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Business disputes are increasing in Indonesia along with the growth of economic relationships. Litigation is often perceived as time-consuming and costly, making Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) a more efficient and relationship-friendly alternative. This study aims to analyze the obstacles and opportunities in implementing ADR for business dispute resolution in Indonesia, based on the legal framework provided by Law Number 30 of 1999. The research employs a normative legal approach with descriptive analysis. Data were collected through literature reviews of legal regulations, academic literature, and journal articles. The findings reveal that although ADR holds significant potential for resolving business disputes efficiently and cost-effectively, its implementation faces several challenges. The primary obstacles include the lack of awareness among business actors about ADR's benefits, the perception that ADR lacks the legal authority compared to litigation, and the limited quality of mediators and arbitrators. The study also highlights the importance of enhancing the capacity of ADR practitioners through continuous training and educating business actors to build trust in this method. By addressing these challenges, ADR is expected to become the primary choice for resolving business disputes, fostering a conducive business environment, and supporting long-term economic growth in Indonesia.

This research aims to explain the characteristics of cognitive, social and moral development in adolescence and adulthood, by highlighting various factors that influence the dynamics of individual growth at these two stages of life. Adolescence is characterized by significant changes in abstract and logical thinking abilities, which correspond to the formal operations stage in Piaget's cognitive theory. In addition, teenagers begin to develop self-identities and build more complex social relationships. In adulthood, cognitive development shows a shift from purely logical thinking to more reflective and pragmatic thinking, which adapts to real-life challenges. This research concludes that understanding the characteristics of cognitive, social and moral development in adolescence and adulthood is very important in supporting optimal individual development. The results of this research can be a reference for educators, counselors and parents in providing guidance and support in accordance with individual development needs at each stage of life.

This research discusses the relationship between worship and noble behavior from both psychological and sociological perspectives, with the aim of identifying how worship, as a form of spriritual devotion, can influence individuals attitudes and  behavior in the context of their social life. From a psychological view point, worship is understood as one of the means to achieve psychological well-being, inner peace, and self-control. Regular worship practices, such as prayer, fasting, and dhikr, are expected to enhance positive emotional quality and reduce stress and anxiety. On the other, from a sociological perspective, worship has an important social dimension, as it shapes norms and values in society and strengthens relationships among individuals within the community. Using a theoretical approach and empirical study results, this article concludes that worship performed with full awareness and understanding can be a source of strength for developing noble behavior both psychologically and socially.

In the Digital Age, digital media—especially the internet and social media—has profoundly changed the way people communicate and interact with each other. The development of this technology has provided several benefits, including the creation of virtual communities, easy access to information, and the ability to engage in discussions. In addition, digital technology influences the way people worship and improves interpersonal relationships and communication. Although digital technology offers many advantages in terms of social interaction and access to information, it is important to monitor and ensure that digital technology is used responsibly and in a way that benefits society as a whole. This study uses a descriptive, qualitative research approach with triangulation data collection, the object of this study is social media accounts used by the community. A qualitative descriptive approach is used to analyze and interpret the content of religious media. The author can analyze the text, images, or videos in religious media to understand the messages conveyed, the representation of religion, or the communication patterns that occur. Based on the results of the study, there are advantages and disadvantages in the relationship between human life and technological advances, especially mass media. Although religious messages and public understanding are greatly enhanced by mass media, there are also disadvantages, such as the spread of misleading information. To reduce the negative impact of mass media, it is important to use it responsibly and monitor it.

In the development of adolescent emotional stability, there is a huge contribution from the friendship environment. The ability of adolescents to strengthen interpersonal relationships with peers cannot be separated from stability in their emotions. The majority of adolescents in Indonesia have good quality friendships and are equal to maintaining their friendships, Participants in this study were students at SMKS Dhuafa Padang whose average age was 15-18 years. This research is quantitative by using the Emotional Stability and Friendship Qualities Scale so that it can find a correlation between these two constructs or variables. In this study, the data analysis used was Pearson correlation analysis by showing the coefficient r = 0.427 with a significance value of <0.001 (P <0.05). These results indicate that there is a relationship between emotional stability and friendship quality. That is, the higher the quality of friendship, the better emotional stability.

Christian religious education plays a crucial role in shaping the character and morals of the younger generation, where Christian Religious Education Teachers (PAK) bear a significant responsibility in instilling Christian values. This study aims to investigate the role of professional ethics in the implementation of the PAK teacher's code of ethics and how it can enhance the quality of Christian religious education, particularly in building positive teacher-student relationships. The methodology employed in this study is qualitative analysis with a hermeneutical approach, examining the text of the code of ethics and professional ethics based on Christian values. The findings of the study indicate that professional ethics is not merely an additional moral guideline, but a deeper foundation for understanding and applying the code of ethics in various situations. Professional ethics assists PAK teachers in maintaining integrity, professional honesty, and creating a conducive learning environment. Furthermore, this study discovered that the integration of professional ethics and the code of ethics can enhance the accountability of PAK teachers and overall improve the quality of education. The conclusion of this study affirms that the application of professional ethics grounded in Christian values is paramount for PAK teachers in fulfilling their duties, enabling them to shape a younger generation with noble character and a Pancasila spirit. This study contributes to the development of Christian religious education in Indonesia by emphasizing the importance of ethics in the teaching profession, creating a positive learning environment that supports students' spiritual growth.  

This study aims to analyze the relationship between environmental costs, green accounting, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on corporate profitability, with company size as a moderating factor. The findings reveal that environmental costs can have both positive and negative impacts on profitability, depending on how these costs are managed. Green accounting has been shown to enhance operational efficiency and transparency, positively affecting profitability. Additionally, CSR offers long-term benefits for corporate image and customer loyalty, though its effects may not always be immediately apparent. Company size moderates these relationships, with larger companies having greater advantages in managing environmental and social aspects compared to smaller companies. This study highlights the importance of strategic management of environmental costs, implementation of green accounting, and execution of CSR to support corporate sustainability and profitability.

This research analyzes the factors that influence managerial ownership, investment opportunity set (IOS), and financial distress on company value. Company value is a performance indicator that reflects public trust and the company has high growth potential in the future. This research utilizes secondary data which is analyzed quantitatively obtained from journals, articles and other related sources. The results of the study show that managerial ownership, IOS, and financial difficulties have various relationships on firm value. Managerial ownership can have positive, negative, or no influence depending on the managerial context. IOS has the potential to increase company value through the right investment opportunities, but can also have a negative impact if investments are made without good planning. Financial distress, on the other hand, can reduce company value if poor financial conditions are not handled with the right strategy. This research reveals in depth the importance of managing these factors to increase company value, while also showing the need for further research to identify relevant moderating factors.

This research aims to analyze the role of communication media in the extension process in Aekraja Village. Communication media, especially interpersonal communication, is considered to have a significant influence in conveying information and building relationships between extension workers and the Aekraja village community. This research uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and observation methods. The results of the research show that interpersonal communication, such as face-to-face dialogue and group discussions, is the main effective medium in the counseling process in Aekraja Village. This is due to its ability to convey messages directly, provide feedback opportunities, and create trust between extension agents and the community. However, this research also found several challenges, such as low levels of media literacy and differences in understanding between individuals, which affect the success of extension. T

The Gospel of Luke portrays Jesus as a universal Saviour who brings salvation to all people, regardless of race, social status, or culture. Through a narrative that emphasises love, inclusivity, and social justice, Luke shows that Jesus' mission is to save the lost, as written in Luke 19:10. Salvation in this gospel includes not only spiritual liberation from sin, but also social and physical transformation. In parables such as the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son, as well as His interaction with Zacchaeus, Jesus showed special concern for the poor, marginalised groups, and sinners. Jesus' inclusive approach transcends ethnic and cultural boundaries, affirming that salvation is available to all nations, as expressed in Luke 2:30-32 and Luke 1:50-55. Salvation in Luke includes life transformation that affects the heart, behaviour and social relationships. The gospel also emphasises that God's universal love drives the Church to be an inclusive community that serves all, regardless of background. Thus, Luke conveys a broad idea of salvation, which not only restores people's relationship with God, but also transforms the way we live together through love, justice and solidarity.

This study examines the dangers of zina (adultery) in the Kitab Mahfudzot Fadhoilul Iman with a focus on the moral and spiritual perspectives contained within it, as well as identifying strategies for preventing zina in daily life. The Kitab Mahfudzot Fadhoilul Iman depicts zina as a major sin that not only damages personal integrity but also disrupts social harmony and moral order within society. From a moral perspective, zina is viewed as a violation of purity, honor, and decorum in Islam, which can destroy relationships between individuals and degrade the quality of social life. Spiritually, zina is considered an act that blocks one from God's mercy, hardens the heart, and distances the individual from worldly and spiritual happiness. This research also identifies several prevention strategies based on the teachings in Kitab Mahfudzot Fadhoilul Iman, including strong religious education from an early age, maintaining proper interactions and modesty between men and women, strengthening worship and prayers as protection from temptations, and encouraging lawful marriage as a solution to safeguard purity. The findings emphasize the importance of applying the moral and spiritual values found in Islamic teachings to prevent the dangers of zina and maintain personal purity in daily life, which can contribute to the creation of a healthier and more harmonious society.

The phenomenon f fatherly parenting plays a vital role in shaping the emotional and social experiences of daughters, particularly in forming romantic relationships. The role of fathers is often overlooked in parenting, even though it significantly influences the development of a daughter's personality and interpersonal relationships. Fathers who are emotionally involved can provide a sense of security, confidence, and an understanding of love. This study aims to describe the experiences of young adult women regarding their fathers' parenting roles and their impact on romantic relationships. This study adopts a phenomenological approach using purposive sampling techniques. The research was conducted over four months, and data were collected through interviews and observations. Five participants aged 18 to 25 years, with experiences of both positive and negative fatherly parenting and a history of romantic relationships, were involved in this study. The results show that positive fatherly parenting fosters positive romantic relationship experiences, such as the ability to build trust and intimacy. Conversely, hostile fatherly parenting leads to negative relationship patterns, such as distrust or a need for emotional validation. The lack of fatherly parenting also drives women to seek a father figure in others and to feel less trustful toward their partners. These findings demonstrate that the father's role in parenting has a significant impact on young adult women's romantic relationships.

The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of the teacher's code of ethics on the student learning process. The research used quantitative research methods with a sample of 100 secondary school teachers and 200 students. The research results show that a teacher's code of ethics has a significant impact on the learning process, especially on improving the quality of teaching, developing students' self-confidence, and creating a positive learning environment. A teacher's code of ethics also influences students' learning motivation and academic achievement. Therefore, there is a need to increase awareness and practice of teachers' codes of ethics in the learning process. The Teacher Code of Ethics provides guidelines for teachers in carrying out their duties as educators, community members and citizens. This Code of Ethics is designed to ensure that teachers act and behave in accordance with high moral and professional standards. The influence of a teacher's code of ethics on the learning process can be studied from various aspects, such as: B. Teacher behavior in the classroom, teacher-student relationships, and teacher professional development efforts. The Teacher Code of Ethics emphasizes the importance of developing positive professional relationships with students. Teachers who adhere to a code of ethics tend to care more about students' welfare, respect differences, and create an inclusive learning environment. Additionally, students' personal data will be treated as confidential and data breaches will be prevented.    

Overcrowded condition is a condition where correctional institutions or State Detention Centers have too large a capacity because the increasing number of inmates is not comparable to the prison or detention center facilities. Permenkumham Number 11 of 2017 is used as a reference for implementing an action plan for handling overcrowded in Indonesia, which includes four main programs: regulatory arrangement, institutional strengthening, provision of infrastructure, and empowerment of human resources. This study aims to identify the methods used to handle overcrowded residents in Class II B Pemalang Detention Center and to find barriers that hinder the process. The researcher used a qualitative research method to determine the factors that hinder the implementation of handling overcrowded residents in Class II B Pemalang Detention Center. The results of the study indicate that handling overcrowded residents in Class II B Pemalang Detention Center has been going well because of remissions, solid internal institutions, good relationships with government institutions or organizations, and empowerment of correctional officers. In addition, handling overcrowded residents in Class II B Pemalang Detention Center faces several obstacles. One of them is the number of correctional officers which is too many compared to the number of prison inmates, as well as facilities and infrastructure which are not optimal.

This research explores the impact of sustainable accounting policies on the disclosure behavior of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the global business sector. As companies increasingly recognize the importance of integrating sustainability into their business strategies, CSR disclosure has become a critical aspect of maintaining stakeholder relationships. Sustainable accounting policies play a key role in ensuring that CSR activities are transparently reported in financial statements. This study adopts a literature review methodology to examine previous research on the influence of sustainable accounting practices on CSR disclosure. The findings indicate that companies with clear and structured sustainable accounting policies tend to provide more transparent and comprehensive CSR disclosures. Furthermore, the adoption of international standards, such as GRI and SASB, significantly enhances the quality and consistency of CSR reporting. The study concludes that the implementation of effective sustainable accounting policies improves the transparency and trustworthiness of CSR disclosures, which can positively impact a company's reputation and stakeholder relations.

The purpose of this study is to understand Romans 12:-2 from a hermeneutic point of view, especially in relation to the concept of "renewal of the mind" as the key to spiritual transformation in the Christian life. Paul emphasizes the importance of a profound inner change in order to be in harmony with God's will, which is not only a change in behavior, but also a change in mindset influenced by God's Word. Paul's letter to the church in Rome, written to the church in Rome, teaches about salvation through faith and the relationship between the Law and faith in Christ. In Romans 12:2, Paul exhorts believers not to follow worldly values, but to have experiences that renew their minds so that they understand God's will. This hermeneutic interpretation suggests that the renewal of the mind leads believers to live differently from the norms of the world, which affects all aspects of daily life, including relationships with others. However, challenges arise from cultural influences, world customs, and personal weaknesses that hinder change. The results of this study show that the transformation of the heart and mind that Paul teaches is an ongoing spiritual journey that requires dedication, discipline, and patience. This change enables believers to live according to God's good, pleasing and perfect will and bear witness to the world in the truth.

Against the background of differences in understanding and views, both in matters of divinity, views of the Bible, and the rules of worship and celebration of major holidays. The understanding of the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses is different from the understanding of Protestant Christians in general, Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognize the concept of the Triune God, do not use the sign of the cross either in places of worship or for funerals. This study is based on the results of research conducted in the field with qualitative research and using a case study approach. Jehovah's Witnesses prioritize Easter celebrations over Christmas celebrations, because there are no verses in the holy book that encourage Christians to celebrate Christmas. Jehovah's Witnesses are a Christian denomination known for its unique interpretation of the Bible. They emphasized the importance of God's name, Jehovah, and rejected the doctrine of the Trinity or the concept of a Triune God. This community is also known for its door-to-door preaching activities and rejection of Christmas celebrations. This paper will discuss a brief history, core beliefs, and religious practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, as well as analyze their relationships with communities of other religious groups and society's views of these groups

The understanding of Christology among Christians is often ambigued. Some believe that Jesus only had a divine nature without a human nature, while others believe that Jesus was just an ordinary man. Therefore, it is very important for believers to have a proper understanding of Jesus Christ, which is based on the truth of God's Word, so that their faith is firm and in accordance with the teachings of the Bible. In this article “Christology in the Gospel of John: Jesus as the Way, the Truth, and the Life” can include the understanding that the Gospel of John emphasizes the identity of Jesus as the only way to salvation, the absolute truth, and the source of eternal life. In this context, Jesus is presented as the link between humanity and God, offering a deep understanding of spiritual and existential relationships. Through His statements, such as “I am the way, the truth, and the life,” the Gospel of John describes Jesus' mission of saving mankind and reveals God's loving nature.

Education plays a vital role in shaping the character and quality of human resources, with teachers as key figures who serve as educators, mentors, and role models for students. One crucial factor that significantly impacts a teacher's success is the application of the professional code of ethics, which serves as a moral and professional guide in carrying out their duties. This code of ethics governs the attitudes, behaviors, and responsibilities of teachers toward students, the community, and colleagues. The implementation of the code of ethics not only ensures the integrity and professionalism of teachers but also influences the teacher-student relationship, ultimately fostering a conducive learning environment.The teacher's code of ethics functions as a moral guideline that regulates the behavior, attitudes, and responsibilities of teachers toward students, society, and fellow colleagues. The application of this code of ethics greatly impacts the relationship between teachers and students in the learning process. This study aims to analyze the application of the teacher's code of ethics and its effects on interactions that occur in the classroom. A qualitative approach was used in this research to explore the experiences and perspectives of both teachers and students regarding the implementation of the code of ethics in teaching. The results indicate that the application of the code of ethics strengthens the professional relationship between teachers and students, creates a fair, inclusive, and respectful learning environment. The teacher's code of ethics encourages teachers to act with fairness, maintain integrity, and uphold confidentiality, which positively affects the quality of learning. However, challenges in its implementation, such as balancing emotional closeness and professionalism and ensuring objectivity in assessment, must still be addressed. Overall, consistent implementation of the code of ethics can foster healthy, productive relationships and support the creation of a more effective and dignified learning process.      

This research discusses the concept of divine love as conveyed in 1 John 4:7-12, as well as its impact and application in daily life. These verses outline love as the essence of God's nature and as a call for each individual to reflect it in social interactions. The emphasis on love that comes from God reveals a deep connection between the knowledge of God and the ability to love others. Through an expository approach, this study analyzes the structure of the text to identify the theological and practical implications of God's emanating love, including the demand for everyone to emulate divine love in concrete action. In this study, it lies in the elaboration that divine love not only plays a role as a transcendent attribute, but also as a force that shapes and inspires human relationships. . This understanding introduces a new perspective in the development of more authentic and empathic relationships in contemporary social contexts. By examining the application of this doctrine, this article leads to an understanding that divine love is not just a theological principle, but a call to concrete action in everyday life.