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This study is motivated by the issue of criminalizing drug couriers, who in judicial practice are often equated with the main perpetrators, even though in reality they occupy a subordinate position in the drug distribution network. The lack of clarity in the differentiation of roles in Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics has led to the application of criminal liability that tends to be formalistic and has the potential to disregard substantive justice. This study aims to analyze the form of criminal liability of Class I drug couriers and assess whether the Pekanbaru District Court Decision Number 119/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Pbr has reflected justice in the imposition of criminal penalties. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The results of the study show that the criminal liability imposed on couriers in the verdict is direct as the main perpetrator, without considering the theory of the perpetrator's role, degree of fault, and the defendant's capacity to be held responsible. The judge emphasized the fulfillment of the elements of the act as formulated in Article 114 of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, without adequate analysis of the mens rea and the factual contribution of the courier in the structure of the crime. Justice in this study is understood as substantive justice, which requires consistency between the punishment, role, and degree of fault of the perpetrator. Proportional punishment is interpreted as the imposition of sanctions that clearly distinguish between couriers as subordinate actors and the main actors who control the narcotics network. This study concludes that the criminal liability of narcotics couriers must be based on individualization of punishment and proportionality so that law enforcement not only fulfills legal certainty but also reflects substantive justice.  

Background: Prevalence of obese adolescents in Indonesia has increased every year. In 2018, Indonesian adolescents suffering from obesity reached 8.8%. One of the causes of the increasing problem is an imbalance in nutritional intake. Sweet snacks and fatty snacks are popular snacks among adolescents. This snacking habit can risk the incidence of obesity in adolescents. Obesity in adolescents can have various negative impacts on adolescents, both in terms of health, and in terms of mental health which will also affect adulthood. Purpose: This study was to determine the relationship between the habit of consuming sweet snacks and fatty snacks with the nutritional status of adolescents at SMAN 18 Bekasi City. Methods: This study used analytic observational method with cross sectional design conducted at SMAN 18 Bekasi City. The sample of this study amounted to 100 respondents who were taken by consecutive sampling method. Data were collected using a 24-hour food recall questionnaire and analyzed using fisher's exact statistical test. Results: Based on the results of the analysis, the p-value of the variable consumption habits of sweet snacks with nutritional status is 0.771 (p>0.05) with OR 0.744 and the p-value of the variable consumption habits of fatty snacks with nutritional status is 1.000 (p>0.05) with OR 0.948. Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between consumption habits of sweet snacks and fatty snacks with nutritional status among adolescents at SMAN 18 Bekasi City.

Drought is a hydrometeorological disaster that significantly affects water availability and agricultural activities. Pesisir Selatan Regency has diverse topographic conditions that influence the level of vulnerability to drought, thereby requiring a comprehensive spatial analysis. This study aims to map drought risk by integrating slope steepness with other biophysical parameters using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The data employed include slope maps derived from DEMNAS, rainfall data (CHIRPS 2024), soil types, land use, and river networks. The analysis was conducted through scoring and overlay methods to produce a drought risk map. The results indicate that areas with very steep slopes (>45%) have a high level of vulnerability due to surface runoff dominance and low infiltration capacity, particularly in Bayang Utara District. In contrast, flat to gently sloping areas dominated by rice fields and forest cover are relatively low-risk. Overall, drought risk in the region is classified into three categories: low, medium, and high. The resulting maps can serve as a basis for local governments in developing spatial planning policies, water conservation infrastructure, and disaster mitigation strategies that are more adaptive and sustainable.

The use of AI is seen as aiding the learning process, and students have used AI for various purposes in their coursework. This article aims to investigate the impact of AI use on their innovation and creativity, as well as the possibility of AI replacing lecturers. A qualitative study was conducted with 53 student respondents. Questions were asked about the definition of AI, the applications of AI they use, whether AI can enhance creativity and innovation, and whether AI will one day replace lecturers. The findings indicate that AI is artificial intelligence that serves as an aid in the student learning process. The majority of students use ChatGPT, and 37 students stated that AI can enhance their innovation and creativity by providing inspiration and initial ideas. AI is also a tool that accelerates the learning process and facilitates creative work, as well as AI as a means of developing skills such as critical reasoning and data analysis. However, the majority also stated that dependence on AI can actually reduce critical thinking and creativity. Regarding the role of lecturers, 41 students stated that AI cannot replace them. The implication of these findings is that AI can be used wisely while still being aware of its limitations and ethical use. The role of lecturers must be further enhanced to ensure that student learning processes address AI's limitations and allow students to further enhance their innovation and creativity, while simultaneously mitigating the associated risks.

This article discusses the development of an internal control system as an effort to overcome the risk of fraud in the company. Through in-depth analysis of existing policies, procedures and practices, this research identifies key elements that can strengthen organizational integrity. Using a case study approach, this article shows how implementing effective controls, employee training, and reporting mechanisms can increase transparency and accountability. The results of this research conclude that a comprehensive internal control system not only reduces the risk of corruption, but also encourages an ethical culture in the work environment, thereby supporting the company's sustainability and reputation.

Street children constitute a highly vulnerable population who spend most of their time in public spaces working in the informal sector and are at increased risk of engaging in deviant behaviours. Social support and resilience are recognised as key protective factors that may enable street children to adapt to adversity. This quantitative study employed a cross-sectional correlational design to examine the association between social support and resilience among street children in Semarang City, Indonesia. A total of 42 street children were recruited using accidental sampling. Data were collected using modified Likert-type questionnaires measuring social support (social embeddedness, enacted support, and perceived support) and resilience (emotion regulation, impulse control, causal analysis, self-efficacy, realistic optimism, empathy, and reaching out). Data were analysed using univariate statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation test. Most respondents reported moderate levels of social support (90.48%) and resilience (66.67%). Spearman’s test indicated a significant, positive, yet low correlation between social support and resilience (p = 0.014; r = 0.228). These findings suggest that higher social support is associated with greater resilience, although other internal and external factors are likely to contribute to resilience among street children.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in the economy, but often find obstacles in coping with risks and adjusting to market changes. Lack of knowledge and skills in risk management can affect the sustainability of a business, especially in the midst of increasingly complicated market changes. This community service activity aims to strengthen the ability of MSME human resources (HR) to manage risks and formulate strategies to adapt to changes in the market. This activity was carried out in Central Cikarang MSMEs using interactive training and mentoring methods. The material presented consisted of an introduction to business risks, strategies to reduce risks, and adjustment actions to changes in the market, which include aspects of technology, regulations, and consumption patterns. The method applied was a combination of theory and case analysis related to the situation of MSMEs in the area. The results of the activity showed that there was an increase in the participants' understanding and awareness of the significance of risk management to maintain business continuity. Participants also gained practical skills in recognizing risks and designing adaptation plans that are suitable for the business situation they face. Through this activity, it is hoped that MSMEs can become stronger in the face of market uncertainty and be able to grow sustainably.

Increasing age will reduce the physiological functions of the body including muscle mass. The ability to synthesize muscle protein decreases due to a reduction in the number of muscle fibers and a decrease in muscle fiber size. This results in the loss of neurons, reducing muscle strength capacity. Decreased muscle strength limits the daily activities of the elderly, such as difficulty walking, climbing stairs, and lifting weights. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of upper and lower extremity muscle strength of the elderly in Griya Asih Lawang nursing home, Malang Regency. This descriptive study used 30 populations with a sampling technique that is total sampling. The variable in this study is the strength of the upper and lower extremities of the elderly measured using Manual Muscule Testing. Univariate data analysis, then the data is presented in a frequency distribution table. This research was conducted in June 2023 at Griya Asih Lawang nursing home, Malang Regency. The results showed that more than half of the respondents as many as 18 people (60%) had moderate muscle strength in the upper extremities and less than half as many as 13 people (43.5%) had low muscle strength in the lower extremities, and less than half as many as 13 people (43.5%) also had moderate muscle strength in the lower extremities. Elderly gymnastics efforts to prevent early muscle decline. Providing the right walking aids as needed in daily activities can minimize the risk of falls. 

In the current era of globalization, information technology is developing rapidly. As for technology, which is equipment created to make human work easier, when achieving good progress in the work process of PT Plaza Auto Prima, it is absolutely necessary to have a technique that supports and provides satisfactory service for customers. Based on this, the author tries to analyze a method used when employees work in the Plaza Auto Prima environment regarding the work ergonomics they currently apply at PT Plaza Auto Prima, which to date has not seen any improvement. The method used is direct observation and assessment of work posture using the REBA method. The research subjects were mechanics who worked in the installation or removal of car wheels. The data obtained is analyzed to determine the REBA score and the level of risk faced by workers. The research results show that the mechanical work posture at PT Plaza Auto Prima (Toyota) Tendean has significant problems. Analysis using the REBA method produces a final score of 8, which indicates a high risk level and requires immediate improvement. Factors that contribute to this high risk include the lack of ideal work ergonomics and limited supporting equipment. This increases the risk of injury and illness to the worker's body in the future. After improvements were made by adding trolley service tools, the way of working became more ergonomic so that the REBA score dropped to 2, which shows that some of the movements carried out were in the safe category or did not cause muscle injuries in the future. Therefore, the presence of bodily abnormalities that arise from work cannot be separated from the existence of supporting equipment to facilitate the removal of certain parts so as not to cause abnormal bodily effects. Planning for the procurement of a particular tool needs to be done as soon as possible so that workers do not suffer the effects of bodily abnormalities. In this way, the author took analytical steps using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method, which is the best solution to solve the problems that exist in this company to support workers so they can work all the time without any complaints about their bodies.

In the current digital era, cybersecurity of data and information systems. The threat of  attacks, or , is a form of threat that continues to grow along with advances in technology. This research aims to learn about cybersecurity strategies in dealing with . The method used in this research is a literature review. This journal was prepared based on an analysis of research results from various journals accessed through secondary data sources, namely the Google Scholar database, and e-resources from Springer, Cambridge, and Taylor and Francis. The research results show that implementing technology such as encryption, multifactor authentication, and user training, are some of the effective steps that have been proven to reduce risk. However, challenges in implementing this strategy remain, both from a technical and non-technical perspective, which require special attention from researchers and practitioners in the field of cyber security.

This study aims to analyze cryptocurrency investment models in relation to the prevention of money laundering (Anti-Money Laundering/AML) activities. Cryptocurrency, as a growing form of digital investment, has garnered attention from regulators due to its potential money laundering risks. This paper explores preventive strategies that can be implemented within cryptocurrency investment systems, including the use of blockchain technology, KYC (Know Your Customer) procedures, and international regulations such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) guidelines. Through a qualitative method based on literature review and policy analysis, the study identifies investment models that can minimize money laundering risks while maintaining profitability for investors. These findings provide insights into the challenges and solutions in developing a safer cryptocurrency investment system that complies with AML regulations.

This study aims to analyze the role of fintech as a mediator in the influence of economic literacy on impulsive buying behavior among consumers. Economic literacy is considered an important factor that can influence consumer purchasing behavior, especially in making wise financial decisions. However, technological advances in the financial sector, especially fintech, have also played a role in facilitating impulse buying behavior through the ease of digital transactions and quick access to financial services. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method involving 250 respondents. The data was analyzed using a path analysis model to evaluate the direct influence of economic literacy on impulse buying, as well as the mediation role played by fintech. The results show that economic literacy has a negative influence on impulsive buying behavior, but fintech plays a significant role as a mediator that strengthens impulse buying tendencies, even though individuals have good economic literacy. These findings have implications for the development of financial literacy policies and fintech regulations to reduce the risk of consumptive behavior in the digital era.

Consumptive behavior is the behavior of buying goods that are less necessary to fulfill personal satisfaction so that someone no longer distinguishes between needs and wants. The offers presented by e-commerce can be a risk for Udayana University students because they see it as an opportunity to tend to buy goods that may not be essential. When viewed physically, women tend to have more needs than men. So consumptive behavior must be accompanied by an understanding of the knowledge of managing money well. Financial literacy is very useful for students to avoid consumptive behavior. This study aims to see the effect of the use of e-commerce and financial literacy on the consumptive behavior of Udayana University students. The number of samples used in this study was 400 samples. The analysis techniques used were descriptive analysis techniques and Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. The results of this study indicate that the use of e-commerce has a positive and significant effect on the consumptive behavior of Udayana University students. This means that there is a unidirectional relationship between the variable of e-commerce use and the variable of consumptive behavior. Meanwhile, financial literacy has a negative effect on the consumptive behavior of Udayana University students. This means that there is a non-unidirectional relationship between the literacy variable and the consumer behavior variable.

Using a quantitative approach, this study investigates the effect of port export and import volumes on economic growth in North Sumatra and West Sumatra Provinces. Time series data from the World Bank and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) from 2006 to 2023 are used as secondary data. The analysis uses the ARDL Panel model, which allows for analysis of data dynamics across time and regions. The results show that the three main indicators that affect economic growth (GRDP) in both provinces, both in the short and long term, are export volume, inflation, and exchange rates. In North Sumatra, export volume has a positive impact on GRDP, while import volume has a negative impact, indicating a risk of dependence on imports. Controlled inflation also has a positive impact, while the exchange rate shows a diversion. Policy recommendations are expected to improve global competitiveness and exchange rate stability through coordination of fiscal and monetary policies, support for the Export Capacity Building Program and MSMEs through the Regional Comprehensive Economic Framework (RCEP), and export diversification to reduce dependence on certain commodities. This study emphasizes that policies that are responsive to changes in trade at the national to international levels are an important foundation for stabilizing sustainable economic growth.

Customer segmentation plays a pivotal role in driving marketing strategies and improving customer retention across various industries. This study explores the application of the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) model for customer segmentation in a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) business, using Python for efficient data processing and analysis. By analyzing one year of customer purchase data, we segmented customers into key groups such as "Champions," "Loyal Customers," and "At Risk." The results highlight that targeted discount strategies significantly affect profitability, especially for high-value customer segments. Furthermore, the research builds upon existing methodologies, demonstrating how Python-based implementations streamline RFM analysis and allow for scalable solutions in business contexts, as illustrated in prior works by Hermawan et al. (2024). This study offers actionable recommendations, including tailored discounting, loyalty programs, and personalized engagement strategies, to enhance customer retention and business profitability. The findings underscore the importance of data-driven marketing approaches for customer segmentation and engagement, reinforcing the relevance of the RFM model in modern business environments.

Hypertension is a condition that is often encountered. Hypertension is a condition when blood pressure rises. Risk factors that can cause hypertension are age, race, gender, lifestyle, sodium consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress level, and education. The urgency of this research is that the number of hypertension patients at the Purwodiningratan Surakarta Health Center experiences a spike every year. Based on a preliminary study at the Community Health Center, data was obtained that the number of hypertension patients in the last five year period experienced a spike, then fell, then spiked again. The objective problem of this research is the increase in hypertension patients, so it is necessary to research the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and family support and efforts to control hypertension. The importance of this research is a manifestation of efforts to control hypertension which continues to experience a surge using interview methods and distributing leaflets with the aim of a community approach. The aim of the research is to analyze the magnitude of the impact of the hypertension control program using the swallow method (interviews and leaflets). The research approach used cross sectional. The sample was 77 hypertensive patients at the Community Health Center. The sampling technique used the accidental sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The statistical test uses a linear regression test at a significance level of 0.05.   

This study aims to optimize marketing strategies through RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) analysis on a retail transaction dataset obtained from Kaggle. The dataset contains 64,682 transactions from 5,242 SKUs involving 22,625 customers over one year. Data cleaning and RFM analysis were conducted to segment customers based on recency, frequency, and monetary values. The findings reveal that customers were segmented into groups such as Champions, Loyal Customers, and At Risk. These segments provide valuable insights for developing targeted marketing strategies, such as loyalty programs for high-value customers and retention campaigns for at-risk customers. The study demonstrates that RFM analysis is effective in identifying valuable customer segments and optimizing marketing efforts based on customer behavior. This approach can increase customer retention and improve the return on investment (ROI) in marketing campaigns.

The purpose of this research was to identify the influence of profitability, debt to equity and sales growth on financial distress in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). The dependent variable tested is financial distress which is calculated using the Altman Z-score. Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) face a number of economic and financial challenges that require careful risk management strategies. One of the main challenges that can threaten business continuity is the risk of financial difficulties. The research applies a purposive sampling method. The research sample consisted of 70 data or the equivalent of 14 companies listed on the IDX in the mining sector for the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS 20 application tools. The results of statistical test research show that profitability has a significant effect on financial distress because the significance value is <0.05, while debt to equity and sales growth have a positive and no effect. significant for financial distress because the significance value is >0.05. The results of the F statistical test show that profitability, debt to equity and sales growth have a significant and equal effect on financial distress because the significance value shows <0.05.

The importance of calculating weight and balance on an aircraft to support flight safety is something that must be done by service providers. Mistakes in calculating weight distribution can cause overloads that risk endangering the safety of passengers, crew, and the aircraft itself. This study was conducted at AirAsia Airlines with a focus on the Airbus A320 aircraft at Husein Sastranegara Airport, Bandung. The study used a quantitative method with primary and secondary data collection. Primary data was collected through direct observation in the field, while secondary data was obtained from documents, journals, and related literature. This study analyzed data related to aircraft weight, fuel, passengers, baggage, and cargo to calculate weight and balance on the loadsheet. The results of this study indicate that calculating weight and balance on loadsheets is an important process in ensuring flight safety. Steps involving calculating the weight of passengers, baggage, cargo, fuel, and the distribution of the aircraft's center of gravity ensure that the aircraft operates within the safe limits set by the manufacturer. Based on the analysis of passenger, baggage, cargo, and fuel data, the Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW) was 60,516 kg, Takeoff Weight (TOW) was 67,516 kg, and Landing Weight (LW) was 62,516 kg. All of these parameters are within the specified safe limits. Load management on an Air Asia A320 aircraft when overloading requires special attention to parameters such as Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW), Maximum Landing Weight (MLW), and Maximum Landing Weight (MZFW). If an overload occurs, as recorded on the fourth day in Hold 5, the solution that can be taken is to reduce the cargo load on that Hold. For the situation on the fifth day, where the Landing Weight (LW) exceeds the MTOW, the right step is to reduce the amount of fuel.

The lack of the leadership function in monitoring and evaluation, the limited training on patient safety is suspected to have resulted in a low safety culture and clinical risk management. This study aims to determine the influence of transformational leadership, patient safety knowledge and culture on clinical risk management at PMI Hospital. Design of a cross-sectional study, 138 nurses in August 2024. Simple random sampling technique, the independent variable is knowledge about patient safety goals and transformational leadership; the dependent variable of clinical risk management, and the intervening variable of patient safety culture. Descriptive analysis shows that PMI Hospital has nurses who have high knowledge of patient safety targets, with a charismatic leadership style, and a communicative patient safety culture. The results show that knowledge of patient safety goals, transformational leadership, and patient safety culture simultaneously and partially have a significanteffect on clinical risk management so that high knowledge, charismatic leadership, and communicative patient safety culture are proven to encourage improvements in clinical risk management at PMI Hospital.