean score increasing from 57.25 in the pretest to 81.70 in the posttest. Questionnaire results indicated high student motivation, positive perceptions of the app’s usefulness and ease of use, and minimal perceived disadvantages. The findings suggest that daily Duolingo practice is an effective, engaging, and accessible method for boosting English vocabulary acquisition. This study provides practical insights for educators seeking innovative technology-integrated approaches to language teaching.

Stunting remains a major nutritional problem in Indonesia, impacting the quality of children's growth and development, both in the short and long term. This impact not only affects physical growth but also affects children's endurance and future productivity. Although the national prevalence of stunting shows a downward trend, cases of stunting are still found in various regions, including Banyusari Village, Tegalrejo District. The stunting problem in this region is closely related to parents' low understanding of fulfilling balanced nutrition, especially protein intake, which plays a crucial role in the growth and development of toddlers. This community service activity aims to increase parents' knowledge and awareness in stunting prevention efforts through applicable nutrition education. The activity was carried out by students of the Community Service Program (KKN) of Tidar University. The method used was a socialization method of presenting material on stunting prevention combined with fun cooking practices as a learning medium for serving balanced nutritious meals. In addition, this activity was also accompanied by the provision of Supplementary Food (PMT). The results of the activity showed that participants participated enthusiastically and were able to understand the material presented. The educational approach of fun cooking has been deemed effective in increasing parents' understanding of balanced nutrition and encouraging a shift in mindset from the "just to get full" paradigm to ensuring quality nutrition. This activity is expected to become a practical and sustainable alternative for nutrition education in supporting community-based stunting prevention efforts.    

Mojorejo Village has the potential to develop oyster mushroom cultivation. However, with increasing production, mushroom baglog waste also increases and often becomes an environmental problem. Local residents lack the knowledge to utilize this waste optimally. To this end, outreach and training were conducted on making charcoal briquettes from mushroom baglog waste. This processing process allows baglog waste to be converted into a value-added product, namely charcoal briquettes. In addition to providing an effective waste management solution, this training also opens up new business opportunities for the community. The approach used in this activity is the ABCD (Asset Based Community Development) method, which focuses on empowering local potential. The results of the outreach showed that the resulting charcoal briquettes have good combustion quality and have the potential to be an environmentally friendly fuel. It is hoped that this training will reduce the accumulation of baglog waste and provide economic and environmental benefits for the residents of Mojorejo Village.

This study aims to describe and identify the forms of locutionary speech acts that appear in Civic Education learning videos on the Kejarcita YouTube channel. Kejarcita is a YouTube channel that provides learning educational content for both senior high school and junior high school students. The language style used in the videos is highly engaging, beginning with a friendly greeting and informal style, such as “teman kece”, followed by questions that serve as an interactive means encourage viewers to think. The results of this study serve as a reference for gaining knowledge and understanding of the use of locutionary speech acts in learning videos on the Kejarcita channel. They may also be used as a reference for other researches who wish to conduct similar studies in the field of pragmatics or digital learning media. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a pragmatic approach. The data consist of utterances containing locutionary acts, taken from Civic Education learning videos on the Kejarcita YouTube channel. Based on the results of the analysis, 191 data points were obtained, namely (1) locutionary speech acts intended to inform, totaling 63 occurrences; (2) locutionary speech acts intended to explain, totaling 49 occurrences; (3) locutionary speech acts intended to ask, totaling 34 occurrences; (4) locutionary speech acts intended to invite, totaling 27 occurrences; and (5) locutionary speech acts intended to remind, totaling 18 occurrences.

In conveying messages, speakers use utterances. Utterances are forms of speech that contain various communicative functions according to the context and purpose of communication. Speech acts are the main element in verbal interactions that reflect social actions in the form of speech. Speech acts are actions manifested in the form of speech that have a special meaning. One type of speech act is the illocutionary speech act. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the types and forms of illocutionary speech acts in negotiation texts in the revised edition of Indonesian language books. This research method uses qualitative descriptions and pragmatic analysis. Data collection in this study uses reading and note-taking techniques and purposive sampling. Based on the data analysis, the author has identified 171 illocutionary speech acts, including assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. Based on the research, the author found that assertive, directive, and expressive speech acts predominate. Commissive speech acts numbered twenty-seven, and declarative speech acts numbered the least, namely seven. This research is expected to provide students with an understanding of the types of illocutionary speech acts, enhance their knowledge, and enable them to use them effectively and correctly.

Gerakan Tutup Mulut (GTM), or “Refusal to Eat,” is a common nutritional problem among toddlers and contributes to reduced nutrient intake and an increased risk of malnutrition. Preliminary observations at Posyandu Aster 11 Way Kandis, Bandar Lampung, indicated that mothers had low levels of knowledge regarding the causes of GTM and limited exposure to responsive feeding education. This community service activity aimed to improve mothers’ understanding of the factors contributing to GTM and to introduce pisang barongko as an innovative, nutritious snack option to help prevent GTM. The methods utilized included educational sessions through leaflets, presentations, video demonstrations, and pretest–posttest evaluation using the Wilcoxon test. The activity involved 25 participants and resulted in an improvement in knowledge scores from an average of 66 to 94.8, demonstrating a significant increase of 28.80 (p < 0.05). High participant enthusiasm, effective material delivery, and the availability of educational outputs such as videos and leaflets supported the success of the program. These findings highlight the importance of nutrition education based on local food resources as a practical and sustainable strategy to prevent GTM in children.

Zakat is a key instrument in the Islamic economic system, functioning as a mechanism for income redistribution and poverty alleviation. However, zakat management at the level of mosque-based Zakat Collection Units (Unit Pengumpul Zakat/UPZ) still faces significant challenges, particularly in terms of managerial capacity, administrative systems, and institutional governance. This community service project aims to optimize the collection and distribution of zakat through capacity building of the UPZ management at Al-Hidayah Mosque, Mandailing Natal. The study employed a participatory approach consisting of observation, joint planning, socialization, training, mentoring, and evaluation stages. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and structured questionnaires administered through pre-test and post-test to measure participants’ knowledge improvement. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive comparative method to assess changes before and after the intervention. The results indicate a significant improvement in the managerial capacity of UPZ administrators, as reflected by an increase in the average score from 55% in the pre-test to 80% in the post-test. In addition, improvements were observed in zakat management practices, including the establishment of simple financial recording systems, the development of a structured database of donors (muzakki) and beneficiaries (mustahik), and enhanced transparency and accountability. Qualitatively, the program also fostered behavioral change among administrators, the emergence of local leadership, and increased public trust in the UPZ. This study concludes that participatory-based socialization, training, and mentoring are effective in strengthening institutional capacity and optimizing zakat management at the grassroots level. The findings highlight the importance of governance and capacity building in enhancing the effectiveness of community-based zakat institutions.

This community service activity aims to improve the effectiveness of clean water distribution management through the implementation of a Water Level Control (WLC) system as an automatic control for water pumps and three-phase motors at a regional drinking water supply company in Lamongan. The methods employed include field observation, problem identification, system design and implementation, as well as periodic evaluation of system performance. The activity focuses on the water treatment unit by conducting control and monitoring of operational parameters such as frequency (Hz), pump pressure, and flow stability to ensure optimal water distribution according to consumer needs. The results indicate that the implementation of the WLC system enhances operational efficiency, minimizes human error, and supports more structured and sustainable equipment maintenance. In addition, this activity contributes to improving the knowledge and technical skills of personnel in operating, monitoring, and maintaining automated control systems. In managing automation-based technology in a professional and independent manner, human resource capacity is strengthened, while the quality of clean water services is also improved through this community service program.

Limited understanding of inheritance law and village financial management among village officials remains a significant issue that may trigger social conflict and weaken village governance effectiveness. This community service program aims to strengthen the capacity of village officials through inheritance law socialization and assistance in village financial management. The activity employed a descriptive method with a participatory approach. Implementation was carried out through structured socialization sessions, interactive discussions, and direct technical assistance adjusted to village administrative practices. Data collection techniques included observation, documentation, and pre-and post-activity evaluations to measure participants’ understanding. The results demonstrate an improvement in village officials’ knowledge of basic inheritance law principles and their awareness of transparent, accountable, and regulation-based village financial management. Furthermore, the program enhanced officials’ understanding of their strategic role in addressing community legal issues and supporting good village governance. Overall, this activity contributes to improving the professionalism and accountability of village administration in delivering community-oriented public services.

Zakat is a key instrument in the Islamic economic system, functioning as a mechanism for income redistribution and poverty alleviation. However, zakat management at the level of mosque-based Zakat Collection Units (Unit Pengumpul Zakat/UPZ) still faces significant challenges, particularly in terms of managerial capacity, administrative systems, and institutional governance. This community service project aims to optimize the collection and distribution of zakat through capacity building of the UPZ management at Al-Hidayah Mosque, Mandailing Natal. The study employed a participatory approach consisting of observation, joint planning, socialization, training, mentoring, and evaluation stages. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and structured questionnaires administered through pre-test and post-test to measure participants’ knowledge improvement. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive comparative method to assess changes before and after the intervention. The results indicate a significant improvement in the managerial capacity of UPZ administrators, as reflected by an increase in the average score from 55% in the pre-test to 80% in the post-test. In addition, improvements were observed in zakat management practices, including the establishment of simple financial recording systems, the development of a structured database of donors (muzakki) and beneficiaries (mustahik), and enhanced transparency and accountability. Qualitatively, the program also fostered behavioral change among administrators, the emergence of local leadership, and increased public trust in the UPZ. This study concludes that participatory-based socialization, training, and mentoring are effective in strengthening institutional capacity and optimizing zakat management at the grassroots level. The findings highlight the importance of governance and capacity building in enhancing the effectiveness of community-based zakat institutions.

Wolowiro Village, Paga District, Sikka Regency possesses abundant coconut resources; however, their utilization remains limited and has not yet generated optimal economic value for the local community. This community service program aimed to improve community knowledge and skills in processing coconuts into Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a value-added product with the potential to increase household income. The program employed socialization activities, presentations, educational video screenings, and hands-on training in VCO production using the fermentation method. Participants included village officials, housewives, and local residents who were actively involved in all stages of the training, including raw material selection, coconut grating, coconut milk extraction, fermentation, oil separation, and final product filtration. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in participants’ understanding and practical skills related to VCO production. Community members were able to independently produce VCO and showed strong enthusiasm for developing coconut-based micro-enterprises. Furthermore, the program increased public awareness of the importance of utilizing local resources as economically valuable products. Therefore, VCO production training can serve as an effective community empowerment strategy to support economic development and improve community welfare through the utilization of local agricultural resources.

This study examines the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration program in Maron Village, Kediri Regency, using four criteria for resolving land-related conflicts. PTSL is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN) as a manifestation of the government’s commitment to providing legal certainty and protection to the community regarding their land. The objective of this study is to analyze the implementation of the PTSL program in Maron Village, Kediri Regency, based on four dimensions of land accuracy. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to delve deeper into the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration in Maron Village. Data collection techniques include interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration program in Maron Village faces several challenges. This program was analyzed based on the four dimensions of accuracy proposed by Richard Matland, namely policy accuracy, implementation accuracy, target accuracy, and environmental accuracy. Regarding the target accuracy indicator, the program did not meet its objectives because of the community’s limited knowledge regarding legal data and other constraints, which resulted in some community members not participating in the program.  

This community service activity aims to enhance the capacity of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in preparing financial statements based on the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) through the digitalization of financial recording in UMKM Pasadana. The main problems faced by the partners include low accounting literacy, unstructured and simple financial recording practices, and the limited utilization of digital technology in financial management. The implementation method adopts a participatory approach consisting of several stages, namely socialization, training, mentoring, and evaluation. The training focuses on understanding the basic concepts of SAK EMKM and the practical use of simple and applicable digital financial recording applications. Mentoring is conducted directly to ensure that MSME actors are able to implement financial recording independently and sustainably. The results of the activity indicate an improvement in the knowledge and skills of MSME actors in conducting systematic financial recording in accordance with SAK EMKM principles. In addition, MSME actors begin to adopt digital technology in recording transactions, which improves efficiency, accuracy, and transparency of financial statements. This activity also encourages a shift in mindset, where financial recording is no longer viewed as merely administrative, but as a basis for business decision-making. Thus, this community service activity provides a practical contribution to improving the quality of MSME financial management through the integration of accounting literacy and sustainable digital technology utilization.

Limited readiness for breastfeeding among third-trimester pregnant women may affect the success of breastfeeding practices. Insufficient knowledge regarding proper breastfeeding techniques can lead to various lactation-related problems, including incorrect breastfeeding positions, poor infant attachment, and ineffective breastfeeding. Therefore, effective educational interventions are needed to improve breastfeeding readiness during pregnancy. This community service program aimed to strengthen breastfeeding readiness among third-trimester pregnant women through e-booklet-based education on breastfeeding techniques in the working area of Kelapa Community Health Center. The program was conducted in June 2025 and involved 20 third-trimester pregnant women. Educational activities were delivered through interactive lectures, discussions, question-and-answer sessions, and the distribution of e-booklets. Evaluation was carried out using pre-tests and post-tests to assess changes in participants’ knowledge and attitudes after the intervention. The results showed an improvement in participants’ knowledge, with the proportion of women in the good knowledge category increasing from 20.0% to 75.0%, while the poor knowledge category decreased from 30.0% to 0%. Positive attitudes toward breastfeeding also increased from 40.0% to 85.0% following the educational intervention. The use of e-booklets as educational media facilitated participants’ understanding of breastfeeding materials and enabled independent review of the information after the program. This community service activity demonstrates that e-booklet-based breastfeeding education is effective in improving knowledge, fostering positive attitudes, and strengthening breastfeeding readiness among third-trimester pregnant women

This study aims to analyze the level of financial literacy and examine its influence on the household welfare of vegetable farmers. Agricultural households, particularly smallholder vegetable farmers, frequently experience economic vulnerability due to several structural challenges such as unstable agricultural income, seasonal production patterns, fluctuating market prices, limited access to formal financial services, and inadequate financial management skills. These conditions often make farm households more susceptible to economic shocks, including crop failure, input price increases, or sudden market price declines. In this context, financial literacy becomes an essential capability that enables farmers to manage their financial resources more effectively.This research employed a quantitative research design using a survey approach. The study involved 120 vegetable farmers selected as respondents from major vegetable-producing areas. Data were collected through structured questionnaires designed to measure farmers’ financial literacy levels and household welfare conditions. Financial literacy was assessed through indicators such as financial knowledge, financial behavior, and financial attitudes, while household welfare was evaluated based on indicators including consumption stability, education and health expenditures, savings capacity, and overall economic resilience. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to describe the characteristics and financial literacy levels of respondents, and multiple linear regression analysis to examine the relationship between financial literacy and household welfare.The results of this study highlight the importance of strengthening financial education programs targeted at agricultural communities. Improving financial literacy among vegetable farmers can contribute not only to better household financial management but also to broader rural economic development. Therefore, financial education initiatives should be integrated into agricultural extension programs, farmer group activities, and local government development strategies. Such initiatives may include training in household financial planning, simple bookkeeping for farm businesses, savings management, and responsible credit use. By enhancing farmers’ financial capabilities, these programs can help improve household welfare, strengthen rural economic resilience, and support the long-term sustainability of the agricultural sector.

This study aims to analyze the management of sharia-based teaching and learning activities at SD KUTTAB Imam Syafi’i Brebes, including the processes of planning, implementation, and evaluation of learning, as well as the application of sharia values in daily classroom activities. This research employed a quantitative approach, with data collected through observation, documentation, and questionnaires distributed to relevant parties. The data were analyzed descriptively to provide an objective overview of the implementation of sharia-based learning management at the school.The results indicate that the management of teaching and learning activities at SD KUTTAB Imam Syafi’i Brebes has systematically implemented the main management functions, namely planning, implementation, and evaluation. The learning process integrates sharia values such as honesty, discipline, responsibility, trustworthiness (amanah), habituation of worship practices, and the principle of adab before knowledge. Evaluation is conducted not only on academic achievement but also on students’ attitudes and character development. Although several challenges were identified, such as differences in student characteristics and time limitations, the school has addressed them through effective coordination, time management, and administrative improvements.In conclusion, the sharia-based learning management at SD KUTTAB Imam Syafi’i Brebes has been effectively implemented and supports the achievement of educational goals that emphasize not only academic excellence but also the development of Islamic character among students.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of sharia management functions in the administration and financial management of student affairs at Imam Syafi’i Islamic Boarding School (Pondok Pesantren Imam Syafi’i) in Brebes. Islamic boarding schools play an important role not only in developing students’ religious knowledge and character but also in managing administrative and financial systems that support educational activities. In the perspective of sharia management, organizational management should be carried out based on the main management functions, namely planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling, while also adhering to Islamic values such as trustworthiness (amanah), transparency, and accountability. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation during the PIAWAI Internship Program of the Sharia Management Study Program in 2025. The results show that the administration and financial management of student affairs at Imam Syafi’i Islamic Boarding School have implemented management functions systematically, starting from activity and budget planning, task distribution among student affairs administrators, implementation of administrative processes and financial recording, to supervision and evaluation of financial reports. In addition, the management practices also reflect sharia management principles through the application of trust, accountability, and transparency in managing students’ activity funds. Therefore, the implementation of sharia management functions in administration and financial management contributes to improving the effectiveness of pesantren activities and strengthening governance in Islamic educational institutions.