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The background of this research is driven by the vital importance of strengthening democratic values amidst the challenges of globalization and digitalization, which have begun to erode civic consciousness among the younger generation, particularly in the Pasir Pengaraian region. As the flow of unfiltered information increases, there are significant concerns regarding the decline in understanding the essence of participatory democracy and civic ethics. The primary objective of this study is to analyze in depth the strategic role of civic education as a means to preserve democratic ideals and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation within higher education environments. The research method employed is a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing observations and in-depth interviews with students and academics in Pasir Pengaraian to obtain an objective overview of local political dynamics. Research findings indicate that civic education serves effectively as a pillar of political literacy capable of transforming student perceptions from apathy to active participation, while also serving as a medium for character building that respects diversity of opinion. Furthermore, the integration of local Pasir Pengaraian values with the national curriculum is proven to increase the relevance and absorption of democratic material among students.

The selection process for accepting new employees is one of the important stages in a company to ensure that the candidates accepted have qualifications that suit the company's needs. At WINMART, the selection process is still carried out manually, so it is less efficient and prone to errors. Therefore, a system is needed that can assist in more objective and efficient decision making. This Decision Support System (DSS) is designed to assist the selection process for recruiting new employees using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method, which can assess several relevant criteria, such as work experience, education, skills and competency tests. This system was built on a web basis, so it can be easily accessed by parties involved in the selection process, such as HRD and managers. The SAW method was chosen because of its ability to convert various subjective criteria into more objective numerical scores, so that selection results can be more transparent and accountable. By using this system, it is hoped that it can increase efficiency, accuracy and transparency in the new employee selection process at WINMART, as well as facilitate decision making in selecting candidates who best suit the desired criteria.

This study aims to analyze the role and variation of test instruments in measuring students’ cognitive domain in the learning evaluation process. Using a literature review method, this study examines various scientific sources related to educational evaluation and cognitive assessment. The findings indicate that the cognitive domain includes thinking skills ranging from lower-order thinking skills (C1: Remembering, C2: Understanding) to higher-order thinking skills (C3: Applying, C4: Analyzing, C5: Evaluating, and C6: Creating) based on Bloom’s Taxonomy. Test instruments such as multiple-choice, essay, true-false, matching, and oral tests possess different characteristics, advantages, and limitations for assessing specific cognitive levels. Objective tests are considered effective for measuring lower-order thinking skills because they offer high reliability and objectivity, whereas essay tests are more appropriate for assessing higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). In addition, the quality of test instruments is influenced by validity, reliability, objectivity, difficulty level, and discrimination index. Therefore, the appropriate and varied use of test instruments is essential to obtain comprehensive and accurate measurements of students’ cognitive abilities and to support effective learning evaluation and instructional decision-making processes.

This study aims to examine the components of the Christian Religious Education (CRE) curriculum in the family, its design and development, and its concrete implementation. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive design through library research, using data sources such as books, academic journals, and relevant articles. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative techniques to produce a systematic and in-depth description. The findings show that the CRE curriculum in the family consists of interconnected components, namely objectives, content, strategies, methods, and evaluation, which must be implemented in an integrated manner. Faith education in the family is carried out through methods such as role modeling, habituation, teaching, discussion, mentoring, and practical application. Effective strategies include parental role modeling, dialogical communication, and love-based discipline. The implementation of the curriculum is realized through concrete activities such as family prayer, family worship, Bible reading, and the application of Christian values in daily life. In conclusion, the success of Christian Religious Education in the family largely depends on the active role and consistency of parents in implementing the curriculum in a holistic and continuous manner. With the right approach, the family can become an effective center of faith education in shaping children who are faithful, character-driven, and prepared to face life’s challenges.

This study aims to examine the methods, models, strategies, as well as the design and development of the Christian Religious Education curriculum within the family. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive type through library research, using data sources such as books, scientific journals, and relevant articles. The results of this study indicate that faith education in the family should be carried out holistically through various methods such as modeling, habituation, teaching, and mentoring. In addition, educational models such as the theocentric, relational, and participatory models provide clear direction in nurturing children’s faith. Effective strategies include modeling, dialogical communication, spiritual habituation, mentoring, and discipline based on love. Meanwhile, a simple family-based curriculum that includes objectives, materials, methods, media, and evaluation is essential to support a well-directed educational process. The success of Christian Religious Education in the family largely depends on the active role and consistency of parents in implementing methods, models, strategies, and curriculum in an integrated manner. With the right approach, the family can become an effective center of faith education in shaping children who are faithful, have strong character, and are prepared to face life’s challenges.

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) remains a major public health concern, particularly in primary care settings. Lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns and physical activity are increasingly recognized as potential contributors to respiratory health. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns, physical activity, and ARI among primary care patients in East Halmahera, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a primary health care facility in East Halmahera, Indonesia, from January to February 2026, involving 106 respondents selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical records. Variables included sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, physical activity, and ARI status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of ARI among respondents was 77.4%. Bivariate analysis showed that dietary patterns (p = 0.006) and physical activity (p = 0.015) were significantly associated with ARI. In contrast, age, gender, marital status, education level, employment status, smoking, and alcohol consumption were not significantly associated with ARI (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Dietary patterns and physical activity were significantly associated with ARI among primary care patients in East Halmahera. These findings highlight the importance of lifestyle-related factors in addressing respiratory infections at the primary care level.  

Culture shock is a phenomenon commonly experienced by individuals who encounter unfamiliar cultural environments, including children. This phenomenon is represented in the picture book The Way We Do It in Japan through the experiences of Gregory, an Asian-American child who moves from America to Japan and faces cultural differences in daily life. This study aims to analyze the representation of cultural differences between Japan and America and to examine the stages of culture shock experienced by Gregory throughout the story. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method using textual and visual analysis of the picture book. The analysis applies Oberg’s (1960) concept of culture shock and Pedersen’s (1995) stages of culture shock, including the honeymoon, disintegration, reintegration, autonomy, and interdependence stages. The findings reveal that differences in language, social norms, daily habits, and school practices become the main triggers of Gregory’s culture shock. His experiences develop dynamically from curiosity and confusion to gradual adaptation and cultural acceptance. These experiences also contribute to Gregory’s emotional growth, adaptability, and ability to understand cultural differences more objectively. Therefore, this study highlights the important role of children’s literature in promoting intercultural understanding, empathy, and awareness of cultural diversity among young readers.

This study aimed to describe: (1) the development process of the Eksotika Pop-Up Book media on local wisdom material for fourth-grade elementary school students, (2) the validity of the media, (3) its effectiveness, and (4) students’ responses toward the media. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, consisting of Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages. The study was conducted at UPT SDN 256 Gresik. Data were collected through interviews, observations, validation questionnaires from media and material experts, student response questionnaires, and learning outcome tests. The results showed that the Eksotika Pop-Up Book media was feasible for use in learning activities, obtaining a media expert validation score of 95.31% and a material expert validation score of 93.75%, both categorized as very valid. The media and content were aligned with the learning objectives and supported students’ understanding of local wisdom traditions in Gresik, including Rebo Wekasan, Malam Selawe, Pasar Bandeng, Sanggring, Pencak Macan, and Damar Kurung. Therefore, the Eksotika Pop-Up Book is considered valid and feasible as an alternative learning medium for Grade IV IPAS learning.

This study is motivated by the growing gap between the normative principle of humanity in global human rights law and the practice of limiting violence in increasingly complex contemporary conflicts, particularly in the context of asymmetric warfare and the use of modern technology. The objective of this research is to critically analyze the integration between the principle of humanity in international law—especially through the principles of proportionality and distinction—and the framework of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence Theory, which is oriented toward maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah and substantive justice. This research employs a normative juridical approach using a literature study method with a conceptual and comparative analysis of various sources of international law and contemporary Islamic law. The findings indicate that the procedural and calculative nature of global human rights law has not fully addressed the complexity of humanitarian impacts in modern conflicts, thereby necessitating a more holistic approach. The integration with Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence Theory proves to enrich the analysis by emphasizing the protection of life, public welfare, and a substantive evaluation of the impacts of violence, both direct and long-term. The implications of this study highlight the importance of reconstructing a paradigm of violence limitation that is more adaptive, humanistic, and contextual through a synthesis of universal values and Islamic ethical-theological principles in order to strengthen the protection of human dignity in the contemporary era.  

This study examines the reproduction of social inequality in education through the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu within a critical sociology perspective. The background of this research is rooted in the persistent gap in educational access, participation, and achievement among students from different social classes, which indicates that education does not always function as a tool for social mobility. The objective of this study is to analyze how mechanisms such as habitus, cultural capital, social capital, and the educational field contribute to sustaining inequality. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis within an educational setting characterized by diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The findings reveal that students from higher socio-economic backgrounds tend to possess dominant cultural capital and habitus that align with institutional expectations, giving them a significant advantage in academic achievement. Conversely, students from lower socio-economic backgrounds face structural and symbolic barriers that limit their opportunities. The study also finds that educational practices, including teaching methods and evaluation systems, implicitly favor certain groups, thereby reinforcing inequality. The implications of this research highlight the need for more inclusive educational policies and practices that recognize diverse forms of capital and promote equal opportunities for all students. Ultimately, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how education functions as a site of social reproduction rather than merely a neutral institution.  

Penerapan sistem manajemen kinerja karyawan di PT Pos Indonesia, khususnya pada Divisi Human Capital Development, sebelumnya masih mengandalkan sistem manual berbasis spreadsheet. Proses manual ini rentan terhadap kesalahan manusia (human error), ketidakkonsistenan data, serta ketidakefisienan dalam pemantauan metrik kinerja individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendigitalisasi proses manajemen kinerja dengan mengembangkan sistem berbasis web bernama IHSAN POS (Performance Management System) guna memfasilitasi pengelolaan data yang terintegrasi dan real-time. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Research and Development (R&D) yang berfokus pada pengembangan frontend menggunakan React JS, dengan perancangan sistem dimodelkan melalui Data Flow Diagram (DFD) dan Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN) untuk memastikan alur data yang terstruktur. Pengembangan sistem ini secara spesifik ditujukan bagi segmen Tenaga Kerja Profesional Perusahaan (TKPP) dengan mengintegrasikan Nilai Kinerja Individu (NKI) dan Objectives and Key Results (OKR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa antarmuka frontend yang dikembangkan mampu memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengelola profil pribadi, kontrak kerja, serta memantau nilai kinerja secara transparan, sementara integrasi sistem dengan backend melalui Application Programming Interface (API) memastikan pengolahan data berjalan secara otomatis. Implementasi IHSAN POS secara signifikan mentransformasi alur kerja evaluasi kinerja manual menjadi alur kerja digital yang efisien, mengurangi kesalahan administratif, serta memberikan dasar bagi pemberian insentif perusahaan yang objektif berbasis kinerja.

The increasing role of information technology in higher education requires IT governance practices that are measurable, structured, and aligned with digital transformation objectives. Many higher education institutions have implemented various information systems to support academic, administrative, and managerial services; however, the existence of technology does not automatically ensure that IT processes are governed effectively. This study aims to evaluate the Capability level of IT governance using the COBIT 2019 framework in the context of a state university in Indonesia. A descriptive case study approach was applied through structured interviews, document analysis, and observation of IT governance practices. The evaluation focused on eleven Governance and Management Objectives across the EDM, APO, BAI, DSS, and MEA domains. The results show that most objectives are at Capability Level 1 (Performed), while only BAI01, BAI03, and DSS02 have reached Capability Level 2 (Managed). No evaluated objective has reached Level 3 (Established). The gap analysis indicates that the highest gaps are found in EDM03, APO12, and APO13, which relate to risk optimization, risk management, and security governance. These findings indicate that IT governance practices have been implemented but still require stronger formal policies, standardized procedures, documented controls, and integrated monitoring mechanisms. The study provides practical recommendations for improving IT governance through risk appetite definition, risk register development, information security policy, enterprise architecture blueprint, service level agreement implementation, and performance monitoring to support sustainable digital transformation in higher education.

The use of AI in today’s era has significantly expanded across various sectors of life, including the education sector. The use of AI in education is quite helpful in improving the quality of learning by providing innovative teaching materials, real-time feedback, and fostering student creativity; however, in practice, there are numerous instances of misuse of AI, such as for criminal activities. Such practices are clearly counterproductive to the learning process and threaten the quality of the nation’s future generations. The objective of this community service initiative is to deepen students’ understanding of AI from a legal perspective and to enhance the quality of learning. The methods employed include participatory-based education, encompassing lectures, Q&A sessions, and statements of commitment. The results of this community service initiative include an enhanced understanding of AI and its proper use. Additionally, students have committed to using AI ethically, in accordance with existing legal frameworks, and with a focus on improving the quality of learning without compromising their foundational and social skills, so that in the future they can compete effectively both nationally and internationally.

Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) mengembangkan sistem input nilai kinerja karyawan agar lebih akurat dan efisien; (2) merancang Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) dan struktur basis data untuk mendukung pengolahan data karyawan; serta (3) membangun backend sistem dengan autentikasi dan otorisasi berbasis peran. Ruang lingkup mencakup pengelolaan data kinerja individu yang sebelumnya dilakukan secara manual menggunakan spreadsheet dan rentan terhadap kesalahan input. Metode yang digunakan meliputi pengumpulan data kinerja kuartal kedua, perancangan ERD, serta pengembangan backend web application IHSAN POS menggunakan JavaScript dan framework Express yang terintegrasi dengan PostgreSQL, DBeaver, dan Prisma ORM. Implementasi keamanan dilakukan melalui middleware validasi input, sanitasi data, perlindungan dari serangan SQL injection dan XSS, serta pengelolaan sesi menggunakan enkripsi JWT (JSON Web Token). Sistem yang dikembangkan mencakup enam fitur terintegrasi: Halaman Login, Halaman Profil, Formulir Edit Profil, Halaman Nilai Kinerja Individu dan Kontrak Kerja, Formulir Kontrak Kerja, serta Pratinjau Surat Kontrak Kerja. Hasil pengembangan menunjukkan bahwa sistem backend yang dibangun mampu meningkatkan efisiensi proses evaluasi kinerja, memperbaiki integrasi data, serta mempermudah validasi dan pelaporan secara digital dan terstruktur. Kesimpulannya, pengembangan sistem ini memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam peningkatan efisiensi, akurasi, dan transparansi evaluasi kinerja karyawan, serta mendukung pengambilan keputusan strategis terkait insentif dan pengembangan karier pegawai.

This study aims to examine the application of a modified direct learning strategy combined with the demonstration method to improve students' cognitive abilities. The direct learning strategy is an approach that emphasizes the systematic and gradual delivery of material, so that students can understand concepts in a more structured manner. However, in practice, this strategy needs to be modified to be more engaging and appropriate to the characteristics of students. The demonstration method is used as a form of reinforcement in the learning process, where students not only receive information verbally but also directly observe the processes, events, or concepts being studied. This allows students to gain a more concrete and meaningful learning experience. Modifications to the learning strategy are carried out through adjustments to models, methods, media, and learning facilities and infrastructure to optimally support the achievement of learning objectives. Students' cognitive abilities are the main focus of this study, which include aspects of knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, evaluation, and creation according to Bloom's taxonomy. With the implementation of appropriate learning strategies, students are expected to be able to develop more active and critical thinking skills. The results of the study indicate that a modified direct learning strategy with the demonstration method has the potential to significantly improve students' cognitive abilities. Therefore, this approach can be used as an alternative, effective learning strategy to create a more interactive, engaging, and meaningful learning process.

The Qur'an al-Karīm employs at least four principal terms in referring to human beings, namely al-basyar, al-insān, al-nās, and banī Ādam. These terms are not merely synonymous; rather, each represents distinct yet complementary dimensions of humanity in constructing a holistic concept of the human being. This study aims to: (1) analyze the semantic meanings of these four terms based on mufrodat studies, Makkiyah-Madaniyah classification, and asbābun nuzūl; (2) compare the interpretations of classical scholars - Al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kathīr, Al-Qurṭubī, and Fakhr Al-Rāzī - with those of contemporary scholars - Sayyid Quṭb, Ibn ‘Āshūr, M. Quraish Shihab, and Buya Hamka; and (3) formulate their implications for Islamic education. This research employs a library research method using the tafsīr maudhū‘ī approach integrated with Izutsu’s semantic analysis model. The findings reveal that al-basyar represents the physical-biological dimension of human beings; al-insān represents the spiritual dimension in relation to ‘ubūdiyyah toward Allah; al-nās represents the social-collective dimension; and banī Ādam represents the intellectual-rational dimension inherited from Adam through the divine gift of teaching al-asmā’ (Qur'an 2:31). Collectively, these four dimensions provide fundamental implications for the development of objectives, curriculum, methodology, and evaluation within holistic and comprehensive Islamic education.

This research focuses on the criminal liability of Notary Dewi Farni Dja'far (the Defendant) in the criminal case concerning corruption relating to the granting of a Refinancing Investment Loan (KIR) by PT Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) to PT Barito Riau Jaya. The legal issue lies with the Defendant in issuing a number of letters of certification or cover notes, stating that the process of obtaining certificates for 502 (five hundred and two) plots of land used as collateral was underway at her office. However, in reality, the land parcels, which were still based on Land Certificates (SKT), were problematic and could not be upgraded to Certificates of Ownership and Certificates of Right to Use, meaning the bank disbursed the loan without valid collateral. The Defendant’s actions are deemed to have assisted the debtor Esron Napitupulu (Director of PT Barito Riau Jaya) in securing the loan, resulting in a financial loss to the state amounting to Rp22,650,000,000.00. The results of this study indicate that, based on Article 16 of Law No. 2 of 2014 amending Law No. 30 of 2004 on the Office of the Notary, a Notary is liable under civil law (compensation), criminal law (offences), and administrative law (code of ethics) if found to have committed a breach in the performance of their duties. The objective of this study is to analyse the liability of notaries regarding covernote in problematic credit agreements. The research method employed is normative in nature, with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data sources were obtained from court decisions, legislation, and other supporting sources.

This study is motivated by the importance of maintaining consumer satisfaction amidst increasingly fierce competition in the culinary business, where Warteg Bunana faces challenges in the form of a decline in the number of customers over the past two years. The objective of this research is to determine and analyze the influence of social media promotion, location, and perceived value on consumer satisfaction at Warteg Bunana in Batam City. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a survey method through the distribution of questionnaires to 100 respondents selected using simple random sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis via SPSS software. The findings indicate that simultaneously, social media promotion, location, and perceived value have a significant effect on consumer satisfaction with an F value of 21,940 and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Partially, all three variables also have a significant influence on consumer satisfaction. The coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.407 shows that these variables explain 40.7% of consumer satisfaction. The implications of this research suggest that Warteg Bunana management needs to increase social media promotion consistently and maintain location comfort and service quality to improve consumers' perceived value on a sustainable basis

This research is motivated by the increasing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in organizational transformation and the crucial function of leadership in ensuring its successful implementation. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between leadership, AI integration, and organizational performance, as well as to identify various challenges and supporting factors in the process. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) method by examining 30 relevant, reputable scientific articles from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases within the 2020–2026 timeframe through selection, evaluation, and thematic synthesis processes. The results indicate that AI integration significantly contributes to improving operational efficiency, data-driven decision-making quality, and organizational innovation. However, this success heavily depends on the role of adaptive, transformational, and digitally-oriented leadership capable of steering the technological vision. Conversely, major challenges were identified, such as employee resistance, limited digital competencies, and ethical issues surrounding data privacy. This study contributes to strengthening the conceptual understanding of leadership's role as a bridge between technology and organizational performance, while offering practical implications for management in designing effective, inclusive, and sustainable digital transformation strategies.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a high-tech medical diagnostic equipment that plays an important role in healthcare, but in its operation it faces problems in the form of very large maintenance costs. This is due to the complexity of MRI technology, where the main unit of MRI is an imported product, while supporting equipment such as UPS, chiller, and AHU system are domestic products, thus impacting the increase in maintenance costs in hospitals and potentially reducing the quality of service. The solution to reduce maintenance costs, because maintenance cost efficiency can increase hospital profits. This study discusses the determination of maintenance priorities on MRI using a multi-criteria-based decision-making model by considering: the age of the MRI, the number of error logs, the condition of supporting equipment, and the expertise of the operator in operating the MRI. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used with the stages of forming a decision hierarchy, pairwise comparisons, matrix normalization, priority weight calculation, and consistency testing. Data were obtained through questionnaires given to competent respondents, with the object of research at the Orthopedic Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that the AHP method can be used to determine MRI maintenance priorities effectively. This is evidenced by the best alternative results, namely the Medium type (0.3372), followed by All Risk (0.3315), and Labor Only (0.3311). The Medium type is the most optimal choice. The AHP method has been proven to provide objective, structured, and accountable recommendations for hospital management in determining maintenance contracts that are appropriate to the technical condition of the equipment and budget constraints.