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Domestic violence is a human rights violation that still occurs frequently in Indonesia, despite being regulated in Law No. 23/2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Many victims, especially women, choose to resolve domestic violence cases peacefully due to various factors such as social pressure, economic dependence, and community stigma. This research aims to analyze the factors behind the victim's decision to choose an amicable settlement and evaluate the mechanism from a victimology perspective. The research methodology uses an empirical juridical approach with primary data collection through interviews with victims of domestic violence in Serang City and secondary data from legal documents and related literature. The results show that the decision to reconcile is influenced by the presence of children in the household, economic independence, fear, and family or other people. In addition, efforts that can be made to ensure the prevention of recurrence of domestic violence are with temporary protection regulated in Article 16 of the PKDRT Law. The contribution of this research lies in an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of peaceful settlements in domestic violence cases and victimology-based policy recommendations to improve victim protection. This research also encourages the application of a restorative justice approach that favors the psychosocial needs of victims and the prevention of repeated violence.

Under Law No. 1 of 2023 or the New Criminal Code, capital punishment is regulated as a punishment that involves the deprivation of the defendant's life for serious crimes committed, with its implementation following the procedural rules for capital punishment in Indonesia. The provisions outlined in Article 67 of the New Criminal Code specify the application of capital punishment in Indonesia, stating that it is no longer the primary punishment but rather the last resort after a ten-year probationary period. This study uses a normative legal method with legal sources such as primary legal materials, namely laws regulating capital punishment, as well as secondary legal materials, which explain and clarify the primary laws. The debate on capital punishment involves two main schools of thought, namely those who support the application of capital punishment for serious crimes and those who reject the application of capital punishment due to the human rights perspective adopted by the Indonesian state.  Criticism of the death penalty includes issues of the right to life and the legal treatment that should be given by the government to defendants for extraordinary crimes, especially in cases of corruption, premeditated murder, and narcotics. In this study, it was found that (1) the optimal form of regulation of the death penalty for extraordinary crimes has actually been implemented quite well, but the execution of the death penalty is still considered weak by the author because the execution must be preceded by a waiting period of several years in prison for the condemned prisoner (2) that the death penalty is not contrary to human rights, whether viewed from a legal, religious, or international perspective. (3) The new Criminal Code can balance the retributive and rehabilitative aspects as the ideal concept for the implementation of the death penalty. However, in some provisions, it is hoped that the death penalty can be used as a Premium Remedium in certain cases.

The Baiq Nuril case is a clear reflection of the political problems of criminal law in Indonesia, especially in the context of protecting victims of sexual violence and the application of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law). Baiq Nuril, a victim of verbal harassment by her superior, was criminalized through Article 27 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law after she recorded an obscene conversation as a form of self-protection. This research uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant legal instruments and their application in the Baiq Nuril case. The results show that the use of the article contains structural bias and shows an imbalance of perspectives in the criminal justice system, which tends to ignore the position of victims as well as the social context and power relations that surround them. In addition, the article's multiple interpretations open space for criminalization of victims, especially women, instead of providing protection. This case emphasizes the importance of criminal law reform oriented towards substantive justice and in favor of victims, as well as the need to revise the ITE Law so that it does not become a tool of repression against vulnerable groups. The amnesty granted by the President to Baiq Nuril is a political corrective step, but has not touched the root of systemic problems in law enforcement that have not been in favor of victims of gender-based violence.

Along with the development of the era, the virtual world or the internet is also growing rapidly. In its development, there must be positive and negative things. The term cyberbullying is the use of technology to intimidate, intimidate, or victimize a person or group and this is one of the negative things from the development of the virtual world or the internet. This study uses a normative legal research method, which examines related issues from a human rights perspective and uses laws and regulations and doctrines as study materials for cases that will be classified as cybercrime/stalking or commonly referred to as cyber harassment. Cyberbullying has various forms and approaches. When viewed from a human rights perspective, cyberbullying is strictly prohibited from being carried out on fellow cyberspace users, which in human rights is regulated in Article 30 of Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights which reads: "everyone has the right to a sense of comfort and peace and protection against the threat of fear to do or not do something". In this article it is clearly stated that everyone has the right to obtain a sense of comfort in their lives and peaceful conditions and protection from the threat of fear, which refers to cyberbullying which can share the threat of fear against one person and another.

This study aims to identify and analyze forms of gender bias found in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) textbooks at the Senior High School (SMA) level. Using a qualitative approach with content analysis methods, grounded in a critical paradigm and gender perspective, this research found that gender representation in several teaching materials remains unequal. Gender bias in the textbooks is manifested through narratives that position men as dominant in the public sphere, while women are confined to domestic roles. The analyzed materials include topics such as pilgrimage requirements, covering the body and dressing, visiting graves, marriage guardians and witnesses, and family leadership. In these narratives, women are often portrayed as weak, in need of protection, or limited in their roles. This indicates that PAI textbooks continue to reproduce patriarchal values that may reinforce gender-based social inequalities in educational settings. The study recommends that teaching materials be revised to be more inclusive and aligned with gender equality principles as mandated by national education regulations. Thus, education can serve as a fair and equitable instrument for all students, regardless of gender. 

Assault is a criminal act intentionally committed to cause pain, physical injury, or damage to another person. As a state governed by law, efforts to address assault crimes are necessary as part of law enforcement. However, existing regulations focus mainly on the perpetrators, and there is a need for regulations that also focus on the victims, examined through the perspective of victimology. The purpose of this study is to give greater consideration to the victim's side in a criminal act, how victims are more heavily impacted, and the legal protection that remains insufficiently fulfilled. This research uses a theoretical study with the approach of victimology theory and restorative justice theory. It employs a normative empirical method with secondary data, based on legislation. The results of this study show that victims of assault crimes suffer impacts in every aspect, including physical injuries, psychological disturbances, economic effects, and social life disruption. Victims of assault should receive protection from the victimology perspective, such as restitution or compensation, counseling assistance, medical aid, and legal support. However, these protections have not been adequately fulfilled. This is illustrated by case number 695/Pid.B/2024/PN SRG, where the defendant was sentenced under Article 351 paragraph (2) for assault causing serious injury to the victims, with a prison sentence of 1 year and 10 months plus a court fee of Rp. 2,000 (two thousand rupiah). Considering the victims experienced terror before the incident and multiple stabbing actions resulting in physical and psychological harm, the victims are entitled to restitution, counseling, and adequate legal assistance. Yet, in reality, such protections remain unmet.

This research aims to analyze the construction of women's roles in the novel Gadis Kretek from a feminist perspective, while simultaneously identifying the representation of silenced women's voices. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data in the form of novel text excerpts were analyzed in depth using qualitative content analysis. The novel Gadis Kretek served as the primary data source, with data collection conducted through documentation, involving intensive reading and textual analysis. The researcher acted as the main instrument in this process. Data analysis was performed interactively following the Miles and Huberman model, encompassing data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The research findings reveal diverse structures of silenced women's voices, including patriarchal structures in business and family spheres, social and cultural structures that reinforce women's subordination, narrative and historical structures that disregard women's contributions, and the silencing of emotions, self-agency. This analysis is expected to provide a critical understanding of feminist issues in Indonesian literature.

The development of trade has provided very free space for movement in every transaction so that goods and services are easily owned and consumed by consumers, one of which is thrifting clothing which is one of the most basic needs for humans which is very important to use to cover and protect the body in every his activities. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of brand image on consumer trust, the influence of product quality on consumer trust, the mediating role of consumer trust on the relationship between brand image and product quality, the mediating role of consumer attitudes on the relationship between brand image and product quality, the influence of brand image on buying interest, and the influence of product quality on purchasing interest. The influence of brand image and product quality on interest in buying thrift clothes in the growing fashion industry. This research also examines the mediating role of consumer beliefs and attitudes in the Islamic business perspective. By using regression and mediation analysis methods, the results of this research can provide valuable insight for business people, especially in understanding the preferences and behavior of Muslim consumers who are increasingly consuming fashion products. The research results conclude that the relationship between brand image has a positive and significant effect on consumer trust. , The relationship between product quality has a positive and significant effect on consumer trust, The mediating role of consumer trust strengthens the relationship between brand image and product quality, The mediating role of consumer attitude strengthens the relationship between brand image and product quality, The relationship between brand image has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, and The relationship between product quality has a positive and significant effect on purchasing interest.

Gender-based violence against women and children is a serious problem in Indonesia that reflects the inequality of social structures and the weakness of legal implementation. This study aims to examine the extent to which the Indonesian legal system is able to provide fair, equal, and gender-responsive protection to victims of violence, as well as assess the challenges in its application. The type of research used is a normative-critical study with a Feminist Legal Theory approach. The results of the analysis show that although there are regulatory advances such as the TPKS Law and the Presidential Instruction on Gender Mainstreaming, their application is still biased, not victim-friendly, and lacks a gender perspective. In conclusion, the law in Indonesia has not fully guaranteed substantive justice for victims. Therefore, it is recommended that legal reforms based on victims' experiences, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials, and strengthening victim service institutions to encourage inclusive and transformative justice.

Indonesia has experienced a rising trend in criminal activity, with theft emerging as one of the most prevalent forms. This crime has various modes and targets, ranging from theft of ordinary valuables to theft of high-value items, one of which is theft by breaking into car windows targeting the valuables inside (car burglary). The main focus in law enforcement is often only on the perpetrators, so that victims are often neglected and the rights of victims are often not fulfilled.  This study explores the phenomenon from a victimology perspective, focusing on cases of car burglary in Kramatwatu. The research method of this study is an empirical legal method involving secondary data research followed by primary data research or direct field data. Findings indicate that victim negligence, such as leaving valuables in a position that can be seen from the outside, contributes to the occurrence of these crimes. Additionally, the study reveals that several victims' rights remain unfulfilled due to shortcomings in the law enforcement process. This underscores the need for a more victim-centered approach within the criminal justice system.

Extortion in the distribution of social assistance for the Family Hope Program (PKH) is one of the structural problems that hinders the effectiveness of the program in empowering the poor. This practice not only harms the recipients of assistance, but also violates the principles of social justice. This article aims to examine the case of extortion in PKH from a victimology perspective, focusing on its impact on victims, both psychologically and socio-economically. This study uses an empirical legal methodology using a field research approach and a sociological legal approach. The data obtained was processed qualitatively which was then analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that victims of extortion experience greater losses, not only in the form of loss of funds, but also in the form of damage to trust in social and state institutions. In addition, this study proposes several steps to revitalize justice in handling extortion cases, including increasing supervision, public education, and bureaucratic reform that can restore public trust in the PKH program. Thus, revitalizing justice in this context is expected to create a more just social environment and reduce the practice of extortion in the future.

This study aims to analyze the influence of core values of Morality, work facilities, and work- life balance on employee commitment, with mental well-being as a mediating variable. This study was conducted on employees in the Administrative Bureau of the Leadership of the Regional Secretariat of East Java Province using a quantitative approach. Data was collected through a questionnaire of 50 respondents and analyzed using regression tests and Sobel Test to test the mediation effect. The results of the study show that the core values of Ber-Akhlak in work, work facilities, and work-life balance have a positive and significant influence on mental well-being. In addition, mental well-being has a significant influence on employee commitment and mediates the relationship between the three independent variables and employee commitment. Work facilities provide the greatest mediation influence compared to the core values of Moral Character and Work-Life Balance, emphasizing the importance of the role of leaders in supporting the mental welfare of employees in carrying out their work. This finding gives implications that the Administrative Bureau of the Leadership of the Regional Secretariat of East Java Province can increase employee commitment by implementing the core value policy of Ber-Akhlak, supporting work-life balance, and strengthening work facilities. This research also contributes to the human resource management literature by offering a new perspective in supporting employee mental well-being as a strategic factor in increasing organizational loyalty.

This article examines the contributions of two major schools of Arabic grammar, the Basran and Kufan schools, to the development of the theory of ibdal (phonetic substitution) in the Arabic language. Using a historical and comparative approach, it traces the origins of the concept of ibdal in classical Arabic linguistic tradition and explores how leading grammarians from each school shaped distinct theoretical frameworks. The Basran school typically approached ibdal with a logical and systematic perspective, emphasizing phonetic patterns and structured rules of sound transformation. In contrast, the Kufan school adopted a more flexible stance, prioritizing the realities of spoken Arabic usage even if not always supported by formal phonetic justification. This study highlights not only the methodological differences between the two schools but also their long-lasting impact on the grammatical structure of Arabic. The discussion underlines the intellectual dynamics within Arabic grammar scholarship and encourages further exploration into how classical ibdal theories can inform modern linguistic analysis in Arabic studies.

According to BPS data, in 2024, the poverty rate in Siak Regency reached 5.08% of a total population of 487.67 thousand. Family poverty is a major challenge in Indone-sia’s social development. As the official institution managing zakat, BAZNAS plays a strategic role in alleviating poverty. However, the current zakat regulations do not ful-ly support a family-based approach to zakat distribution. This study aims to formu-late a legislative reconstruction model for BAZNAS based on the Maqasid Syariah, ensuring that zakat distribution is more equitable, effective, and has a systemic impact on the welfare of poor families. Employing a qualitative normative approach and Maqasid Syariah theory, the study finds that the restructuring of BAZNAS regula-tions should emphasize the dimensions of protection for religion (din), soul (nafs), intellect ('aql), lineage (nasl), and wealth (mal), with the family as the fundamental unit of society. Family poverty is not merely a matter of economic incapacity; it also encompasses the failure to meet basic needs related to education, health, and social protection. Religious institutions like BAZNAS possess a constitutional and reli-gious mandate to manage zakat professionally. However, the current management and legislation of zakat have not been holistically oriented towards the sustainable empowerment of poor families. Within the framework of Maqasid Syariah, zakat is not only an obligatory act of worship but also a socio-economic instrument designed to safeguard five essential components: religion, soul, intellect, lineage, and wealth. Therefore, it is imperative to reconstruct zakat regulations in a manner that is attuned to contemporary needs and capable of addressing the challenges of family-based poverty.

This study aims to examine the concept of the Son of God in the Gospel of John 17:1–26 from a theological perspective. The Gospel of John, one of the canonical Gospels, distinctively emphasizes the divine identity of Jesus as the Son of God. In chapter 17, Jesus prays to His Father in heaven, affirming His unique relationship as the Son of God. The research method employed is biblical text analysis using an exegetical approach. Data were collected from prominent theological sources and relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that the concept of the Son of God in John 17:1–26 encompasses several important theological dimensions, including: first, His equality with God the Father in divinity; second, the uniqueness of His relationship with the Father as the beloved Son; and third, His role in God's plan of salvation for humanity. The conclusion of this study is that the concept of the Son of God in John 17:1–26 affirms the divine identity of Jesus and reveals His intimate relationship with God the Father. This concept has significant theological implications for the Christian understanding of the divinity of Jesus Christ.

This research examines the matrilineal inheritance system in Minangkabau society through the perspective of maqasid al-sharia and the principles of Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah (ABS-SBK). The matrilineal inheritance system which transmits inheritance through the mother's lineage is considered controversial in relation to Islamic law which is based on faraid. Through a qualitative approach using literature study and interview methods, this research analyzes the fatwas of Minangkabau female clerics which emphasize that the customary system can be in harmony with the main objectives of Islamic law, such as the protection of life, offspring, property and religion. The results show that female ulama see this system as a form of contextual ijtihad that considers justice and social benefit. The distinction between high inheritance (custom) and search property (divided according to Islamic law) reflects the flexibility in combining adat and sharia. Therefore, the Minangkabau matrilineal inheritance system is not only considered valid according to custom, but is also relevant to maqasid al-sharia.

This study is motivated by the current need for research on pesantren management using the Balanced Scorecard approach, which is essential to identify areas that require improvement in order to increase public interest. Innovative institutions have the opportunity to adopt the Balanced Scorecard as a strategic management system for managing long-term strategies. The research employs a qualitative method and was conducted at Pondok Pesantren Anharul Ulum Soko Plumpungrejo Kademangan Blitar and Pondok Pesantren Bustanul Mutaallimat Dawuhan Kauman Kepanjen Kidul in Blitar City. Data collection techniques include participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques involve data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The findings reveal that target setting to build public interest is carried out through several measures. First, institutional development involves transforming pesantren from a salafi model into an integrated institution equipped with formal education facilities. This transformation includes requiring students to reside on-site and implementing strict selection processes to maintain the quality of the pesantren. Additionally, programs and curricula are designed to align with community needs by considering feedback from prospective students' parents, many of whom desire a combination of formal education, pesantren learning, and Quran memorization. Furthermore, the performance of pesantren in building public interest is measured through four perspectives: financial perspective, customer satisfaction perspective, internal business process perspective, and growth and learning perspective.

This study examines legal protection for child victims of sexual crimes from a criminal law perspective. Using a normative approach and literature review, this study aims to determine the legal protection for child victims of sexual violence, factors that influence the occurrence of sexual violence against children, and efforts to prevent sexual violence against children. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia has a responsibility to protect child victims of crime. Law Number 23 of 2002 in conjunction with Law Number 35 of 2024 in conjunction with Law Number 17 of 2016 concerning Child Protection provides a basis for protection that includes children's rights, protection from violent crimes and discrimination, and fulfillment of their dignity and honor. Special protection is given to child victims of sexual violence through rehabilitation, protection of victim identity, guarantee of safety for victim witnesses, and accessibility to case developments. Criminal sanctions for perpetrators of sexual violence against children are regulated in the Law and the Criminal Code. In handling cases of sexual violence, the role of forensic medicine is crucial in terms of collecting the necessary evidence. The principle of diversion is also applied in handling cases of sexual violence involving minors. Serious coordination between the police, prosecutors, and judges is needed to eradicate sexual violence against children. In closing, this study presents a general overview of legal protection for child victims of sexual crimes from a criminal law perspective. Efforts continue to be made to strengthen the protection and prevention of these crimes through coordination between institutions and effective law enforcement.

The conflict involving Armed Criminal Groups (KKB) in Papua presents a serious dilemma between law enforcement and the protection of human rights. On one hand, KKB’s actions—such as attacks on civilians and security personnel—are classified as gross human rights violations, posing threats to national security and obstructing regional development. On the other hand, law enforcement efforts by state authorities are often criticized for alleged human rights abuses, especially in military operations that may involve excessive use of force. This study aims to analyze the conflict from both legal and human rights perspectives using a normative juridical approach. The analysis is based on relevant legal frameworks, including the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights. The article proposes strategic measures to achieve a balanced resolution, such as inclusive dialogue with Papuan communities, human rights-based training for security forces, independent oversight of security operations, and adherence to humanitarian principles. These approaches are expected to foster stability and peace while ensuring the protection of human rights. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the resolution of the Papua conflict must not rely solely on repressive measures but must also prioritize justice, humanity, and long-term sustainability.

This research aims to deeply understand the legal differences between zakat and waqf from the perspective of contemporary fiqh, as well as to analyze their relevance and application in the context of modern social, economic, and technological settings. This research uses a comparative analysis method with a descriptive qualitative approach based on literature study. The sources examined include classical fiqh literature from the four schools of thought, contemporary scholars' views, as well as modern regulations and fatwas related to zakat and waqf in Indonesia. The research findings indicate that although zakat and waqf have fundamental differences in legal status, form, and purpose of utilization, both share a common spirit of wealth distribution and community empowerment. Moreover, contemporary issues such as professional zakat, corporate zakat, stock zakat, cash waqf, productive waqf, and digitalization highlight the need for institutional renewal and strengthening to ensure that the laws of zakat and waqf remain relevant and effective in the modern era. This research concludes that understanding and managing zakat and waqf in an adaptive manner to the times is very important in realizing sustainable community welfare.