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This research is motivated by the lack of student motivation in learning Indonesian, which is due to the limited availability of innovative learning media. Additionally, this research is tailored to the abilities of the students. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of student motivation in using flash card media in Indonesian language subjects at the elementary school level. The method used is a qualitative approach by conducting field research, with data obtained through observation, interviews, documentation, analysis, reduction, presentation, and data verification. The results of the study indicate that the use of flash card media can enhance student motivation in learning materials on facts and opinions, create an enjoyable classroom atmosphere, and foster student enthusiasm. Moreover, it helps students become more actively engaged in the learning process.

This study aims to find out the extent of the role of family planning extension facilitators in Pawindan Village, Ciamis district. The focus of the research is the role of facilitators in efforts to prevent early marriage. In this study, a descriptive qualitative method is used, namely research that tries to describe the object being researched based on the facts in the field, then in this study, data is collected from the DP2KBP3A and UPTD of the P5A Field of Ciamis District, interviews with informants who are considered to understand and understand this problem the most, as well as analysis of documents related to the problem of early marriage. The results of the study show that Facilitators have a very important role in supporting programs made by the Population Control, Family Planning, Women's Empowerment, and Child Protection (DPPKBP3A) Office. They act as a bridge between the government and the community, ensuring that the information and services provided are accessible and well understood by the public. The role of facilitators for the community to run the early marriage program has been implemented quite well in accordance with the needs of the community. This can be seen from the implementation of the program, the facilitator plays the role of providing solutions to the problems faced by the community. Although there are some people who think that facilitators have not been maximized in carrying out their roles. However, most of the community is helped in overcoming the problems faced

This research aims to understand the dynamics of rationality and emotions in the context of decision making in business. A literature study method is used by collecting literature from various sources related to rationality, emotions, and their interactions in business decision making. The results showed that business decision making needs a balanced approach between rationality and emotions. Rationality bases decisions on logical processes based on facts, through evaluating alternatives and choosing optimal options. Meanwhile, emotions play an important role through heuristics, motivation, perception, and evaluation. The implications for business practice are the importance of balancing rationality with emotions to make better and more sustainable decisions.

Persuasive communication is an important strategy in conveying public policy to urban communities that tend to be busy and diverse. This study examines the role of persuasive techniques in increasing understanding and support for policies to reduce the use of single-use plastics. Using an experimental method, the results of the study show that messages delivered with emotional narratives and scientific facts have the most significant impact.

Probative value refers to the extent to which the evidence provided is able to prove the facts being disputed. Evidence may be relevant in the sense that it relates to the case at hand, but relevance alone does not guarantee that the evidence will be well received or considered to have a significant influence. This study uses a qualitative research method with a conceptual approach. The data collection method was collected using library research, then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that the process of proof in criminal law plays a central role in upholding substantive justice. Evidence not only functions as a mechanism to test the truth of claims or accusations brought in court, but also as a tool to protect the human rights of the accused by ensuring that everyone is considered innocent until proven otherwise. Failure to assess probative value can lead to serious injustice in the form of wrongful conviction or wrongful acquittal. To address this problem, it is necessary to increase technical literacy among legal practitioners, as well as the application of more careful procedures in testing the validity and reliability of evidence.

Science plays a crucial role in human life as it helps us understand the universe through observation, experimentation, and analysis. In education, science not only teaches scientific concepts but also fosters scientific attitudes and critical thinking skills in students. To make science education more meaningful, interactive, and relevant, a deep understanding of the Nature of Science (NOS) is essential. This study aims to explore the understanding, benefits, and application of scientific concepts in the teaching and learning process to shape students' scientific attitudes. Using a literature review method, this research gathers information from various relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that science encompasses elements of philosophy, sociology, history, and psychology that support scientific understanding. By understanding NOS, students will view science as a process of knowledge discovery, rather than merely a collection of facts. The application of science in education also impacts students' ability to apply knowledge in practical contexts, enhance their analytical skills, and adapt to societal changes.

Social Studies (IPS) is one of the subjects taught at the elementary / MI / SDLB level to SMP / MTs / SMP / SMPLB. IPS examines various claims, facts, assumptions, and generalizations related to social issues, by covering disciplines such as Geography, History, Sociology, and Economics in the SMP / MTs curriculum. Through social studies learning, students are encouraged to become active citizens, caring, politically aware, and have a global awareness and love of peace.This research uses a literature analysis method or literature review approach. Social studies covers a variety of subjects, including science, mathematics, and Indonesian language, thus placing it as a challenging field of study. Social studies learning seeks to answer various human rights issues and daily social problems faced by society. In the process, social studies learning is characterized by challenges and complexities that must be faced by educators and students. Keywords: Social Science, Education and Curriculum, Social and Civic Issues, Literature Review

The modern Arab nation, usually referred to as a global society, is certainly different from the Arab nation during the time of the Prophet Muhammad. The difference lies in following the geo-culture that it experiences to continue its existence in the arena of international competition. Modern Arabs have been compressed in ethnolinguistics that are far from being generally Muslim so that the facts that occur are still common among those who are not Muslims. In their religious understanding, the Modern Arab nation seems monolithic and is not dominated by certain doctrines to develop its teachings. So, it is commonplace to find among them various variants, both cultural, political and governmental, to strengthen their existence.

This research aims to understand the dynamics of rationality and emotions in the context of decision making in business. A literature study method is used by collecting literature from various sources related to rationality, emotions, and their interactions in business decision making. The results showed that business decision making needs a balanced approach between rationality and emotions. Rationality bases decisions on logical processes based on facts, through evaluating alternatives and choosing optimal options. Meanwhile, emotions play an important role through heuristics, motivation, perception, and evaluation. The implications for business practice are the importance of balancing rationality with emotions to make better and more sustainable decisions.

Menarche is the first menstruation that usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 16 years, or in early adolescence in the middle of puberty, just before the reproductive period begins. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between knowledge about Menarch and the anxiety level of early teenage girls in the working area of the Pumpkin Beach Public Health Center. 2023. This research uses analytical descriptive research which aims to systematically and factually describe the facts and relationships between communicating variables by collecting data, processing, analyzing and interpreting data in statistical hypothesis testing. The sampling technique used was total sampling. The instrument used was a questionnaire and analysis of the results of the chi-square statistical test concluded that p-value = 0.003 or <0.05, so a significant relationship was found between the level of knowledge. with the level of anxiety of teenagers in facing menarche in the work area of the Pumpkin Beach Community Health Center in 2023

Based on preliminary observations made in the field at SMK Negeri 2 Tondano, especially in class XI students, it appears that there is still room for improvement in terms of student mastery of the basic techniques of the backhand serve. This can be seen in badminton games by looking at students' readiness to hit a backhand serve, and how calm they are when serving backhand. After identifying the sources of the problem above, one of the most influential is the use of teaching techniques in the learning process that are less relevant to the sport being taught, in this case badminton. Based on the facts given above, the use of relevant, effective, and efficient teaching techniques is very important to increase student interest in learning and improve the ability to smash backhand serves in badminton games. The research instrument used is a short serve test in badminton games. The findings of this study indicate that there is an influence between the use of command teaching techniques and the improvement of backhand service skills in badminton games of SMKN 2 Tondano students, based on the results of hypothesis testing using t test statistics.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the demonstration teaching method in improving the learning outcomes of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) for eighth-grade students at SMP Budi Utomo, Srono. The demonstration teaching method was chosen because it provides students with direct experience, allowing them to understand the material more clearly and practically. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation, and were then analyzed by systematically describing the findings based on facts and phenomena observed in the field. The results of the study show that the implementation of the demonstration teaching method was carried out through three main stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. During the planning stage, the teacher prepares relevant materials and teaching aids for the topic being taught. The implementation stage involves using visual media and teaching aids to clarify the explanation of the material, while engaging students in the demonstration activities directly. In the evaluation stage, the teacher provides feedback to assess the students' understanding of the material taught. The application of the demonstration method has a positive impact on the students' learning outcomes. The study shows that students experienced an increase in their understanding of IRE material, greater enthusiasm for learning, and improved responsiveness to issues in their surrounding environment. Additionally, group learning activities during the teaching process strengthened communication skills among students. Therefore, this method proves to be effective in enhancing the quality of classroom learning.

Language in a state address functions not only as a medium for delivering information but also as a political communication tool rich in meaning and pragmatic strategies. This study describes the forms and functions of implicature found in President Joko Widodo’s State Address at the 2024 Annual Session of the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR RI). The study focuses on two aspects: (1) the types of implicature, consisting of conventional and nonconventional implicatures, and (2) the functions of implicature, including assertive, directive, expressive, and commissive functions. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a pragmatic approach and content analysis. The data, in the form of utterances containing implied meanings, were collected using the listening and note-taking techniques and analyzed based on Grice’s implicature theory and relevant pragmatic frameworks. The results show that President Joko Widodo’s state address contains two types of implicature: conventional implicature, which carries explicit and commonly understood meanings, and nonconventional implicature, which requires contextual interpretation because of its implicit nature. Furthermore, four functions of implicature were identified: (1) assertive, used to express facts and the speaker’s beliefs; (2) directive, containing appeals and encouragement to continue national development; (3) expressive, conveying gratitude and appreciation to national institutions; and (4) commissive, emphasizing the President’s commitment to maintaining international trust and national sovereignty. Overall, the findings reveal that the use of implicature in the state address serves as an effective and polite political communication strategy. 

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of using story framework media in improving the ability to write fantasy story texts for class VII students at Junior high school 5 Cimahi. Writing fantasy story texts requires creativity, developing imagination, and the ability to organize story lines well. Based on initial observations, many students still have difficulty writing structured, creative and coherent fantasy stories. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to describe the facts that emerged during the research through observation and questionnaires. Data was collected through observation sheets which included plot development, characterization, use of language, and creativity. Based on the results of the analysis, 39% of students achieved the Very Good category, 50% the Good category, and 11% the Poor category with an average score of 81.9, which is classified as Good. Thus, story framework media is effective in helping students develop better and more structured fantasy story text writing skills. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of more innovative and effective Indonesian language learning methods

This study investigates the effectiveness of media literacy training in enhancing high school students’ critical evaluation skills in the digital era. The research is motivated by the growing challenges of disinformation and fake news, which often influence young people’s perception of news and their decision-making processes. The objective of this study is to examine how structured media literacy training can transform students’ ability to critically analyze information, recognize fake news, and construct well-founded arguments. A qualitative research approach was employed, using content analysis of training materials, classroom workshops, observations, and reflective interviews or questionnaires to gather data. The participants were purposively selected high school students engaged in the media literacy program. The findings reveal significant improvements in students’ ability to identify the characteristics of fake news, verify information through reliable sources, and analyze media messages more systematically. Before the training, students tended to accept information uncritically, struggled to differentiate between facts and opinions, and relied heavily on social media as their primary source of information. After the training, however, they demonstrated more reflective and cautious behavior, cross-checking information from multiple credible sources and presenting arguments that linked news content with broader socio-political contexts. The study concludes that media literacy training plays a crucial role in equipping students with critical thinking skills necessary to navigate the complexities of the digital information landscape. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for integrating media literacy into school curricula, supported by teacher training and sustainable educational policies, to ensure long-term resilience against disinformation.

This research aims to determine the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation No. 51/m-dag/per/7/2015 concerning the prohibition on imports of used clothing in Indonesia and the legal implications for consumer protection based on legal certainty in Indonesia. This research was conducted using a type of normative legal research with two types of approaches, namely the Statutory Approach and the Conceptual Approach. Based on research results, the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 51/M-DAG/7/2015 of 2015 concerning the prohibition on the import of used clothing is only limited to providing guidance and supervision and does not make recommendations to stop the business activities of trading imported used clothing to law enforcement authorities. The facts that occur in Indonesia state that there is still a lot of imported used clothing being bought and sold in markets and thrift shops, meaning that the implementation of the trade minister's regulations has not been implemented optimally. Legal Implications of the Implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 51/M-DAG/PER/7/2015 concerning the Prohibition of Importing Used Clothes for consumer protection based on legal certainty gives rise to vague norms and conflict of norms which results in the absence of legal certainty. This is because the trade minister's regulations cause multiple interpretations and conflict with the finance minister's regulation number 6/PMK.010/2022, so that the rights and obligations to protect consumers are not guaranteed through these regulations.

This research discusses the Problems of the Existence of Swallow's Nests and the procedures and permits for their establishment in Gorontalo Regency. The method used in the research is empirical, with qualitative descriptive data analysis that describes and describes data and field facts.The results of the research show that the problems with the existence of swallow nests in Gorontalo Regency consist of; Neighbors' rights were not fulfilled when the building was erected, because the swallowtail bird's nest building, apart from being erected without the permission of the closest neighbors, was also located right near a residential area. The noise from recorded bird calls can disrupt people's activities, and the presence of bird nests does not rule out the possibility of carrying various types of diseases. The lack of permit processing, where the construction of swallow nests in the Gorontalo Regency area has not yet fully obtained a building permit, because for the construction of swallow nests there were no proposals received by the government. Triggering conflict, where it is feared that building swiftlet nests could develop bird flu, cause odors caused by swiftlet feces, the smell of rubbish used as additional food for swiftlets, disrupt air quality, and pollute residents' reservoir water. Apart from that, this conflict can occur because the owner of the swallow's nest building is not domiciled on the premises, so it becomes a problem in itself. The construction of swallow's nests in Gorontalo Regency does not comply with the procedures and permits for establishment as stated in the Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 71 of 1999 concerning Guidelines for the Management and Business of Swallow's Nests, where Chapter III Article 4 is managed with the permission of the Regional Head. Apart from that, it is not yet based on Law Number 28 of 2009 regarding Regional Taxes and Retributions, as well as Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2020 concerning Swallow's Nest Tax in Gorontalo Regency. This is due to weak awareness of environmental law, the community does not understand the procedures for establishing wallet bird nests and local government outreach has not been optimal.

Sampang regency, located on Madura Island, is one of the districts that has abundant natural resources. There are various kinds of tourism potential in Sampang Regency. Tourism Management in Sampang Regency requires integrated and structured planning in order to improve the quality of existing tourism. One form of tourism planning in accordance with Article 8 paragraph (1) of Law No. 10 of 2009 on tourism, namely with the Master Plan of Tourism Development (RIPPARKAB), but until now the Sampang Regency government has not passed local regulations governing RIPPARKAB. The method used in this study is empirical juridical method, where this study was conducted by examining the actual circumstances or real circumstances that occur in society with the aim of knowing and finding the facts and data needed. The results showed that, Sampang Regency government efforts in the process of Tourism Development is to establish a decree of the Regent who set an area into a tourist spot. In addition, the Sampang Regency government has also drafted and will soon pass a regional regulation on RIPPARKAB as a guideline and implementation of Article 8 paragraph (1) of Law No. 10 of 2009 on tourism.

Knowledge refers to information or facts collected and resulted from people learning through sensory perception which lead and shape their action. It is necessary for students both male and female to understand menstruation knowledge. Although the boys do not have experience of having menstrual cycle, they need to understand in order to behave appropriately towards their female friends, such as showing respect, emphaty and support for their peers. The study aims to investigate the correlation between students’ mestruation knowledge towards their attitudes in grade fifth and sixth of Integrated Islamic Primary School of Insan Madani Bongas.The study uses quantitative approach to examine relationship between the knowledge and attitude. To collect data, the researcher distributes the questionnaires to students. To describe the correlation between the variables, for data analysis the researcher uses classical assumption test and simple linear regression. This study shows that the knowledge and attitudes of sixth-grade students towards menstruation are better than those of fifth-grade students. And, the knowledge and attitudes of female students regarding menstruation are better than those of male students since females have personal experience with menstruation, while males do not. Finally, in conclusion, there is a correlation between students’ menstruation knowledge and their attitudes in fifth and sixth grade of SDIT Insan Madani Bongas.

The problem of education, especially in learning, is the low quality, relevance, and efficiency of learning so that the responsiveness and comprehension of students are very low. A learning approach is needed that fosters creativity and innovation in students, namely through the application of Contextual Learning (PKB). This article aims to explain the concept of implementing the Contextual Learning (PKB) model in the educational process in elementary schools. Contextual learning is an educational approach that allows instructors to connect learning materials with real-world scenarios and their relevance in the role of students as family members, citizens, and employees, while fostering active participation in the learning tasks required. The contextual approach (PKB) must be applied, because education is still dominated by the perception that knowledge consists of facts that require memorization. In this scenario, the function and role of the teacher remain dominant, so that students become obedient and uncreative. Students are expected to learn from personal experience rather than memorizing through this contextual approach. PKB emphasizes the importance of student involvement in finding material, highlights the importance of direct experience, and does not anticipate that students only absorb lessons; instead, PKB encourages students to actively seek learning resources. CTL improves students' ability to apply knowledge in real life, which shows that CTL not only aims for students to understand the topic but also understand how the topic affects their behavior in everyday life.