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The rapid development of e-commerce as part of the broader digital transformation has introduced various new forms of transactions that were not explicitly recognized in classical Islamic jurisprudence. These include digital contracts, non-physical goods, cloud-based services, and electronic payment systems. Such innovations present a range of legal challenges, particularly concerning the validity of contracts, the legal status of digital products, the permissibility and security of electronic payment methods, and the protection of consumers in online transactions. To address these challenges, Islamic scholars have increasingly turned to ijtihad the process of independent reasoning and interpretation—as a methodology capable of providing legal solutions for contemporary issues. This study employs a qualitative approach, primarily through literature review, to examine the foundational principles of ijtihad, various methodological tools, and their applicability to different aspects of e-commerce transactions. The findings demonstrate that ijtihad methods, including qiyās (analogical reasoning), istislāh (consideration of public interest), istihsān (juridical preference), and ‘urf (customary practice), enable Islamic law to remain adaptive and flexible, while still oriented toward justice and public welfare. By applying these methods, Islamic jurisprudence can provide legal certainty, uphold fairness, and ensure that e-commerce practices align with Shariah principles, ultimately fostering trust and ethical behavior in the digital marketplace.

Measurement is a fundamental domain of mathematics that connects formal mathematical concepts with everyday experiences. Despite its practical relevance, students often experience persistent difficulties in understanding measurement conceptually, tending to approach it as a procedural activity rather than as a process of reasoning about quantities, units, and comparisons. These challenges indicate that learning measurement is influenced not only by individual cognitive factors but also by the social dynamics that shape classroom learning environments. This study aims to examine classroom social dynamics in learning measurement by providing empirical evidence from contextual learning situations. This study employed a qualitative research approach to explore how social interaction, scaffolding, and participation mediate students’ understanding of measurement in contextual learning environments. Data were collected through classroom observations, video recordings of learning activities, analysis of students’ written work, and interviews with selected students and the teacher. Contextual measurement tasks were designed to encourage collaboration, dialogue, and justification, enabling the examination of student–student and teacher–student interactions as they naturally occurred in the classroom. Data analysis was conducted iteratively to identify patterns of interaction, forms of scaffolding, and students’ learning progression within the Zone of Proximal Development. The findings reveal that students initially engaged with measurement tasks in a predominantly procedural manner, with limited conceptual understanding and minimal peer interaction. After the implementation of contextual learning situations, classroom social dynamics changed substantially. Students became more actively involved in discussion, collaborative problem-solving, and collective meaning-making. Peer interaction supported the articulation and refinement of students’ reasoning, while teacher scaffolding guided learning by extending students’ thinking without providing direct solutions. These social processes facilitated students’ movement from their actual level of understanding toward higher levels of conceptual competence within the Zone of Proximal Development. The study further shows that contextual learning tasks alone are insufficient to promote meaningful understanding unless they are supported by productive social interaction and adaptive scaffolding. Conceptual understanding of measurement emerged through socially mediated processes rather than through task completion alone. This study contributes to mathematics education research by emphasizing the central role of classroom social dynamics in contextual learning and by offering insights into how interaction and scaffolding can be orchestrated to support students’ conceptual understanding of measurement.

Currently, patients experiencing early symptoms of skin disease caused by the exanthema virus are unable to immediately consult a dermatologist due to the high cost and limited time available for specialists in hospitals. Therefore, the author needs to develop an expert system application that can address this issue. Through this application, users can consult with the system, much like an expert, to diagnose their symptoms and find solutions to their problems. This expert system is designed to provide answers based on whether the symptoms are correct or not, or to provide several recommended answer choices based on the symptoms. To diagnose skin disease caused by the exanthema virus, the author used the Case-Based Reasoning method. The CBR method is a weighting technique that compares new cases with previous cases. The diagnosis is based on data provided by the patient and expert, which is then analyzed using case-based reasoning and stored as a knowledge database in the expert system. Therefore, this expert system can help identify solutions for problems experienced by patients suffering from skin disease caused by the Exanthema Virus.

The study of the Qur'an in the West has a long history. It began with the tradition of orientalism in the Middle Ages and has evolved into a modern academic approach that relies on philology, historical, and hermeneutical. In the West, the study of the Qur'an was initially dominated by apologetic and polemic reasons. However, since the 19th century, scientific approaches have begun to dominate thanks to the research of figures such as Theodor Nöldeke, Ignaz Goldziher, and John Wansbrough. After that, the focus of modern research turned to the linguistic analysis and structure of the Arabic language of the Qur'an. It includes the study of semantics (Toshihiko Izutsu), stylistic analysis, and comparative studies between pre-Islamic Arabic dialects and the language of the Qur'an. Western scholars have diverse views on the Qur'an in Arabic. Some question the structure, origin, and cohesiveness of the text, while others acknowledge its uniqueness, coherence, and rhetorical power. Despite epistemological differences, this article analyzes the history of Qur'an study in the West, identifies the main methods used to analyze the Qur'an in Arabic, and outlines the various critical perspectives and appreciation of Western scholars on the linguistic character of the Qur'an. The results of the analysis show that, from the polemic paradigm, the study of the Qur'an is increasingly moving towards a more interdisciplinary scientific approach.

Ontology is the philosophical foundation that determines the way reality is understood in the development of science. Differences in ontological assumptions will have implications for the way science is constructed, developed, and interpreted. This article aims to philosophically analyze the ontology of science in Western and Islamic perspectives by highlighting its fundamental similarities and differences. This study uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies with descriptive-analytical and comparative methods. The results show that the ontology of Western science tends to emphasize empirical and rational reality as the main object of science, while the ontology of Islamic science is based on the principle of monotheism which looks at reality holistically, including physical and metaphysical dimensions. Although paradigmatically different, the two perspectives have a common point in the recognition of the order of nature and the role of reason in understanding reality. This article affirms the importance of ontological dialogue between the West and Islam in formulating a scientific paradigm that is not only technically advanced, but also philosophically and ethically meaningful.

Contemporary developments in science, technology, and socio-cultural dynamics have given rise to various new fiqh issues (masailul al-fiqhiyyah al-mu‘ashirah) that were not explicitly discussed in classical Islamic jurisprudence. These contemporary fiqh issues demand contextual ijtihad that is responsive to current realities while remaining grounded in Islamic legal principles. This study aims to analyze contemporary fiqh issues and examine their implications for the moral formation of students in Islamic education. This research employs a qualitative library research approach by analyzing classical fiqh literature, contemporary fiqh studies, and relevant educational theories. The findings indicate that contemporary fiqh issues such as digital ethics, biomedical technology, and socio-economic practices carry significant moral dimensions that directly influence students’ attitudes and behavior. Integrating contemporary fiqh discourse into Islamic education encourages critical thinking, moral reasoning, and ethical awareness among learners. Therefore, contemporary fiqh learning not only functions as a legal reference but also as a strategic instrument for strengthening students’ moral character in accordance with Islamic values. The study implies that Islamic education institutions should contextualize fiqh instruction to address contemporary moral challenges faced by students.

The discourse on the attributes of God has developed to include the issue of His physical attributes, as described in the texts, which state that God has hands, a face, a chair, a throne, and so on. This article employs a literature study as its method. Literature data are secondary sources, meaning the researcher obtains material indirectly and not from original, first-hand sources. Such sources may contain the biases or perspectives of their authors, and the researcher does not always have full control over how the data were collected or organized according to their original purpose. The results of this study indicate that the existence of God’s attributes is clearly explained by Abduh: the attributes that must be believed by the faithful are derived from the guidance of reason and the information provided by Islamic law. Regarding the classification of God’s attributes, there are 20 attributes that are obligatory for God, 20 that are impossible for God, and attributes that are jaiz (possible) for God. Summarizing the attributes of God mentioned in Surah Al-Qashash verses 68–70: God is the Creator, God is free to choose, God is Most Holy, God is All-Knowing, God is One, God is worthy of praise, God is Most Wise, and to God all things will return. One of the characteristics of a believer is to affirm and have certainty in the existence of God while distancing themselves from ideologies that negate or oppose God.

Strengthening reading–writing literacy and numeracy has become a strategic priority in primary education, particularly in preparing prospective teachers who are capable of integrating these competencies contextually into classroom practice. This community engagement program aimed to enhance the conceptual understanding, pedagogical skills, and professional readiness of students from the Primary School Teacher Education Program (PGSD) at Universitas Satya Wiyata Mandala (USWIM) Nabire through a practice-based literacy and numeracy training model. The program was conducted over three days and involved 100 active students. The training adopted a practice-based approach consisting of conceptual reinforcement sessions, group discussions, lesson plan development, and microteaching simulations. Data were collected through observation, analysis of instructional materials, and written reflections, and analyzed using a descriptive qualitative approach. The findings indicate a significant shift in students’ understanding of literacy and numeracy—from technical skills to contextual and reasoning-based competencies. Participants demonstrated improved ability to design literacy–numeracy-based lesson plans and delivered more dialogic and participatory microteaching sessions. The program also fostered stronger professional awareness regarding the role of teachers in building foundational literacy and numeracy skills in primary education. Overall, the practice-based training proved effective in strengthening the professional preparedness of prospective primary school teachers in a contextual and systematic manner.

This study aims to review the historical development of theology from the classical period to the contemporary period and its relationship with Islamic theological thought in the modern era. Theology plays an important role as a basis for understanding the creed and an intellectual response to the challenges of thought in every period of Islamic history. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method on ten major scientific works that discuss the development of Islamic theology. Data were collected through document review and analyzed using descriptive-analytical techniques to trace the evolution of theological thought. The results show that theology of theology experienced three main phases of development: the classical period which emphasized rational defense of faith, the medieval period which combined reason and revelation in theological thought, and the modern period which focused on the issue of pluralism and contemporary socio-religious challenges. This study concludes that Islamic theology is a dynamic discipline and continues to adapt to the intellectual and social contexts of each era.

: The rapid expansion of cybersecurity standards and threat intelligence frameworks has led to significant semantic fragmentation among security terminologies, hindering effective information retrieval and interoperability across systems. Traditional keyword-based search approaches are inadequate for capturing the contextual meaning of security terms, particularly within formal frameworks such as NIST, MITRE ATT&CK, and CWE. This study addresses this challenge by proposing CyberBERT, a transformer-based semantic search framework designed to align cybersecurity terminologies through deep contextual representation and ontology-driven reasoning. Research Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to develop a semantic retrieval model capable of understanding conceptual relationships between security terms beyond lexical similarity. Methodology: The proposed methodology fine-tunes a BERT-based model on the NIST Glossary corpus using a combination of masked language modeling and triplet loss objectives to generate discriminative semantic embeddings. These embeddings are further aligned with cybersecurity ontologies, including MITRE ATT&CK and CWE, to enhance semantic consistency and explainability. Semantic retrieval is performed using cosine similarity within a 768-dimensional embedding space and evaluated using Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) and Precision@K metrics. Results: Experimental results demonstrate that CyberBERT achieves an MRR of 0.832, outperforming domain-adapted baselines such as SecureBERT and CyBERT. The integration of ontology alignment improves semantic accuracy by over 6%, while robustness evaluations confirm resilience against adversarial linguistic perturbations. Visualization using t-SNE reveals coherent semantic clustering aligned with the five core NIST Cybersecurity Framework functions. Conclusions: In conclusion, CyberBERT effectively bridges semantic gaps across cybersecurity terminologies by combining transformer-based contextual learning with ontological reasoning. The framework offers a robust, interpretable, and scalable solution for semantic search, supporting improved interoperability and knowledge discovery in cybersecurity operations and standards harmonization.

The Indonesian Navy Academy is a military educational institution that produces cadets to become professional and reliable Indonesian Navy officers. Cadets are required to have strong physical and mental strength to achieve responsiveness, resilience, and resilience in undergoing education, training, and upbringing. To support learning and training activities, quality food intake and service are required. Quality meal service is needed in order to increase the satisfaction of AAL cadets during meal activities in the Hadiwinarso Rds Loungeroom. For this reason, qualified Human Resources are needed to man the Hadiwinarso Rds Loungeroom, namely Cooks and Waiters in improving meal services for cadets. The researcher focused on personnel development and made it as input to optimize the cooks and waiters in the Hadwinarso Rds Loungeroom to improve meal services for cadets. In this study, the SWOT method was used to reveal internal and external factors that influence the performance of Waiters and Cooks. This study is expected to find the right optimization strategy by identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. After conducting a SWOT analysis, a strategy was obtained to optimize Waiters and Cooks with a combination strategy of Weakness-Opportunity in quadrant III. W-O strategy (supporting the Turn-Around strategy) namely the organization faces enormous opportunities, but on the other hand faces several internal obstacles/weaknesses with the focus of the strategy being to minimize internal weaknesses so that it can seize better opportunities. The results of the study show that the W-O Strategy that the author found is Strategy 1: Given training/courses according to their fields so that they can work optimally and acquire new skills, Strategy 2: Cooks and Waiters have experience in supporting protocol activities at AAL well. Working well and having experience is capital to open up opportunities for PHL to be appointed as PNS or promoted to division head/kitchen head by considering the working time and amount of experience during AAL, Strategy 3: AAL needs to have standardization in recruiting workers so that later workers are ready to be placed to work according to their fields and open up opportunities to continue improving skills/abilities through courses/training provided by AAL. Meanwhile, to standardize recruitment, researchers provide specific requirements for job applicants interested in becoming cooks and waiters at the Loungeroom at Rd. S Hadi Winarso

The rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed the economic landscape, particularly in payment systems that are shifting from conventional cash transactions to the use of Electronic Money (E-Money). E-Money has become increasingly popular due to the convenience it offers, allowing users to conduct transactions anytime and anywhere without the need to carry physical cash. As this payment innovation continues to expand, it is essential to examine whether its mechanisms comply with Islamic principles, given that the use of E-Money is closely related to the values of muamalah in Islam. This study aims to identify the underlying contractual structure (akad) governing Mandiri E-Money transactions and to assess its conformity with sharia principles. It further analyzes the potential presence of gharar, riba, or maisir within the top-up and transaction processes, as well as the sharia mitigation mechanisms that may be applied. The research employs a normative approach based on classical and contemporary Islamic legal theory, supported by observational analysis of Mandiri E-Money practices. Data were analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive method and maqashid al-shariah reasoning. The findings indicate that the use of Mandiri E-Money does not involve elements of riba, gharar, or maisir, and therefore does not deviate from sharia principles. These potential risks were examined through fiqh legal maxims and DSN-MUI fatwas to ensure comprehensive sharia compliance.

This study looks at how the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model is used in Christian Religious Education (CRE) and checks how it helps students develop their critical thinking abilities. In today’s education system, students are not just expected to remember Bible stories, but also to understand what they mean, think about the moral lessons, and use Christian values wisely in their everyday lives. However, past observations show that CRE classes often use a lot of lectures and memorization, which doesn’t give students much chance to think deeply or link what they learn to real-life situations. The CTL model provides a better way for learning by using seven key parts: constructivism, inquiry, questioning, learning community, modeling, reflection, and real-world assessmen. A descriptive qualitative design was employed involving CRE teachers and students selected purposively from classes that have integrated CTL in online and face-to-face settings. Data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and instructional documents. The analysis followed Miles and Huberman’s stages of data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, supported by triangulation to strengthen credibility. The findings reveal that CTL enhances student engagement, promotes higher-order reasoning, and supports the internalization of Christian values in real-life contexts. Supporting factors include a positive school climate, parental involvement, and teacher readiness, whereas obstacles emerge from limited facilities, large class sizes, and insufficient teacher understanding of CTL. The study underscores the need for context-based and character-oriented instructional designs in CRE.

This study examines the implementation of social rehabilitation program policies for people with physical disabilities at the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) Social Rehabilitation Bina Laras Pasuruan under the East Java Provincial Social Service. Using George C. Edwards III's policy implementation model, this research analyses four key variables: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This qualitative descriptive study employed interviews, observation, and documentation as data collection techniques. The findings reveal that the implementation has been running reasonably well, with clear communication channels established between program implementers and beneficiaries. However, several challenges persist, including limited human resources, particularly professional social workers and medical rehabilitation specialists, as well as budget constraints affecting service quality. The disposition of implementers shows a positive attitude toward policy goals, though the bureaucratic structure requires improvement in coordination mechanisms. The study concludes that while the social rehabilitation program has improved the quality of life for persons with disabilities, optimising policy implementation requires addressing resource limitations, strengthening inter-agency coordination, and enhancing community participation in rehabilitation efforts

The utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace has expanded rapidly, focusing not only on improving efficiency but also on strengthening human resource capacity. This review article aims to analyze the contribution of AI in supporting the development of soft skills and the formation of adaptive professional personalities. The method employed is a literature review of academic publications related to the use of AI in developing nontechnical competencies. The findings indicate that AI has been proven to enhance efficiency and productivity through the automation of routine tasks, faster data analysis, and more precise decision-making support. However, the success of AI implementation does not lie in replacing human roles but rather in harmonizing the functions of machine intelligence with the unique abilities of humans, such as empathy, intuition, creativity, and ethical reasoning. Human–AI collaboration emerges as a key approach to ensuring that technology remains human-centered, enabling digital transformation to proceed ethically, inclusively, and sustainably. Additional findings show that AI is capable of providing personalized learning, real-time feedback, and contextual simulations that effectively train communication, collaboration, problem-solving, creativity, and critical thinking skills. Human-centered AI integration also supports the development of professional personalities that are adaptive and responsive to change.

The development of modern scientific knowledge, which tends to be secular, has created a dichotomy between religious sciences and general sciences within Islamic education systems. This condition has encouraged the emergence of the idea of the Islamization of knowledge as an effort to restore knowledge to a tawhidic framework. This study aims to examine how the concept of the Islamization of knowledge is represented in Ahmad Tafsir’s book Filsafat Pendidikan Islami. This research employs a qualitative library study using content analysis and a philosophical approach to both the primary text and supporting literature. The findings show that although Ahmad Tafsir does not explicitly use the term “Islamization of knowledge,” the idea is strongly reflected in his construction of epistemology, his concept of the human person, the curriculum, and the educational processes he proposes. At the epistemological level, Tafsir positions revelation as the highest source of value that guides reason and experience, aligning with the principles of the Islamization of knowledge that reject secularist assumptions in the development of knowledge. In the domain of curriculum and educational design, the integration of religious sciences and modern sciences becomes a foundational principle that eliminates the dichotomy of knowledge and emphasizes a tawhidic orientation. The educational process is understood as a space for value internalization, character formation, and moral exemplarity, uniting knowledge with ethics. This study concludes that Ahmad Tafsir’s thought provides an important contribution to the development of an integrative Islamic educational paradigm rooted in tawhid while remaining responsive to the dynamics of modern scientific knowledge.

Rubber prices experience significant and prolonged fluctuations, which impact farmer incomes and management decisions. Understanding historical patterns and price predictions is considered crucial for production planning, marketing, and farmer protection policies. This study aims to identify the characteristics of rubber price time series in Lahat Regency and develop a reliable forecasting model to support short- to medium-term decision-making. This study uses secondary data on monthly average producer prices for the period January 2019–December 2023. The analysis includes the Augmented Dickey–Fuller stationarity test to determine the need for transformation, differencing, and/or logarithmic transformation when necessary, identification of autocorrelation patterns using ACF/PACF, model estimation on the processed data, and evaluation of residual diagnostics (Ljung–Box, normality test) and forecasting accuracy metrics (RMSE, MAE, MAPE, Theil). The level data shows non-stationarity and becomes stationary after the first differencing; The model on log-transformed data had significant parameters and higher explanatory power than the model on de-differenced data, with RMSE and MAPE values ​​within a reasonable range. Forecast confidence intervals widened at longer time horizons, indicating increased projection uncertainty. Conclusion: Validated forecasts can inform farmers and policymakers to manage price risk and design market interventions.

This study examines how working together in a group affects the critical thinking skills of junior high school students. The reason for this study is because students' critical thinking skills are not very strong, especially because their learning is too dependent on teachers. Collaborative learning is thought to help students be more engaged, talk to each other, and better understand and assess information. This study used a descriptive qualitative method, collecting data through questionnaires given to 27 ninth-grade students. The tools used check things like how active students are in the discussion, how well they can explain their ideas clearly, as well as how often they think about and check the ideas and information they hear. The results showed that most students liked the group learning method and believed that their critical thinking skills had improved after participating in the activity. In addition, students feel more confident in expressing opinions, are more able to listen to the views of their peers, and are more likely to understand the material being discussed. These findings confirm that working together in a group is an effective learning strategy to enhance critical thinking while encouraging students' active participation in the classroom.

This study aims to analyze the definition and concept map of Islamic Education (IPI) within the philosophical framework of Prof. Dr. Hasan Langgulung. IPI is strategically positioned as a discipline that bridges theoretical studies and educational practices in responding to contemporary challenges, while also serving as a foundation for character formation. The method used is library research with a qualitative approach, analyzing primary and secondary documents to synthesize a complete IPI concept map. The results of the study show that Langgulung defines IPI comprehensively as a normative field of science, exploring the process of multi-dimensional human growth (physical, soul, mind, spirit), and utilizing integrative sources of knowledge (revelation, reason, experience). This approach is based on three solid philosophical pillars: Ontology (human nature and fitrah), Epistemology (integration of revelation, reason, and experience), and Axiology (utility values to form a perfect human being). Langgulung's thinking elevates the discussion of IPI from the operational level (Tarbiyah, Ta'lim, Ta'dib) to the philosophical level, providing a solid foundation for IPI as a complete discipline.The ultimate goal is to produce a perfect human being capable of fulfilling the balanced roles of 'Abdullah (servant of God) and Khalifatullah fil Ardh (leader on earth), by optimizing the full potential of human nature. This educational model is considered relevant in contemporary discourse to integrate religious and general knowledge and address the moral crisis.

This article discusses the role of the asbabun nuzul (causes for revelation) or the reasons for the revelation of verses in connecting revelation with the social conditions that underlie it. This study aims to demonstrate that understanding the asbabun nuzul is crucial in interpreting the Qur'an so that the teachings of revelation can be applied appropriately and remain in line with current social realities. This study uses a literature study method by examining various classical and modern commentaries that discuss the relationship between revelation and social conditions during the time of revelation. The results show that understanding the context of the asbabun nuzul not only helps understand the reasons for the revelation of verses but also plays a role in linking them to the various problems and challenges faced by Muslims today. The asbabun nuzul plays a key role in interpreting revelation more flexibly, so that the teachings of the Qur'an can be used to respond to various social issues that arise in each time period. Overall, a strong understanding of the asbabun nuzul can broaden Muslims' insight into the Qur'an and support the application of the teachings of revelation in responding to ever-evolving social changes and dynamics.