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This article explores the map of Christian education approaches from theological, pedagogical, psychological, and contextual perspectives. Christian education plays a vital role in shaping the faith, character, and spirituality of students in a comprehensive manner. Using a literature review method, the study analyzes various sources on Christian education theology. The findings reveal that the theological approach emphasizes the Bible as the primary foundation for learning, while the pedagogical approach focuses on active and participatory teaching methods. The psychological approach tailors instruction to the developmental stages of students, and the contextual approach links faith with students' real-life experiences. Each approach has its strengths and limitations, and Christian educators are encouraged to integrate these approaches to achieve holistic learning goals. The study emphasizes the importance of collaboration among schools, families, and churches to create an educational ecosystem that fosters the spiritual and character growth of students. By combining these approaches, educators can better equip students for both spiritual and personal development.

Mental health issues among university students have become a growing concern, driven by academic pressures, career uncertainties, and complex social transitions. However, a large proportion of students remains reluctant to seek professional psychological support due to social stigma and limited access to institutional counseling services. This study proposes the design and implementation of an Android-based chatbot application that integrates mood tracking and sentiment analysis to continuously monitor the emotional states of university students. The system employs a fine-tuned RoBERTa (Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach) model trained on the EmoContext conversational dataset (SemEval-2019 Task 3), comprising 30,160 labeled three-turn dialogue instances across four emotion classes: angry, happy, sad, and others. The model was fine-tuned for four epochs using the AdamW optimizer with a learning rate of 2e-5 and a maximum sequence length of 128 tokens. Evaluation on a held-out validation set of 6,032 samples yielded an overall accuracy of 88.28%, a macro-average F1-score of 0.87, and a weighted-average F1-score of 0.88. Per-class F1-scores were 0.89 (angry), 0.83 (happy), 0.91 (others), and 0.86 (sad). The classified emotion is transmitted in real time to the chatbot response logic, which generates empathetic replies and personalized relaxation recommendations based on the detected mood. Primary data collection through questionnaires and interviews with 62 and 19 university students respectively confirmed the need for accessible digital mental health support. The results demonstrate that RoBERTa-based fine-tuning on conversational data provides a reliable foundation for real-time emotion-aware mental health chatbot systems.

Employee engagement is critical to organizational performance, employee well-being, and long-term sustainability. In hybrid work contexts, generational differences have become increasingly evident, particularly between Generation Y and Generation Z employees. Generation Y tends to emphasize work–life balance, career development, and meaningful collaboration, while Generation Z prioritizes flexibility, job security, digital integration, and the use of technology in the workplace. This study adopts a systematic literature review (SLR) approach by synthesizing findings from various peer-reviewed studies related to employee engagement and hybrid work practices across generations. The review focuses on identifying key factors that influence employee engagement in modern work environments. The results indicate that hybrid work can significantly enhance employee engagement when organizations provide flexibility, autonomy, adequate technological support, professional development opportunities, and fair reward systems. In addition, supportive organizational culture and effective leadership are important in maintaining employee motivation and commitment. However, differences in generational expectations require organizations to implement adaptive managerial strategies, including flexible work policies, personalized communication approaches, and inclusive leadership practices to strengthen employee engagement across different generations in hybrid work settings.

The advancement of digital technology has encouraged e-commerce platforms to adopt interactive features such as Virtual Try-On to enhance a more visual and personalized shopping experience. This feature allows consumers to virtually try products, thereby assisting in product evaluation prior to purchase decisions. This study aims to analyze the effect of experiential value on customer engagement behavior, with customer satisfaction as a mediating variable. The research employs a quantitative approach through a survey of 150 respondents in Indonesia who have used Virtual Try-On, using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results indicate that experiential value has a positive and significant effect on both customer satisfaction and customer engagement behavior. Furthermore, customer satisfaction also has a positive effect on customer engagement behavior and partially mediates the relationship between experiential value and customer engagement behavior. These findings suggest that valuable technology-driven experiences can enhance customer satisfaction and encourage more active consumer engagement. This study contributes theoretically to the literature on digital consumer behavior and offers practical implications for e-commerce platforms in optimizing Virtual Try-On features.

 This research addresses the growing tendency of contemporary education to prioritize cognitive achievement while marginalizing character formation and spiritual development, resulting in an imbalanced educational paradigm that affects the holistic growth of learners in various educational contexts. In response, the research critically examines the concept and principles of Christian education as articulated by Ignatius Loyola, particularly in relation to contemporary educational challenges and the need for meaningful transformation in learning processes today. The study employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method, drawing on relevant academic sources such as books, peer-reviewed journal articles, and theological writings to support systematic and critical analysis. The findings indicate that Ignatian educational thought emphasizes holistic human formation through the integration of intellectual, moral, and spiritual dimensions, grounded in the principles of Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam, Cura Personalis, and Find God in All Things, which together foster reflective, value-oriented learning. The study contributes to contemporary educational discourse by offering an alternative framework that promotes holistic development, strengthens character formation, and addresses the limitations of cognitively oriented educational models in diverse educational practices.

This study aims to know the decision-making strategies in individuals with pragmatic personality. The approach used was qualitative with a case study method. The subjects of the study consisted of three individuals who were selected using purposive sampling techniques based on pragmatic personality characteristics, i.e. oriented to results, efficiency, and practical considerations in decision making. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observations, then analyzed using thematic analysis. The results of the study showed that all three respondents had relatively similar decision-making patterns, namely starting with understanding the problem, followed by identification and evaluation of multiple alternatives, as well as considering the advantages and disadvantages of each option. In determining the final decision, pragmatic individuals tend to choose solutions that are realistic, simple, effective, and have the lowest risk yet provide the optimal benefit. Additionally, in the face of important decisions, respondents showed a cautious attitude by calming themselves, not rushing, as well as partially considering the opinions of others as additional evaluation material. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that pragmatic personality plays a role in forming logical, adaptive, and real outcome-oriented decision-making strategies in daily life.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of high academic pressure among students who possess excessively high self-standards or perfectionistic personality traits. The primary issue examined is how these students manage their emotions amidst a constant fear of failure. This study aims to gain a profound understanding of the emotion regulation strategies employed by perfectionistic students. The research method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach to explore the participants 3 subjective experiences. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with active students selected via purposive sampling. The results indicate that participants tend to use maladaptive strategies, such as expressive suppression and procrastination, when they feel unable to achieve maximum targets. Social support and emotional maturity were identified as key factors helping them transition toward adaptive strategies. The study concludes with an emphasis on the necessity of specialized psychological support for perfectionistic students to develop self-compassion.

Decline in the ability to perform activities of daily living among older adults can lead to poor personal hygiene practices, thereby increasing the risk of infections, including urinary tract infections. This study aims to analyze the effect of improving self-care in personal hygiene on reducing the risk of urinary tract infections in the elderly.The method used was a case study involving a single respondent (Mr. W), with a four-week intervention consisting of one visit per week, each lasting approximately 45 minutes. The intervention included personal hygiene education, practical demonstrations, direct assistance, and environmental modification.The results showed an improvement in both awareness and personal hygiene practices, as indicated by the ability to brush teeth regularly, perform proper genital care after urination, and maintain consistency in changing clothes and underwear, although some habits still required ongoing assistance.In conclusion, a holistic approach through education, assistance, and environmental support is effective in gradually improving personal hygiene practices among older adults. However, continuous efforts are necessary to achieve long-term behavioral consistency.

Decline in the ability to perform activities of daily living among older adults can lead to poor personal hygiene practices, thereby increasing the risk of infections, including urinary tract infections. This study aims to analyze the effect of improving self-care in personal hygiene on reducing the risk of urinary tract infections in the elderly.The method used was a case study involving a single respondent (Mr. W), with a four-week intervention consisting of one visit per week, each lasting approximately 45 minutes. The intervention included personal hygiene education, practical demonstrations, direct assistance, and environmental modification.The results showed an improvement in both awareness and personal hygiene practices, as indicated by the ability to brush teeth regularly, perform proper genital care after urination, and maintain consistency in changing clothes and underwear, although some habits still required ongoing assistance.In conclusion, a holistic approach through education, assistance, and environmental support is effective in gradually improving personal hygiene practices among older adults. However, continuous efforts are necessary to achieve long-term behavioral consistency.

The principle of the presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle in criminal law that aims to protect the rights of suspects from the beginning of the legal process. This principle is enshrined in the 1945 Constitution and regulated in Article 8 of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), which states that a person cannot be considered guilty unless a court decision with permanent legal force declares them guilty. The application of this principle at every stage of examination (investigation, prosecution, and trial) is crucial to ensuring the protection of the rights of perpetrators (suspects or defendants) and preventing the abuse of power that may harm individuals who have not been proven guilty. This research focuses on examining the consequences of violations of this principle in investigations and the protection of suspects’ rights within the criminal justice system, along with efforts to prevent such violations. The method used is a literature review with a juridical-normative approach. The findings indicate frequent neglect of the presumption of innocence, leading to human rights violations. To prevent this, stricter supervision by external monitoring bodies, such as the National Commission on Human Rights, is necessary to safeguard the rights of suspects.

This study aims to evaluate simple bookkeeping practices in traditional Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through a comparative study between Nasi Padang and Warung Madura MSMEs. The background of this study is based on the still low level of financial literacy of MSMEs, especially in terms of recording and managing business finances, which are often not done systematically. The methods used in this activity include direct observation, simple bookkeeping training, and evaluation of the implementation of financial recording. The results of the observation indicate that Nasi Padang MSMEs have not kept complete financial records and still mix personal finances with business finances. Meanwhile, Warung Madura MSMEs have kept simple bookkeeping and separated business finances from personal finances, but the records are not organized neatly and systematically. The implementation of simple bookkeeping training has a positive impact on improving business actors' understanding in recording cash inflows and outflows and preparing simple profit and loss reports. The evaluation results show an increase in the ability of MSMEs to manage business finances in a more structured manner. Thus, simple bookkeeping plays an important role in increasing financial transparency, assisting business decision-making, and supporting the sustainability of MSMEs. This study recommends ongoing mentoring so that simple bookkeeping practices can be consistently implemented by MSMEs.

This study aims to analyze Catholic marriage in the perspective of Martin Buber's dialogical philosophy, particularly the concept of “I-Thou,” as an integrative and applicable approach to building family life. Catholic marriage is understood as a sacrament that is monogamous and indissoluble, based on the Holy Scriptures, Church teachings, and the Code of Canon Law. However, various contemporary challenges such as communication crises, technological developments, and internal family conflicts demand a renewal of the way of understanding husband-wife relationships in a more dialogical and personal manner. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature approach, descriptive-analytical in nature, through content analysis and hermeneutics of relevant primary and secondary sources. The results of the study show that the integration of the “I-You” concept in Catholic marriage affirms the husband-wife relationship as an encounter between subjects who are equal, dialogical, and reciprocal. This model places marriage as a responsibility for unity, a practice of dialogue for the bonum coniugum, and a communion that reaches its peak in a relationship with God, so that sacramental teachings are concretely realized in the dynamics of family life.

This study aims to evaluate simple bookkeeping practices in traditional Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through a comparative study between Nasi Padang and Warung Madura MSMEs. The background of this study is based on the still low level of financial literacy of MSMEs, especially in terms of recording and managing business finances, which are often not done systematically. The methods used in this activity include direct observation, simple bookkeeping training, and evaluation of the implementation of financial recording. The results of the observation indicate that Nasi Padang MSMEs have not kept complete financial records and still mix personal finances with business finances. Meanwhile, Warung Madura MSMEs have kept simple bookkeeping and separated business finances from personal finances, but the records are not organized neatly and systematically. The implementation of simple bookkeeping training has a positive impact on improving business actors' understanding in recording cash inflows and outflows and preparing simple profit and loss reports. The evaluation results show an increase in the ability of MSMEs to manage business finances in a more structured manner. Thus, simple bookkeeping plays an important role in increasing financial transparency, assisting business decision-making, and supporting the sustainability of MSMEs. This study recommends ongoing mentoring so that simple bookkeeping practices can be consistently implemented by MSMEs.

Christian leadership rooted in John 15:1 8 and 13 17 depicts Jesus as the true vine, where leaders, as branches, must abide (remain attached) in Him (Jesus Christ) to bear abundant fruit through divine vision, moral integrity, and passionate service. This analysis explores how the vine metaphor shapes a leadership model that depends on an intimate (attached) relationship with Christ, producing fruit in daily life and ministry. The relationship between the vine and the branches reflects the necessity for church leaders to rely on Christ for guidance, strength, and the ability to serve others effectively. The model emphasizes the importance of nurturing personal spiritual growth, cultivating virtues that align with God’s purpose, and fostering a ministry focused on service and integrity. These principles are relevant for Indonesian church leaders who are called to integrate their faith with contextual ministry. By examining the passage through exegesis and literature review, this article provides insights on developing a Christ centered approach to leadership.

Entering the third decade of the 21st century, the church faces the urgency of redefining its existence amidst the shift to a digital ecosystem. This research aims to analyze the synergy between church management and transformational leadership toward the effectiveness of leader multiplication in the Digital 4.0 era. Using a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach through library research, this study explores the integration of modern management theories and theological principles. The findings indicate that church management serves as a vital infrastructure providing operational stability, while transformational leadership acts as a catalyst for innovation and behavioral change in facing VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) conditions. The synergy between these two elements creates a “Digital Shepherding” model, where the digital space is transformed into a theological medium for character formation and spiritual transmission. The study concludes that the effectiveness of leader multiplication is determined by a shift from person-centered leadership to a system-inspired approach that integrates digital capabilities with biblical integrity. Strategic implications suggest that churches must adopt a digital mindset and establish digital leadership laboratories to ensure the sustainability of their mission among Generation Z.

Social change in the context of liquid modernity has significantly influenced how people understand interpersonal relationships, love, and commitment. Contemporary relationships tend to be flexible, temporary, and oriented towards the fulfillment of subjective needs, making loyalty and long-term commitment often viewed as a threat to personal autonomy. Based on Zygmunt Bauman's analysis of liquid modernity and liquid love, this study examines the crisis of modern relationships as an anthropological and theological crisis of meaning. Specifically, the study focuses on the Nota Doktrinal Una Caro as the Catholic Church's theological response to these relational dynamics. Using a library research method with a qualitative and analytical-hermeneutical approach, this study interprets magisterial texts in critical dialogue with the sociological theory of liquid modernity. The research findings show that the Nota Doktrinal Una Caro offers an integrated anthropological-theological vision by affirming Catholic marriage as a permanent, monogamous, and indissoluble communion of life and love. Fidelity is understood as the highest actualization of freedom, while sexuality is seen as an expression of total self-giving, offering an alternative to the fragmentation of modern relationships. The study also emphasizes the importance of a dialogical and formative approach in family counseling.

Young people often respond to stress through maladaptive patterns such as self-blame, avoidance, emotional withdrawal, and catastrophic thinking. These responses may provide temporary psychological protection, but they can also weaken emotional regulation, resilience, and interpersonal functioning over time. This study examines how Plato’s concept of eudaimonia and Jung’s analytical psychology can be integrated to interpret and address maladaptive responses in youth. Using a qualitative conceptual design supported by exploratory survey data, the study develops an interpretive framework that connects Jungian self-awareness with Platonic virtue-based self-regulation. The survey findings indicate that self-critical and avoidant tendencies were common among respondents, suggesting that many participants struggled to manage stress in reflective and constructive ways. In response, the article argues that Jung’s emphasis on recognizing hidden emotions and inner conflict can deepen psychological insight, while Plato’s emphasis on reason, virtue, and moral formation can guide individuals toward more balanced coping. The study contributes a humanistic framework for youth stress management that links emotional awareness, ethical self-governance, and personal flourishing. It also offers practical implications for educators, counselors, and families seeking more integrative approaches to youth well-being.

This study aims to analyze the short story “Siapakah Keluarga dari Tubuh yang Kacau Itu?” by Radja Sinaga using structural and moral approaches in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of its content and meaning. The structural approach is employed to examine intrinsic elements, including theme, characters and characterization, plot, setting, point of view, language style, and message. Meanwhile, the moral approach is used to reveal the ethical values and life lessons contained in the short story. This study applies a descriptive qualitative method, with data collected through library research by means of intensive reading and systematic note-taking of the text. The results show that the short story demonstrates a strong structural unity, with the main theme focusing on human suffering caused by war and the loss of family. In addition, several moral values are identified, such as humanity, familial love, criticism of violence, loss of identity, and resilience in facing suffering. The use of the second-person point of view also strengthens the reader’s emotional engagement with the story. Therefore, the combination of structural and moral approaches provides a deeper understanding of the meaning of the short story and its relevance to real-life contexts. This study is expected to enrich literary studies and enhance readers’ appreciation of literary works.

The Qiroati method is an instructional approach to reading the Qur’an that emphasizes direct practice of tartil recitation in accordance with the rules of tajwid. This method is practical, systematic, and implemented gradually, meaning that learners are not allowed to proceed to the next level before achieving fluency at the current stage. One of the main challenges in learning to read and memorize the Qur’an is the limited use of structured teaching methods, as some teachers still rely primarily on personal experience and conventional reading approaches. This condition contributes to students’ lack of fluency in reading and memorizing the Qur’an, as well as decreased learning motivation due to monotonous and less effective instructional practices. This study aims to examine the implementation of the Qiroati method in improving students’ Qur’anic reading ability within the Tahfidzul Qur’an program at SMP Daruttaqwa Full Day School. The findings are expected to provide useful insights for educators and contribute to academic knowledge. This research employs a field research design with a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on describing the application of the Qiroati method in enhancing students’ reading ability in relation to Qur’an memorization. Data were collected through interviews, tests, and documentation, while data analysis involved data collection, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the implementation of the Qiroati method effectively improves students’ ability to read the Qur’an in the Tahfidzul Qur’an program. This is evidenced by the improvement in students’ reading scores compared to their previous performance. In practice, the method involves teachers modeling correct recitation, followed by students reading collectively. Therefore, the Qiroati method not only enhances students’ accuracy in reading the Qur’an but also fosters a more engaging and effective learning environment.

The dominance of digital technology in contemporary society has led to a shift in human values. Technology no longer serves merely as a tool but has evolved into a crucial system shaping interaction, communication, and behavior. This study uses qualitative methods to examine how digital technology influences human values in modern society. For this purpose, a literature review was carried out, incorporating thematic analysis of relevant sources. According to this study, the prevalence of digital technology has significantly transformed many aspects of social life. This includes the transition from a user-centered paradigm to a more automated system-centered paradigm; the conversion of human identity into data representation in digital systems; as well as the move from in-person to online communication within social exchanges. These effects undermine the quality of social relationships, reduce empathy and interpersonal interaction, increase dependence on technology, and lead to dehumanization. Furthermore, changes in information perception have the potential to improve digital literacy but simultaneously reduce the quality of critical public reflection. Nevertheless, digital technology continues to offer advantages such as easier access to information and productivity gains. Therefore, strategic efforts are needed to improve user-centered technology, digital skills, and adaptable regulations.