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Inclusive education is a process of responding to the diverse needs of all students. Various efforts can be made through changes and modifications in content, approaches, structures and strategies that can accommodate the needs of all students according to their age group. Implementing inclusive education requires schools to make adjustments in terms of curriculum, educational infrastructure and learning systems that are tailored to the individual needs of students, including assessing learning outcomes and determining grade promotion. The diversity of characteristics of students in inclusive schools certainly opens up opportunities for a very varied learning outcomes assessment system in determining grade promotion. The assessment system for learning outcomes for children with special needs has so far been the same as for other students. The assessment system commonly used in determining grade promotion for students in inclusive schools is based on the achievement of mental skills.

The main problem in this research is whether the outdoor learning method has an influence on the ability to write descriptive essays for class IV SDI Sorobaya students. This research aims to determine the effect of applying outdoor learning methods on the ability to write descriptive essays for class IV SDI Sorobaya students. The type of research used is an experiment in the form of an experiment using a one group pretest-posttest design. The sample in this research was 11 class IV SDI Sorobaya students. Data collection was carried out using the results of the descriptive essay writing assessment. The data obtained was then explained using statistical analysis techniques, namely descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. After analyzing the data, the author found that student learning outcomes before using outdoor learning methods were classified as low, namely the average score of the pre-test results was 41.27. The average value of the post test results is 67.27. After obtaining Tcount 4.579 and Ttable 2.228, we get tCount > tTable or 4.579 > 2.228. Based on the results of the calculated t and t table, it can be concluded that the use of outdoor learning methods influences the ability to write descriptive essays for class IV SDI Sorobaya students.

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the implementation of structured and unstructured midterm exams (daily tests) in two different schools. The selection of the right evaluation method is a determining factor in assessing learning outcomes. The selection of the right evaluation method plays a crucial role in assessing learning outcomes. In the face of the complexity of unstructured evaluation, it is important to understand how educational institutions can develop and implement effective evaluation strategies. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study research type (Case Study) with a research focus in two different institutions. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study showed that structured midterm exams and unstructured midterm exams have their own advantages and disadvantages. Structured midterm exams can provide more accurate and accountable test results. However, structured midterm exams can make it difficult for students to understand the material presented by the teacher. On the other hand, unstructured midterm exams can encourage students' enthusiasm and diligence. However, unstructured midterm exams can make students stressed and anxious because they do not know when the midterm exam will be held.

One of the primary school subjects that is compulsory for students to study is Natural Sciences (IPA). In conducting the learning process a teacher needs to prepare models and methods as well as what media is chosen to help the teacher deliver the material. So that students can receive the material well and work the matter properly and improve the student's learning outcomes from before learning to after learning. This research is to find out what models and media can be applied in IPA learning on simple aircraft material. This article is written using the research method of a library review. This research includes the study of libraries to gather information and analyze literature. Of the eight articles scanned with one or two using similar learning models and other learning media showed positive results for students and teachers. Improved student learning about simple aircraft material became better. Some models and learning media on simple aircraft material are a reference to teachers in implementing the IPA learning process well and achieving the entire learning plan.

Learning media is an important learning tool to consider in the learning process. The presence of learning media can make learning more interesting and active, so that the use of media can help increase student achievement and learning motivation. The presence of learning media in citizenship learning content is considered very important to reduce the verbality of citizenship learning material. The aim of this research is to develop wordwall-based citizenship learninglearning media that can be used by teachers to transfer material and carry out learning evaluations. The type of research used in this research is development research (Research and Development). Research and development is research that aims to produce a product that comes from research and testing the product that has been developed. The development research model is the ADDIE model which consists of five stages of development research. The five stages are analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. In this research, the development stage will be discussed up to the ADD stage. The subjects in this research were media experts, material experts, and three 6th grade elementary school students to test the level of appropriateness of the media. Based on the validation test, it can be seen that through the two stages of validation by experts, the wordwall media was declared very suitable for use in learning. This is because wordwall media can have a positive influence on the classroom climate and student learning outcomes.

Education is considered crucial in improving the quality of human resources, especially through the process of personal formation through education. Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system emphasizes the importance of a learning atmosphere and an active learning process. Teachers, especially in science learning, face challenges such as low motivation and lack of interest in the material.This research uses a quasi-experimental method to evaluate the effect of using video-based learning media on elementary school students' knowledge, especially in classifying animals. The research results show that video media is effective in increasing students' learning interest and motivation, facilitating understanding of abstract science concepts, and optimizing cognitive learning outcomes.It was found that learning with video media creates a fun, active and motivating learning atmosphere, contributing to the success of science teaching in fourth grade elementary school. The implications of this research indicate that the use of video media can be an effective solution in improving science learning at the elementary level, building students' interest in learning, and supporting their cognitive development.

This research aims to analyze the application of the inquiry learning model in science subjects regarding the movement of objects in elementary schools. This research used a literature study method which was carried out by reviewing 15 articles, consisting of 12 national journals and 3 international journals. The results obtained from this research are that science learning using the inquiry method on object movement material in elementary schools can be applied and based on the results of the review, science learning using the inquiry model will be more detailed and students will understand more easily, because students are directly involved in learning. the. So it can be concluded that 1) The inquiry learning model can be developed in all subjects, including science subjects which can involve children's ability to observe and research events. 2) The inquiry learning model in science (Natural Science) subjects can help make it easier for students to understand learning, especially regarding the movement of objects. 3) The inquiry learning model provides significant results on student learning outcomes in science subjects in elementary schools, so that in material on object movement, the inquiry learning model can be applied to achieve effective and efficient learning.

This research is motivated by the lack of availability of learning media usage and conventional learning. Therefore, an effectiveness test of the periodic table of the ladder media was conducted to improve the learning outcomes of students at SMKN 1 BP BR on the topic of periodic table of elements. This research is a pre-experimental study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of media usage using data analysis techniques through pretest-posttest assessments. The population in this study is the students of class X TBSM SMKN 1 BP BR. The research instrument is a learning outcomes test consisting of 25 multiple-choice questions that have been pilot tested. The data analysis techniques used are the t-test to determine differences in learning outcomes and the N-Gain test to determine the improvement in students' understanding. The results of the study show that there are differences and improvements in students' learning outcomes. This is evidenced by the average posttest score of 86.67. The improvement in learning outcomes is also supported by hypothesis testing conducted with the t-test, obtaining a t-value (3.45) > t-table (1.21). Another supporting evidence is the average N-Gain test score of 0.75 with a high category. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the periodic table of the ladder media is effective in improving students' learning outcomes with a high category. This media is suitable for chemistry learning that is symbolic, as it will be more engaging and challenging through direct student involvement in the learning process.

This research is motivated by the lack of availability of learning media usage and conventional learning. Therefore, an effectiveness test of the periodic table of the ladder media was conducted to improve the learning outcomes of students at SMKN 1 BP BR on the topic of periodic table of elements. This research is a pre-experimental study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of media usage using data analysis techniques through pretest-posttest assessments. The population in this study is the students of class X TBSM SMKN 1 BP BR. The research instrument is a learning outcomes test consisting of 25 multiple-choice questions that have been pilot tested. The data analysis techniques used are the t-test to determine differences in learning outcomes and the N-Gain test to determine the improvement in students' understanding. The results of the study show that there are differences and improvements in students' learning outcomes. This is evidenced by the average posttest score of 86.67. The improvement in learning outcomes is also supported by hypothesis testing conducted with the t-test, obtaining a t-value (3.45) > t-table (1.21). Another supporting evidence is the average N-Gain test score of 0.75 with a high category. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the periodic table of the ladder media is effective in improving students' learning outcomes with a high category. This media is suitable for chemistry learning that is symbolic, as it will be more engaging and challenging through direct student involvement in the learning process.

Student learning outcomes are the output of the teaching and learning process. One of the problems in learning at school is the low student learning outcomes. This can be known from the initial data on the value of the diagnostic analysis results. Many factors influence learning outcomes, one of which is the learning model. The Problem Based Learning Model is an innovative learning model that requires students to be active and motivate students so that they can support and help each other in mastering the subject matter being studied. Research procedures include the observation stage, preparation stage, implementation stage and evaluation stage. The population and sample in this research were 28 students of class XI MIPA 1 SMAN 11 MAROS. The sampling technique in this research used a saturated sampling technique.

The aim of this research is to describe the learning outcomes of Class III Students' Islamic Religion through the Role Playing Method. The type of research used in this case is in the form of classroom activities and is descriptive in nature with quantitative techniques. From the results of Classroom Action Research (CAR), student learning outcomes can be improved by using role-playing techniques in learning Islamic Religion. The highest scores, averages, and completion rates of students in each cycle, indicating substantial results. The highest scores obtained per cycle were 80; 90; 100, average 58.70; 69.78; 82.61 and completeness 48; 78.26; 87%.      

This research aims to increase students' active critical thinking in Civics Learning by implementing the Discovery Learning Learning Model. The subjects in this research were class X DKV students at SMKN 2 Maros with a total of 34 students, consisting of 21 male students and 13 female students. The research method used in this research is Kemmis and Mc Taggart using a classroom action research design consisting of two cycles. In this research, it is a multiple choice test which is carried out at the end of the cycle. The results of this research show that student learning outcomes in cycle I obtained an average score of 60 and an average percentage score of 60%, while classical completeness was 60% in the sufficient category and continued in the next cycle in the second cycle actions obtained an average of 83 .0, the average percentage score of 83.0% with classical completeness of 90% is in the very good category. The results of the data in cycle II activities have met the KKM which has been determined by student learning outcomes in PPKn learning obtained in cycle I and cycle II, showing that there has been an average increase of 30%. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the application of the Discovery Learning learning model can increase active critical thinking in PPKn learning for class X DKV students at SMKN 2 Maros for the 2023/2024 academic year.    

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of the independent curriculum by using the role play learning method assisted by image media and a projector in class II UPTD SDN 145 Inpres Pampangan. This research is Classroom Action Research, the subjects of this research are class 2, totaling 32 students consisting of 20 boys and 12 girls. This research was carried out for 3 weeks. The implementation of this action was carried out in 2 cycles, the first cycle consisting of 3 meetings and the second cycle consisting of 3 meetings. This research was carried out in the Teaching Profession Strengthening (P2K) activities which started on September 4 - October 14 in the 2023/2024 academic year. The results of the research show that during the learning process there is a change in students' attitudes during the learning process in accordance with the results of observations, namely the implementation of the Role Play type cooperative learning model assisted by picture media and projectors can increase students' self-confidence in asking both the teacher and their friends about the material. that are not understood and can improve student attendance. So, Role Play cooperative learning assisted by image media in thematic learning is suitable for use in this class. This can be seen from the increase in learning outcomes for class II students at UPTD SDN 145 Inpres Pampangan after the Role Play type of cooperative learning was held with the help of image media and a projector.  

The aim of this research is to determine the improvement in learning outcomes of students in classes X.3 and X.7 at UPT SMA Negeri 3 Maros in biology lessons by applying the Problem Based Learning learning model. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which has been carried out in 2 cycles. The subjects taken in this research were classes X.3 and X.7 at UPT SMA Negeri 3 Maros for the 2023/2024 academic year. The data collection techniques in this research are (1) Observation, (2) Documentation, (3) Test. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that Problem Based Learning is relevant and effective for use in student and teacher activities in the teaching process in the classroom.

An abstranct is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any-depth analysis of a particular subject or disipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper purposes. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript orEngaging in communication within the realm of teaching and learning is fundamentally a social activity. It becomes particularly crucial for educators when guiding visually impaired students, necessitating the utilization of a variety of learning strategies that extend beyond the confines of sight within the classroom. To effectively achieve educational goals, teachers employ a myriad of methods to convey instructional materials. This research endeavors to scrutinize the communication strategies implemented by teachers while educating visually impaired children, delving into the intricate communication dynamics between educators and students. The study delves into the exploration of multimodal learning techniques employed by teachers to impart educational messages within the classroom setting. The results elucidate distinct phases within the learning strategies embraced by teachers, ranging from the cultivation of personal and intimate connections to the meticulous selection of teaching materials. The study sheds light on the application of multi-modal learning, encompassing auditory-kinesthetic, kinesthetic-visual, and audio-visual styles. Additionally, the research delineates stages pertaining to learning outcomes and the responses of teachers to their students.    

This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach by utilizing observation, interviews and documentation analysis to determine the difficulties faced by teachers in implementing thematic learning. Research participants included the principal and class VI teachers at SD Negeri Peninggilan 5. The research findings revealed several main difficulties faced by teachers. First, at the planning stage, teachers have difficulty integrating lesson material into classroom learning steps when preparing lesson plans. Second, during implementation, teachers consider thematic learning to be time consuming because it covers many subjects and remains teacher-centered. Finally, in terms of evaluation, teachers experience difficulties in assessing students' affective mood due to individual differences, as well as facing challenges in completing subject-specific student learning outcomes reports. Efforts to overcome these difficulties so that thematic learning can be useful in improving the overall quality of teaching for other teachers.    

The purpose of this writing is to determine the factors that influence reading interest and interest in class X MA Nurul Huda Lumajang students through the sociodrama method. This type of research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Class X students are the subjects. The influencing factors are internal and external factors. Internal factors include intelligence, interest and attention, motivation, perseverance, attitude, reading habits, as well as physical fitness and health. Students will not be interested in reading if they do not have the desire, health, physical fitness, intelligence and motivation. Bad libraries, outdated reading materials, some even unused, little encouragement from teachers, no encouragement from parents, parents who do not provide encouragement due to lack of funds, no parental attention to children's reading. Most parents focus more on learning outcomes, reading habits that students have not acquired since childhood. The influence of the reading environment and playmates indirectly influences students' interest in reading. The uncontrolled influence of technology. For example, the influence of misuse of smartphones or gadgets, the influence of television programs on students who forget their student responsibilities.    

The purpose of this writing is to determine the factors that influence reading interest and interest in class X MA Nurul Huda Lumajang students through the sociodrama method. This type of research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Class X students are the subjects. The influencing factors are internal and external factors. Internal factors include intelligence, interest and attention, motivation, perseverance, attitude, reading habits, as well as physical fitness and health. Students will not be interested in reading if they do not have the desire, health, physical fitness, intelligence and motivation. Bad libraries, outdated reading materials, some even unused, little encouragement from teachers, no encouragement from parents, parents who do not provide encouragement due to lack of funds, no parental attention to children's reading. Most parents focus more on learning outcomes, reading habits that students have not acquired since childhood. The influence of the reading environment and playmates indirectly influences students' interest in reading. The uncontrolled influence of technology. For example, the influence of misuse of smartphones or gadgets, the influence of television programs on students who forget their student responsibilities.    

Learning evaluation is a process or activity to determine values, criteria, or behavior in learning. Children with special needs require special assistance & supervision. This type of research is empirical research, namely research with field data as the main data source. This type of research obtains data using field research, namely by observation, the researcher makes on-site observations of the research object to be observed using the five senses. Research Results In inclusive learning, the teacher prepares an individual assessment book which contains a summary of all student learning outcomes and each student receives the same attention but is given according to their needs. There are adjustments in techniques/methods/strategies in carrying out learning outcomes assessments. For example, students with visual impairments when assessing learning outcomes need to use riglets, pens, tape recorders, Braille typewriters and loops. If there is an oral test, then for students with hearing impairments there needs to be facial direction and the use of speech reading or lip reading, and when the teacher speaks it must be clear and the mouth movements are slow so that the student can understand, or even when specifically using sign language.

In the Industrial Revolution 4.0, Indonesian people are faced with technological sophistication that makes them able to do anything and communicate without meeting. However, unlimited convenience has a negative impact on the social society of Indonesia based on diversity. The space for communication is increasingly limited because we rarely see others, and everyone becomes individualist and less sensitive. It is necessary to strengthen through sociodrama-based PPKn learning on diversity material to strengthen a sense of unity and unity. The purpose of this Classroom Action Research (PTK) is to improve learning outcomes on Indonesian diversity material with the sociodrama method of grade VII-E students in the even semester of the 2022/2023 academic year at SMP Negeri 40 Surabaya. The subject of research is students. The data collection uses tests and non-tests. Analytical techniques use qualitative and quantitative. The results showed an increase in learning outcomes on average 59.5 in the first cycle to 77.3 in the second cycle. For the highest value of 79 in the first cycle to 90 in the second cycle. As well as the value in the first cycle 30 in the first cycle to 62 in the second cycle. Sociodrama improves PPKn learning outcomes in Indonesian diversity material for grade VII-E students in the even semester of the 2022/2023 academic year at SMP Negeri 40 Surabaya.