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Arifudin Arifudin; Delina Delina; Salma Nabila; Putri Ramadhan Lestari; Ika Josi Fiana

Jurnal Publikasi Ekonomi dan Akuntansi 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of product quality and price on the decision of smartphone purchase. A purchase decision is a process that consumers go through to choose and buy a product or service to meet their needs and desires. High product quality and good at affordable prices are the main factors that drive consumers to buy a product by considering the quality and price ratio in making decisions at the time of purchase. Consumer satisfaction in product quality is very important in maintaining the existence of a company or business unit makes an understanding of digital marketing, product quality and service quality cannot be seen low. The population in this study were smartphone consumers from among IAIN students Syekh Nurjati Cirebon, determining the number of samples by spreading questionnaires and sample 55 people obtained. The data collection techniques through this questionnaire have been carried out validity tests, rallies and classical assumptions. This research method uses multiple linear regression analysis. From the results of this study, the results were obtained that partially shows the quality of the product had a positive and significant effect on the purchase decision, then the price of a positive and significant effect on the purchase decision. While simultaneously or along with the quality of the product and the price affects the smartphone purchase decision. The study provides implications for smartphone manufacturers to improve product quality and offer competitive prices to increase the smartphone purchase decision by IAIN students Syekh Nurjati Cirebon.

Agnes Monika Siregar; Liesna Andriany

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Indonesian education is experiencing changes and developments through curriculum reform strategies in line with current developments. Strengthening character with Pancasila values is emphasized in Merdeka Belajar, a government breakthrough to develop the unique potential of each student. The purpose of this research is to carry out an in-depth study of the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Program given to students. How the Pancasila Student Profile Program is implemented in schools, and whether the program meets the criteria for supporting students. The method in this research is a qualitative method. The data collection technique used is documentation, which involves collecting library document sources. The results of the literature study show the success of many schools in implementing Pancasila student profile learning techniques, with activities inside and outside the classroom to strengthen students' character according to national education goals. Apart from that, the factors inhibiting the implementation of this project involve low awareness and understanding of Pancasila values, the existence of conflicting values, as well as factors from educators such as minimal study time, limited lesson substance, and low interest from students

Agnes Monika Siregar; Liesna Andriany

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Indonesian education is experiencing changes and developments through curriculum reform strategies in line with current developments. Strengthening character with Pancasila values is emphasized in Merdeka Belajar, a government breakthrough to develop the unique potential of each student. The purpose of this research is to carry out an in-depth study of the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Program given to students. How the Pancasila Student Profile Program is implemented in schools, and whether the program meets the criteria for supporting students. The method in this research is a qualitative method. The data collection technique used is documentation, which involves collecting library document sources. The results of the literature study show the success of many schools in implementing Pancasila student profile learning techniques, with activities inside and outside the classroom to strengthen students' character according to national education goals. Apart from that, the factors inhibiting the implementation of this project involve low awareness and understanding of Pancasila values, the existence of conflicting values, as well as factors from educators such as minimal study time, limited lesson substance, and low interest from students

Rani Pajrin; Anugraheni Wardah Ulinnuha; Efi Lailatun Nisfah; Aan Anisah; Kingkin Setyaningsih +2 more

Birokrasi: JURNAL ILMU HUKUM DAN TATA NEGARA 2024 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi (STIA) Yappi Makassar

The occurrence of maritime border conflicts between Indonesia and Vietnam in the northern Natuna region was triggered by the development of Exclusive Economic Zone boundary negotiations between the two countries Vietnam has a desire to equate the ZEE with the boundaries of the Continental Shelf Zone.  In accordance with UNCLOS 1982, Indonesia opposes because Vietnam is not part of an archipelagic state. On the other hand, Indonesia's claim to Natuna is based on the withdrawal of the archipelagic base line on the grounds that Indonesia is an archipelagic state. In contrast, Vietnam is not an archipelagic state and uses the coastal base line in determining its maritime zone. Exclusive Economic Zones Both countries have overlapping ZEE claims in the South China Sea This overlap has led to maritime disputes between Indonesia and Vietnam Economic Activity The South China Sea is rich in natural resources, such as oil and gas Competition for access to these resources complicates the dispute. Not only that, the conflict can also trigger diplomatic tensions between the two countries, thus affecting Indonesia-Vietnam bilateral relations. The settlement of the Indonesia-Vietnam dispute was resolved peacefully by conducting technical negotiations 9 times and producing an agreement between the two countries. Based on Article 280 of the 1982 UNCLOS, Article 280 of the 1982 UNCLOS also confirms that peaceful means shall not in any way prejudice the rights of any Contracting States. Within the framework of UNCLOS 1982, there are alternative forms of conflict resolution, namely peaceful conflict resolution and conflict resolution through mandatory procedures.

Misfi Laili Rohmi; Agnes Alfi Normadila; Afdhol Dinil Haq

Akuntansi dan Ekonomi Pajak: Perspektif Global 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

All people certainly really want a peaceful and prosperous life, but in reality it is not that easy to get a decent life, there are many factors that become challenges such as the low human development index, very high unemployment rates and the problem of poverty which has mushroomed in various regions. . Poverty is also described as the most complex social problem, so it must always receive special attention from the government. This study uses quantitative methods and uses secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of South Sumatra Province, using time series data from 2017-2021. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of GRDP and unemployment on HDI in South Sumatra Province. Data analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression analysis test, the results of which showed that GRDP and unemployment simultaneously had a significant influence on the HDI percentage. Partially, GRDP does not have a significant influence, while the unemployment variable has a significant influence on the Human Development Index in South Sumatra Province in the 2017-2021 period.

Niro Mayelza; Herlinda Mansyur

Misterius: Publikasi Ilmu Seni dan Desain Komunikasi Visual 2024 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the Sekapur Sirih dance movement as a tradition-based creation dance. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The informants of this study were dance creators, musicians, singers, dancers. This research uses independent instruments assisted by stationery and cameras. The data uses primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques are carried out through literature studies, observation, interviews and documentation. The stages of data analysis are data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results showed that Sekapur Sirih Dance as a Tradition-Based Creation Dance in terms of space, time and energy. The spatial aspect of Sekapur Sirih Dance is dance movement. Sekapur Sirih Dance uses straight lines, diagonal lines and curved lines. Straight lines have a calm impression, diagonal lines have a dynamic impression and curved lines have a soft impression. The volume contained in this dance is large and small. The dominant facing directions in this dance are front, right, left and diagonal. Levels use low, medium, and high levels. The focus of view on this dance is fore, down, and up. The time aspect of Sekapur Sirih Dance as a Tradition-Based Creation Dance is a slow tempo at the beginning of the movement, followed by medium and fast tempos. From the rhythmic element of this Sekapur Sirih Dance.

Mohamad Suryadi; Ni Nyoman Reni Suasih; Ida Bagus Putu Purbadharmaja; I Nyoman Mahaendra Yasa

International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The economic development of a region is essentially an activity that is carried out consciously and continuously to realize a better situation together and continuously. Over time, changes in the economy in a region can prove real changes. This study aims to: 1) analyze the effect of investment, population, labor, education, and household consumption simultaneously on district / city economic growth in Bali Province. 2) analyze the effect of investment, population, labor, education, and household consumption partially on the economic growth of regencies / cities in Bali Province. The data used is panel data that combines cross section and time series, which is a combination of 9 districts / cities in Bali Province with a twelve-year analysis period, 2011-2022, with a total of 108 observations. The analysis technique in this study used descriptive analysis and inferential analysis (multiple linear regression). The results showed that: 1) investment, population, labor, education, and household consumption simultaneously affect the economic growth of districts / cities in Bali Province. 2) investment partially negatively affects the economic growth of regencies / cities in Bali Province. 3) population partially has a positive effect on the economic growth of regencies / cities in Bali Province. 4) labor partially has a positive effect on district / city economic growth in Bali Province. 5) education partially has a positive effect on the economic growth of districts / cities in Bali Province. 6) Household consumption partially has a positive effect on district / city economic growth in Bali Province.

Deva Adalia; Y. Djoko Sukoco

Jurnal Bisnis Inovatif dan Digital 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research seeks to examine the influence of capital structure on the valuation of food and beverage companies within the sub-sector that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the time frame of 2020-2022, with the inclusion of profitability as a mediating factor. Employing a quantitative approach, the study utilizes a purposive sampling method to select 29 samples from a population of 42 food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analysis of hypotheses is conducted through simple linear regression, multiple linear regression, and the sable test. The results of the study indicate that capital structure positively impacts profitability, influences company value in a negative manner, profitability does not directly affect company value, and profitability does not act as a mediator in the relationship between capital structure and company value.

Vikra Vikra; Philoteus E. A. Tuerah; Victor R. Sulangi

SIMPATI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan dan Bahasa 2024 CV. Alim's Publishing

This study tries to identify the faults and circumstances that lead students to miscalculate when attempting to solve word problems involving a system of linear equations with two variables using Watson's criteria. This kind of study employs qualitative, descriptive research methods. Data was gathered using a variety of methods, including analysis, interviews, documentation, and a written test with five-item description questions. Class VIII students from SMP Negeri 5 Tondano 2022/2023 served as the study's sources and subjects. They were chosen after careful consideration. Data analysis techniques in this study through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results showed that the students' errors were incorrect data, inappropriate procedures, response level conflicts, and skills hierarchy problems. The causative factors are that students are not careful when writing answers, students think that conclusions do not need to be written down, students forget how to change the story form questions into the form of mathematical models or the principles used are still wrong, students forget to write examples, students are wrong in operating numbers either subtraction, addition, division and multiplication, students forgot to write conclusions, students were unable to write down existing data, students did not know how to answer questions, students forgot to find x and y values using the substitution method, students used wrong marks in mathematics, students ran out of time when solving problems.

Muhamad Noval; Sarip Hidayat; Ikbal Anggara; Ibrahim Ibrahim

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Teknik 2024 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study analyzes and optimizes production systems in the Industry 4.0 context, examining the fundamental shift from centralized, push-based production models to decentralized, adaptive, pull-based approaches. The research employs a mixed-method approach combining comprehensive literature review and multiple case studies across manufacturing sectors. Findings reveal that integration of Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics enables real-time communication between production components, product personalization, and faster decision-making. Despite significant benefits in efficiency, flexibility, and competitiveness, implementation challenges persist, including high initial investment, employee resistance, technical expertise limitations, and integration complexity. Optimization approaches such as mixed-integer linear programming, digitally-integrated Lean Six Sigma, and digital twin simulations effectively enhance performance indicators including flexibility, reliability, and energy efficiency. The study concludes that successful production system transformation requires an integrated strategy encompassing process engineering, digital competency development, change management, and continuous evaluation to ensure sustainable optimization in the digital era

Maulidina Maulidina; Faizatul Izzati

Jurnal MIMBAR ADMINISTRASI 2024 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945

This research discusses the influence of product quality and service quality on purchasing decisions for Mixue Ice Cream & Tea. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of product quality (X1) and service quality (X2) on purchasing decisions (Y). This research uses indicators from each variable. The indicators of Product Quality (X1) are color, appearance, portion, aroma, taste. Indicators of Service Quality (X2) are reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, physical evidence. Indicators of Purchasing Decisions (Y) are product choice, brand choice, dealer choice, purchase time. This research uses quantitative methods with a population of 80 people and a sample of 80 people, while processing research data uses the SPSS version 26 program. Based on the research results, it can be seen that product quality variables and service quality variables partially have a significant effect on purchasing decision variables as proven in The results of the T test research with a calculated t value of 5.571 > t table 1.991 and a significant value of 0.000 < 0.05. And it is also known that the product quality variable and the service quality variable simultaneously have a significant effect on the purchasing decision variable from the F test with a significant value of 0.000 < 0.05 and a calculated F value of 168.657 > F table 3.12, so service quality has a positive influence on the decision. purchase. The results of the multiple linear regression test which has the equation Y = 2.211 + 0.529 Xı + 0.410 The results of the coefficient of determination test show that the value (R Square) obtained is 0.814 (81.4%) indicating that product quality and service quality have an influence on purchasing decisions by 81.4%.

Bagus Priambodo; Shinta Sari; Novi Priyono; Indah Cahyani Simare Mare; Ananda Silviandini +1 more

GARUDA : Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Filsafat 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

At this time honest behavior is very difficult to implement. Cheating, violating traffic regulations, corrupt behavior, are some of the actions that occur due to the loss of the value of honesty. Lying is just normal behavior. The Pancasila Education subject is a lesson that emphasizes honest behavior. Data collection techniques include direct observation, interviews with teachers and students, documentation in the form of images, and literacy based on relevant scientific articles. The research results show that the Pancasila Education subject has succeeded in forming students' honest character. Students' honest behavior is in line with the material content in this subject, namely values and norms. All educational institutions are obliged to actively participate in implementing an attitude of honesty from an early age so that the noble values of Pancasila are not eroded by modern developments.

Lisbet Ariati Rumahorbo; Liesna Andriany

Jurnal Sadewa : Publikasi Ilmu Pendidikan, Pembelajaran dan Ilmu Sosial 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia

Education in Indonesia has undergone major changes since the beginning of the 21st century, with an emphasis on a student-centered educational paradigm and learning adapted to the needs of the times. At the beginning of the 21st century, there have been significant and undeniable advances in technology. Humans have utilized their inherent potential to face the challenges posed by nature through technological means. This article discusses the challenges and strategies for implementing 21st century Indonesian educational philosophy in secondary schools. The main challenges faced are resistance to change, lack of understanding of philosophical concepts, and limited resources. However, to overcome these challenges requires a training and coaching approach for educators, integrating educational philosophy into the curriculum and extracurricular activities, as well as various approaches to support the implementation of Indonesian educational philosophy in the 21st century. Through strong efforts and collaboration between various stakeholders, the implementation of the 21st century Indonesian education philosophy in secondary schools is expected to produce graduates who have qualities, values and skills that are in line with the needs of the times.

Lisbet Ariati Rumahorbo; Liesna Andriany

Jurnal Sadewa : Publikasi Ilmu Pendidikan, Pembelajaran dan Ilmu Sosial 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia

Education in Indonesia has undergone major changes since the beginning of the 21st century, with an emphasis on a student-centered educational paradigm and learning adapted to the needs of the times. At the beginning of the 21st century, there have been significant and undeniable advances in technology. Humans have utilized their inherent potential to face the challenges posed by nature through technological means. This article discusses the challenges and strategies for implementing 21st century Indonesian educational philosophy in secondary schools. The main challenges faced are resistance to change, lack of understanding of philosophical concepts, and limited resources. However, to overcome these challenges requires a training and coaching approach for educators, integrating educational philosophy into the curriculum and extracurricular activities, as well as various approaches to support the implementation of Indonesian educational philosophy in the 21st century. Through strong efforts and collaboration between various stakeholders, the implementation of the 21st century Indonesian education philosophy in secondary schools is expected to produce graduates who have qualities, values and skills that are in line with the needs of the times.

Pratiwi Puji Lestari; Srilina Br Pinem; Febriana Sari; Lisa Putri Utami Damanik

Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Early Breastfeeding Initiation is the process of allowing the baby to breastfeed on its own immediately after birth. This is nature and a gift from God that has been arranged for us. Doing it is also not difficult, it only takes about one to two hours. IMD must be carried out immediately at birth, without delaying weighing or measuring the baby. Babies should also not be cleaned, only dried except for their hands. This process must take place skin to skin between baby and mother. This research uses an analytical type of research with a retrospective research design. The research aims to determine the relationship between early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) and exclusive breastfeeding at the Sonomartani Community Health Center. Based on the data in table 4.3, it can be seen that 5 respondents (38.5%) did not practice IMD but did not provide exclusive breastfeeding and 8 respondents (61.5%) did not practice IMD but did not provide exclusive breastfeeding. Carrying out IMD and providing exclusive breastfeeding was 21 respondents (95.5%). The statistical test results of the chi square test obtained a p value = 0.000, so it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) and exclusive breastfeeding, namely Ha received. The importance of giving birth in a health service is to avoid sudden emergencies that can cause complications and to provide care according to procedures. This is in line with research by Norhana, Arifin and Yulidasari (2016) that mothers who give birth in health facilities are 15,167 times more likely to carry out IMD. Of the 20 respondents who successfully carried out IMD, 19 respondents (95%) were accompanied by their husbands and family when giving birth and 17 respondents (84%) of them succeeded in providing exclusive breastfeeding. Husband and family support play an important role in managing IMD and building maternal self-confidence. The relationship between early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) and exclusive breastfeeding at the Sonomartani Community Health Center in 2022" with a total of 35 respondents and data processing that has been carried out using SPSS, it can be concluded that the chi square test value is p < 0.05, meaning that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted: Based on the research results, the majority of respondents who carried out Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) were 22 respondents (62.9%). Based on the research results, the majority who gave exclusive breastfeeding were 26 respondents (74.3%). Based on the research results, there is a relationship between carrying out IMD and providing exclusive breastfeeding. The statistical test results obtained a chi square test value (p < 0.05) with a value of 0.000.  

Dedy Khaerudin; Nirfison Nirfison; Rahman Soesilo

Bridge : Jurnal Publikasi Sistem Informasi dan Telekomunikasi 2024 Asosiasi Profesi Telekomunikasi Dan Informatika Indonesia

The lean approach is often used by manufacturing companies to increase productivity in the production area. In this case PT P, a manufacturing company that produces refrigerators, faces the same problem on the unloading process in the final assembly area. The unloading process is the operation to move the finished product from the production line and store it in the finished goods warehouse. Operators in the unloading area have tasks to unload finished products from conveyors which are connected directly from the assembly line and placing them on pallets. Due to the refrigerator is quite heavy a forklift has to use to move the full pallet to the finished goods warehouse which is located next to the unloading area. Once finished the forklift returns to the unloading area with the empty pallets and places them in the unloading area, to be refilled by the unloading operator. Based on the data taken, the cycle time in the unloading process was recorded to be varied and the highest was 33 seconds, exceeding the takt time that had been determined on the production line, which was 24 seconds. This means that there is waste that occurs in the unloading area. The long and unstable cycle time in the unloading process makes the production line disrupted because the conveyor often stops and causes productivity to drop. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze and improve the process with the Lean concept by reducing the existing waste, so that the cycle time becomes stable and smaller than the takt time.

Meifiani Nur Istiqomah; Jaeni Jaeni; meifiani

KOMPAK : Jurnal Ilmiah Komputerisasi Akuntansi 2024 Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer

This research aims to determine the influence of time pressure, independence, professional skepticism, work experience, professional ethics, and competence on the auditor's ability to detect fraud. Many fraud cases occur in Indonesia, so it is necessary to know the magnitude of the influence of each variable. The population used in this research were auditors who worked at the BPKP Representative Office of Central Java Province. The sample processed by the researcher was 30 respondents. This research uses a questionnaire. This research hypothesis was tested using multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS 22 software. The results of this research show that time pressure, independence, professional skepticism, work experience, professional ethics have no effect on the auditor's ability to detect fraud. while competency has a significant positive effect on the auditor's ability to detect fraud.

Ajat Sudrajat; Nana Darna; Nurdiana Mulyantini

Jurnal Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Teknologi 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The problems faced in this study include (1) How is the management information system in the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency. (2) How is the effectiveness of employee work at the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency. (3) How does the management information system affect the effectiveness of employee work at the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency This study aims to study, find out, and analyze (1) The management information system in the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency. (2) The effectiveness of employee work at the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency. (3) The effect of the management information system on the effectiveness of employee work at the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency The method used in this study is an explanatory survey, while the technical data analysis, namely validity test, reliability test, descriptive statistics, Inductive Statistical Analysis (Inferential) with Simple Linear Regression. The results of the study inform that (1) The information management system in the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency is very high. The highest value on the system quality indicator and the lowest value on the usage indicator. (2) The effectiveness of employee work at the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency is very high. The highest value on the time measurement indicator and the lowest value on the result measurement indicator. (3) The information management system has a positive effect on the effectiveness of employee work at the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency. This means that if the information management system is improved, the effectiveness of employee work at the Banjarsari District Office, Ciamis Regency will also increase.

Syatir Suaib; Bambang Semedi; Paharuddin Paharuddin; A. Imran Anshari

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Teknik 2024 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to determine the factors that affect the catch of mackerel in the potential zone of fishing grounds in the Makassar Strait, namely; oceanography sea surface temperature, salinity, current velocity, depth and sea surface chlorophyll content on the catch of mackerel in the potential zone of fishing grounds in the Makassar Strait. The research method used is the survey method, which directly follows the fishing operation. The number of observations was 38 times. Data were analyzed with histogram graphs and also analyzed with multiple linear regression. The results of this study showed that mackerel were generally caught in waters with temperatures between280Cand290C; salinities of 30 ppt and 31 ppt; water depths of about 50 m and 60 m; current speeds of about 0.09 m/s and 0.12 m/s; and chlorophyll-a content of about 1.80 mg/m3 and 2.20 mg/m3. This study has explained that chlorophyll-a content is the dominant factor in relation to mackerel catch.

Gomiasti, Fita Sheila; Warto, Warto; Kartikadarma, Etika; Gondohanindijo, Jutono; Setiadi, De Rosal Ignatius Moses

Journal of Computing Theories and Applications 2024 Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

This research aims to improve the effectiveness of lung cancer classification performance using Support Vector Machines (SVM) with hyperparameter tuning. Using Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernels in SVM helps deal with non-linear problems. At the same time, hyperparameter tuning is done through Random Grid Search to find the best combination of parameters. Where the best parameter settings are C = 10, Gamma = 10, Probability = True. Test results show that the tuned SVM improves accuracy, precision, specificity, and F1 score significantly. However, there was a slight decrease in recall, namely 0.02. Even though recall is one of the most important measuring tools in disease classification, especially in imbalanced datasets, specificity also plays a vital role in avoiding misidentifying negative cases. Without hyperparameter tuning, the specificity results are so poor that considering both becomes very important. Overall, the best performance obtained by the proposed method is 0.99 for accuracy, 1.00 for precision, 0.98 for recall, 0.99 for f1-score, and 1.00 for specificity. This research confirms the potential of tuned SVMs in addressing complex data classification challenges and offers important insights for medical diagnostic applications.