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Smoking behavior among adolescents is a serious and growing public health problem. Data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) shows that 7.4% of adolescents aged 10–18 years smoke. This literature review aims to determine the determinants of smoking behavior among adolescents based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory, with a focus on components such as perceived vulnerability, perceived seriousness, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Using a literature review approach, this study identified and analyzed several academic references such as journals, books, encyclopedias, and others that discuss topics related to the determinants that influence smoking behavior among adolescents based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). The analysis conducted indicates that there is a relationship between perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, cues to action, and smoking behavior among adolescents. The conclusion of this study shows that in 9 studies that applied the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory in examining smoking behavior in adolescents, all major components of HBM were proven to have a significant relationship with this behavior. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the development of effective and sustainable health promotion programs in controlling smoking behavior among adolescents.

Suicide among adolescents is a serious mental health problem; however, not all adolescents with suicidal ideation progress to suicide attempts. Understanding the psychological factors that influence the transition from intention to actual behavior is essential for effective prevention efforts. This study aims to examine the role of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in understanding the transition from suicidal intention to suicide attempt behavior, as well as protective behaviors such as mental health help-seeking among adolescents. This study employs a literature review method with a quantitative correlational approach based on the TPB framework, using secondary data from scientific articles published between 2021 and 2025 and obtained through Google Scholar and PubMed. The findings indicate that suicidal ideation is the strongest predictor of suicidal intention but does not always lead to suicide attempts. TPB constructs, particularly perceived behavioral control (PBC), play a crucial role in determining whether intention develops into risky behavior or is redirected toward protective behaviors. In addition, positive attitudes toward mental health services and supportive social norms were found to strengthen adolescents’ intentions to seek help. In conclusion, TPB is a relevant theoretical framework for explaining both risk pathways and prevention pathways of adolescent suicide and has the potential to serve as a foundation for developing more effective prevention interventions.

This study aims to analyze the effect of workload and work stress on the performance of teachers at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Tana Toraja. The study uses a quantitative approach with a population of 38 teachers, all of whom were selected as the sample using the total sampling technique. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires, and data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression assisted by SPSS version 26. The results show that workload has a significant positive effect on teacher performance, with a t-value of 2.081, which is greater than the t-table value of 2.030, indicating a significant positive relationship between the two. In addition, work stress also has a significant positive effect on teacher performance, with a t-value of 8.046, which is greater than the t-table value of 2.030. Simultaneously, both variables have a significant effect on teacher performance at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Tana Toraja. In conclusion, an increase in workload and work stress, when managed properly, can improve teacher performance. Therefore, it is important for the school to pay attention to managing workload and work stress to optimize teacher performance.

This article explores the implementation of a Community Service Program (KKN) carried out by students from the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education at Unismuh Makassar with the objective of improving reading and writing skills among students at SMP Negeri 2 Galesong. The KKN activities were specifically designed to strengthen literacy development through various programs, including the cultivation of daily reading habits, the establishment of literacy corners in classrooms, and creative writing training aimed at encouraging students to express ideas in written form. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through direct observation, interviews with teachers and students, and documentation of literacy activities. The results indicate a significant increase in students’ interest and motivation in reading activities, as well as more active participation during literacy sessions. In addition, students demonstrated improvement in the quality of simple written texts, particularly in terms of idea organization and expression. Overall, the implementation of the KKN program proved effective in supporting the development of a positive literacy culture and enhancing students’ basic literacy skills within the school environment.

This community service program was initiated in response to the need to strengthen collaboration between parents and schools in fostering character development and noble morals among elementary school students. The main issue addressed was the lack of structured and sustainable educational collaboration between parents and the school in supporting character-building practices. The program aimed to develop a participatory and reflective collaboration model through a systematic parenting initiative. A qualitative participatory approach based on community engagement was employed, consisting of needs assessment, joint discussion and planning, parenting program design, workshops and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), mentoring and monitoring, as well as evaluation and reflection. The results highlight significant improvements in two-way communication between parents and teachers, increased collective awareness of the family’s strategic role in character education, and the establishment of a regular communication forum as a new social structure within the school community. Positive changes were also observed in parenting practices, including the implementation of positive discipline and empathetic communication at home aligned with school values. The emergence of local parent leaders further strengthened program sustainability. Overall, the participatory educational collaboration model proved effective in promoting social transformation and reinforcing sustainable character and moral development among students.

Bullying in secondary schools is a serious issue that affects students’ psychosocial well-being and academic achievement, and significantly disrupts the learning climate and the quality of social relationships among students. This community service activity aimed to implement the Child-Friendly School Program through anti-bullying socialization at SMA N 1 Kersana in order to enhance the understanding and commitment of all school members in creating a safe, inclusive, and sustainable learning environment. The method employed a participatory approach, including needs assessment, interactive socialization sessions, focus group discussions, case simulations, and structured evaluation using pre-test and post-test instruments. The results indicated a 23% increase in participants’ understanding based on the comparison of scores before and after the intensive implementation of the program. Furthermore, a “Bullying-Free School” declaration was established along with a plan to strengthen the Violence Prevention and Handling Team as a more systematic sustainability strategy. These findings confirm that participatory-based socialization effectively reinforces the implementation of the Child-Friendly School Program and fosters a safe, inclusive, sustainable, and responsive school culture that supports students’ positive character development.

Arabic holds an important position in Islamic education as the language of the Qur'an and Hadith. However, the teaching of Arabic in Islamic educational institutions often focuses only on linguistic aspects, thus not fully achieving the goals of comprehensive Islamic education. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of Arabic language education objectives from the perspective of Islamic Tarbiyah. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature study and descriptive analysis approach. The analysis was conducted on relevant sources. The findings indicate that Arabic education within the framework of Islamic Tarbiyah not only emphasizes mastery of language skills but also the importance of shaping students' faith, morals, and Islamic character. The integration of tarbawi values into the objectives, materials, methods, and evaluation of learning becomes a key element in creating Arabic language education that is valuable and aligned with the goals of Islamic education. Its implications are expected to serve as a reference for curriculum development, teacher competence improvement, as well as the formulation of contextual, integrative, and sustainable Arabic language learning policies in national Islamic educational institutions.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a strategic performance evaluation tool in the era of digital transformation. Using a descriptive qualitative approach within the social constructivist paradigm, data were collected through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document analysis in three organizations undergoing digitalization. Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) identified four main themes in the application of the BSC: digital strategy alignment, digital readiness and data integration, a culture of learning and innovation, and adaptive leadership transformation. The findings indicate that the BSC functions not only as a performance measurement system but also as an adaptive, collaborative, and data-driven strategic management framework. The integration of digital technologies accelerates decision-making processes and strengthens reflective organizational culture. Theoretically, this study extends the classical BSC model of Kaplan and Norton (1996, 2001) toward a Digital Balanced Scorecard that emphasizes synergy among strategy, data, and organizational learning. Practically, the results highlight the importance of digital readiness, an innovation-oriented culture, and adaptive leadership as key foundations for successful BSC implementation in the era of digital disruption.

This study aims to understand how the spirit of innovation and the meaning of entrepreneurship are constructed through the lived experiences of startup business actors in the digital economy era. Using a qualitative narrative inquiry approach within the social constructivist paradigm, this research explores how startup entrepreneurs interpret innovation, resilience in the face of failure, and social responsibility as integral parts of their entrepreneurial identity. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document analysis of startups in the technology, education, and creative economy sectors in Indonesia. Narrative thematic analysis reveals that innovation is understood not merely as a business strategy but also as a form of self-expression and the construction of entrepreneurial identity. Failure is perceived as a reflective learning process that shapes resilience and generates new meaning in the entrepreneurial journey. Moreover, entrepreneurship is interpreted as a meaningful journey that integrates economic goals with social and moral values. The digital ecosystem functions as a social space where entrepreneurial values are negotiated, shared, and reinforced through interaction and collaboration. These findings affirm that entrepreneurship in the digital era is a social process involving creativity, ethical reflection, and sustainable innovation. Theoretically, this study contributes to expanding the understanding of entrepreneurship as a social practice, while practically emphasizing the importance of reflective learning and value awareness in building a sustainable and meaningful startup ecosystem for society.

Digital technology has become an essential part of managing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially in efforts to achieve business sustainability. Kampong Bharu, as an iconic area in Kuala Lumpur, is home to numerous micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) operating in the culinary, craft, and tourism sectors, but faces challenges in implementing environmentally friendly practices. This research aims to analyze the application of green digital management to MSMEs in Kampong Bharu as a sustainable business strategy. The research method uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and participant observation of 15 MSME actors. The research results show that integrating digital technology with environmentally friendly principles, such as paperless digital marketing, energy-efficient use, and sustainable packaging systems, can enhance the competitiveness and positive image transformation of MSMEs. This finding has practical implications for business owners and stakeholders in developing a digital-based green MSME model in historic urban areas. These findings can also serve as a guide for implementing sustainable business strategies in the MSME sector in other major cities.

Sharia economic education and access to healthcare services are critical components for community empowerment, especially in rural areas like Balapulang Wetan. The Community Service Program (PKM) implemented by STIES Putera Bangsa Tegal in collaboration with Klinik Azzahra integrates sharia economic education with free healthcare services to address the twin challenges of low sharia economic literacy and limited access to quality healthcare. This program employs training and outreach methods alongside provision of basic free health services to the community. Evaluation results indicate increased understanding of sharia economic principles, including zakat, infaq, and financial management, as well as greater utilization of free healthcare services. This holistic approach fosters economic independence and enhances the overall quality of life through improved economic welfare and health. Collaboration among educational institutions, health service providers, and local government forms the foundation for the sustainability and success of this program in creating an inclusive and equitable community empowerment ecosystem.

Halal tourism has continued to grow as a highly attractive segment for Muslim travelers, particularly in the provision of Sharia-compliant accommodation such as Islamic hotels. This study aims to examine consumer perceptions of halal food-and-beverage facilities and Sharia-based operational standards in Islamic hotels across the Greater Jakarta area (Jabodetabek). A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, involving 150 respondents who had stayed in Sharia hotels. Data were collected through closed-ended Likert-scale questionnaires and analyzed using the Weighted Mean Score (WMS) technique to evaluate respondents’ assessments of each indicator. The results indicate that consumer perception of halal food-and-beverage facilities falls into the very high category, with average scores exceeding 4.838. Consumers acknowledged that Sharia hotels maintain halal assurance, hygiene, and food safety through proper processing and the availability of halal certification. Regarding operational aspects, consumer perception is also classified as very good, with an average score of 4.606, particularly for policies prohibiting unmarried couples from sharing a room and banning entertainment deemed inappropriate or immoral. However, the use of Sharia-compliant financial institutions still requires improvement. Overall, the findings affirm that Sharia hotels in Jabodetabek have successfully implemented most Sharia principles, although further enhancement of internal operational practices is needed to achieve more comprehensive Sharia compliance.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

Sleep disorders are a common complaint among pregnant women, especially in the third trimester, and have the potential to negatively impact maternal well-being and pregnancy outcomes. Physiological, hormonal, and psychological changes during pregnancy increase the risk of decreased sleep quality, while pharmacological therapy options are limited due to safety considerations. Therefore, safe and easy-to-apply non-pharmacological interventions are needed. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in overcoming sleep disorders in third trimester pregnant women at the Bongo Nol Community Health Center. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 30 third trimester pregnant women selected purposively. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after the administration of lavender aromatherapy through inhalation for seven consecutive days. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed a significant decrease in PSQI scores after the intervention, indicating an improvement in sleep quality among the respondents. Lavender aromatherapy proved to be effective as a non-pharmacological intervention in reducing sleep disturbances in pregnant women in their third trimester. In conclusion, lavender aromatherapy can be considered a safe, simple, and applicable complementary therapy to improve the sleep quality of pregnant women in primary health care.

This study aims to analyze the internal and external conditions of Karel Workshop in Wairhubing, Sikka Regency, using a SWOT approach (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) as a basis for formulating business development strategies. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method with data collected through in-depth interviews with the owner, employees, and customers, as well as secondary data from documents and official statistics. The findings indicate that Karel Workshop possesses several strengths, including meticulous service quality, strong interpersonal relationships with customers, and mechanic skills acquired through self-learning. However, the workshop also faces weaknesses such as limited equipment, the absence of a structured management system, and a lack of digital promotion. Opportunities that can be utilized include high public interest in motorcycle modification, potential motorcycle painting services, a strategic location, and possible partnerships with spare-part suppliers. Meanwhile, the main threats include rising spare-part prices, competition among workshops, and occupational safety risks. Overall, the study recommends strengthening digital promotion, improving business management, enhancing workshop facilities, and implementing safety standards to support the sustainable development of Karel Workshop. 

Anxiety during pregnancy, particularly near the time of delivery, is a common issue that may adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. Elevated anxiety levels are associated with increased pain perception, prolonged labor, and a higher likelihood of complications. Non-pharmacological approaches, such as aromatherapy, are increasingly utilized due to their safety, simplicity, and effectiveness. Lavender aromatherapy is especially recognized for its calming effects and its ability to enhance emotional well-being. Previous research has indicated that lavender scent exposure can reduce both physiological and psychological indicators of anxiety, including among pregnant women. However, evidence from Indonesian primary healthcare settings remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety levels among pregnant women approaching childbirth. An analytical observational design with a pretest-posttest approach was applied to 30 participants selected through purposive sampling. Anxiety levels were assessed using a validated questionnaire before and after inhalation of lavender aromatherapy administered under standardized conditions. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.The findings revealed a significant reduction in anxiety levels after the intervention (p < 0.05), with all participants experiencing improvement and no adverse effects reported. In conclusion, lavender aromatherapy is an effective complementary intervention to reduce anxiety and support maternal readiness for labor.

Background: The development of industrial technology in the Industry 4.0 era has encouraged the implementation of intelligent monitoring systems to improve machine reliability and operational efficiency. However, machine fault diagnosis systems based on artificial intelligence often face limitations in terms of interpretability because the models used are complex and difficult to explain. Objective: This study aims to develop a deep learning-based industrial machine fault diagnosis system integrated with an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approach to improve diagnostic accuracy while providing interpretable insights for users. Method: The research method involves collecting data from industrial machine sensors consisting of vibration signals, temperature measurements, and acoustic signals, followed by data preprocessing and feature extraction processes. The processed data are then used to train a deep learning-based diagnostic model, after which explainability methods such as SHAP or LIME are applied to analyze the contribution of each feature to the model’s prediction results. Model performance is evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. Results: The results indicate that the proposed deep learning model achieves better performance compared to conventional machine learning methods such as Support Vector Machine and Random Forest. Furthermore, the explainability analysis reveals that vibration amplitude, increases in machine component temperature, and anomalies in acoustic signals are the main factors influencing machine fault detection. Therefore, the proposed system not only improves the accuracy of machine fault diagnosis but also provides transparency in the decision-making process, thereby supporting the implementation of predictive maintenance in smart manufacturing environments.

Problem solving in permutation and combination requires the ability to understand context, choose strategies, and perform calculation procedures accurately. Based on the analysis of students' answers, it was found that difficulties arose consistently at each stage of problem solving according to Polya, namely the problem understanding stage, the planning stage, the plan implementation stage, and the rechecking stage. In general, students' weaknesses are not only related to their understanding of permutation and combination concepts, but also to their inability to apply problem-solving steps systematically. The results of the study indicate the need for a learning approach that not only focuses on mastering formulas, but also strengthens problem literacy, the ability to identify relevant information, and the selection of solution strategies appropriate to the characteristics of the problem. In addition, the habit of reflection through reviewing the process and results of the solution needs to be developed consistently so that students are able to recognize mistakes and improve their accuracy in solving permutation and combination word problems in a more accurate, logical, and structured manner.

The maternal mortality rate in Indonesia remains high, reaching 305 per 100,000 live births in 2021, with one contributing factor being the lack of maternal knowledge regarding pregnancy danger signs. Prenatal classes are considered a strategic intervention to improve pregnant women’s understanding of critical warning signs such as bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and infection symptoms. This study aims to analyze the influence of pregnancy classes on pregnant women’s knowledge of danger signs. The research employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach involving 30 pregnant women selected through purposive sampling at several community health centers. Data were collected using validated and reliable questionnaires, with measurements conducted before (pre-test) and after (post-test) participants attended at least three prenatal classes. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with SPSS. The results showed that most respondents were aged 20–35 years (63.3%), had a high school education (36.7%), were housewives (60.0%), and multigravida (56.7%). Before the intervention, 50% had poor knowledge and only 20% had good knowledge. After attending prenatal classes, 63.3% achieved good knowledge, while only 10% remained in the poor category. The Wilcoxon test showed a significant difference (p = 0.000). Thus, prenatal classes effectively improve knowledge and support early detection of complications, potentially reducing maternal and infant mortality rates.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into educational settings, particularly in formative assessments, offers significant benefits in terms of personalized learning, real time feedback, and increased efficiency. However, the successful implementation of AI driven formative assessments depends not only on technological capabilities but also on socio cultural and organizational factors that shape its adoption. This study explores the socio technical factors influencing the use of AI in formative assessments, emphasizing the importance of considering cultural diversity, institutional culture, and educators' beliefs. AI technologies, while powerful in automating grading and providing personalized assessments, often face limitations in addressing complex student responses that require human judgment. Furthermore, cultural factors, such as students' prior exposure to technology and different cultural attitudes towards AI, play a critical role in the acceptance and effectiveness of these tools. Organizational factors, including leadership support, digital literacy, and the readiness of institutions to adopt AI, are also key determinants in the successful implementation of AI systems in education. Teachers’ beliefs about assessment influence their acceptance and use of AI tools, highlighting the need for professional development and training to ensure that AI enhances pedagogical goals rather than replacing human expertise. The study concludes that the alignment of technology, culture, and assessment beliefs is essential for the effective use of AI driven formative assessments in educational settings. Recommendations for educational institutions include adopting a socio technical approach to AI integration, with a focus on providing resources, training, and fostering a culture of innovation. Future research directions should focus on expanding studies to diverse educational contexts, conducting longitudinal research on AI’s impact on learning outcomes, and exploring additional socio technical frameworks to guide AI adoption in education.