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The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, contributing significantly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, and national food security. Conventional financing is often poorly suited to the unique characteristics of the agricultural sector, prompting the exploration of more adaptive alternatives. Islamic banking, with its principles of fairness and risk-sharing, offers innovative financing solutions. One such contract with significant potential but underutilized is the Salam contract, a purchase-and-sell contract where payment is made upfront and goods are delivered at a later date. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the Salam contract in depth, identify challenges and opportunities in its implementation in the Islamic agricultural sector, and formulate strategies for optimizing its application. Using a qualitative descriptive research method based on literature review and comparative analysis, this article finds that the Salam contract offers an effective financing solution for farmers' working capital needs, price risk mitigation for farmers, and supply security for buyers. Key challenges include the risk of crop failure, quality risk, moral hazard risk, and limited supporting infrastructure and market understanding. Optimizing the Salam contract can be achieved through the development of innovative contract models, strengthening risk management through takaful instrumentation, utilizing digital technology, improving Islamic financial literacy, and collaboration between stakeholders. The implications of this research are expected to provide practical guidance for Islamic financial institutions, farmers, and policymakers to create a more inclusive and sustainable Islamic agricultural financing ecosystem. With the right approach, the Salam contract has the potential to become a key instrument in Islamic agricultural financing. Its widespread implementation can drive the transformation of the agricultural sector toward a more productive and equitable direction. Sustainable efforts are needed to ensure its effective implementation in the field.

This study aims to analyze the causes of component failure in the Power Train system of unit OHT773E CO2278 at PT. Cipta Kridatama, Samarinda, using the Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) method. The Power Train system is responsible for transferring power from the engine to the final drive and other components, making it critical for the operational success of heavy equipment. Therefore, optimal maintenance is essential to prevent fatal failures that could impact the unit's performance. Based on the analysis, the dominant cause of failure is human factors, particularly technician negligence during component installation. This negligence results from a lack of understanding of the procedures and specifications recommended by the manufacturer, leading to incorrect installation of components. This failure impacts the achievement of the component’s expected lifetime, thus shortening the operational life of the components and increasing the risk of more severe damage. This also leads to higher repair costs and reduced unit productivity, resulting in longer downtime. To address this issue, several preventive measures are recommended, such as regular training for technicians to enhance their understanding of correct procedures and specifications, as well as the importance of following manufacturer guidelines during every maintenance and installation process. Additionally, it is advised to conduct routine discussions between technicians and supervisors to ensure that every maintenance step and installation complies with the established procedures. Increased oversight of the installation and maintenance process is also necessary, along with periodic rejuvenation of components to ensure the optimal performance of the Power Train system. Strengthening Preventive Maintenance (PM) practices is also crucial to minimize future damage potential. Implementing these solutions is expected to enhance the reliability of the Power Train system, extend component lifespan, and reduce failure frequency, ultimately improving the overall efficiency and productivity of the company.

This study investigates the genealogy of multisectoral social conflict and cultural disintegration in Bima Regency by examining the interplay of political, economic, socio-cultural, and geospatial determinants. Using a qualitative exploratory-critical method, the research employs content analysis, critical discourse analysis, and spatial conflict mapping based on secondary data from government reports, academic literature, and civil society documentation. The results reveal that social conflict in Bima is not simply driven by unequal access to political and economic resources, but also by structural exclusion, historical marginalization, and the erosion of traditional social values caused by uneven modernization and weak institutional performance. Politically, civil servant bias, the persistence of patronage networks, and minimal civic engagement weaken state legitimacy, public trust, and accountability. Economically, the unequal distribution of natural resources, selective access to government assistance, limited economic diversification, and unresolved agrarian disputes intensify socio-economic inequalities and rural discontent. From a geospatial perspective, the contestation over land, identity, ecological zones, and environmental resources reflects the failure of inclusive and participatory spatial development planning. The study emphasizes that the conflict is systemic, complex, and institutionalized, calling for integrated cross-sectoral policies, inclusive political reforms, and spatially participatory strategies. It advocates for institutional reform, the revitalization of local wisdom and social capital, and the reconstruction of a shared cultural identity to restore long-term social cohesion and resilience. In the context of post-decentralization Indonesia, addressing such deep-rooted, chronic conflicts requires not only strategic policy reorientation but also the empowerment of local communities to play meaningful and active roles in planning, governance, and sustainable development processes. Sustainable peace in Bima hinges on a genuine commitment to social justice, inclusive governance, ecological balance, and the preservation of cultural diversity.

In the current digital era, managing sales transactions manually is inefficient and prone to recording errors. This research aims to develop a web-based Point of Sale (POS) application for the Phi Phi Thai business using the Extreme Programming (XP) software development methodology. XP was chosen for its support of rapid iteration, adaptability to changing user requirements, and strong collaboration between developers and stakeholders. The developed application includes key features such as user registration and login, product ordering, menu and customer management, expense tracking, and financial and sales reporting. Testing was conducted using the Black Box Testing method to ensure that all functionalities performed according to specifications. The implementation results indicate that the application improves operational efficiency, reduces transaction errors, and provides real-time information for business owners to support better decision-making. Furthermore, the application of Extreme Programming (XP) methodology in the development process allows time for regular evaluation and refinement of the application based on feedback from end users. Each iteration produces a version of the software that can be immediately tested and used, minimizing the risk of system failure during final implementation. This approach also encourages lightweight yet relevant documentation and open communication between the technical team and business owners. Thus, the developed Point of Sale application not only meets current functional requirements but also has a high degree of flexibility for further development as Phi Phi Thai's business grows in the future.

The application of restorative justice in the Indonesian criminal justice system cannot be immediately implemented in all cases, particularly for assault crimes. This is due to limitations in implementation and inhibiting factors that arise in the field. Facts show that some law enforcement officers are still less than optimal in expediting the restorative justice process. This condition creates legal uncertainty and anxiety, especially for prosecutors handling cases. This situation also impacts the prosecutor's position, which could be questioned by superiors and supervisory committees if case resolution does not proceed according to regulations. This study uses a socio-legal research approach to examine two main issues. First, the author analyzes the implementation of restorative justice in resolving assault cases in the jurisdiction of the Samarinda District Attorney's Office. Second, the author identifies obstacles faced in implementing restorative justice in that jurisdiction. Based on the results of the study, 14 cases of assault were handled. Of these, 11 cases were successfully resolved through restorative justice mechanisms, while 3 cases were declared failed. This failure is generally influenced by the failure to meet several important requirements, including: the perpetrator being a recidivist or having previously committed a crime, a sentence exceeding five years, the absence of a peace agreement between the perpetrator and the victim, and the perpetrator's failure to fulfill their obligation to provide compensation. Therefore, it can be concluded that although restorative justice plays a crucial role in achieving a more humane and equitable resolution of cases, its implementation still faces structural and technical obstacles. Consistent efforts by law enforcement and increased understanding of the concept of restorative justice are needed for this mechanism to operate effectively, provide legal certainty, and address the community's need for justice.

International trade involves cross-border buying and selling activities between countries, which in practice requires various transportation documents to ensure legal certainty and smooth operations. One of the main documents used is the Bill of Lading (Konosemen), which is a dated letter issued by the carrier as proof of receipt of goods to be transported to a certain destination and delivered to a specified recipient. The Bill of Lading has three essential functions: as a receipt of goods, as evidence of ownership, and as proof of a transportation contract. However, in practice, there are still frequent problems that hinder the optimal function of the Bill of Lading. One notable case is APL Co. Pte. Ltd. v. CV. Dua Sekawan Sejati, which involved discrepancies between the goods shipped and those stated in the Bill of Lading. This study adopts a normative juridical method by examining applicable legal provisions and theoretical concepts related to the law of contracts and transportation. The findings show that discrepancies between the goods shipped and those listed in the Bill of Lading constitute a breach of promise or default under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The Bill of Lading, in this case, serves as a legally binding transportation contract that obligates both parties to fulfill their respective responsibilities. Failure by one party to comply with the terms of the contract results in legal consequences in the form of claims for compensation by the aggrieved party. This research emphasizes the importance of accuracy and accountability in the issuance and use of Bills of Lading in international trade to avoid disputes and ensure legal certainty. Strengthening the regulation and enforcement of Bill of Lading functions is crucial for protecting the rights of parties engaged in cross-border trade.

This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of public administration and policy implementation in Indonesia from 2009 to 2025, following the PRISMA framework. Drawing on 44 peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus, the review examines the impact of decentralization, digital transformation, and governance innovation on policy outcomes and administrative reform. The findings indicate that decentralization has enabled local experimentation and improved service responsiveness. However, it has also resulted in uneven policy capacity and governance disparities across regions. Sectoral implementation, especially in health, welfare, and food safety, remains inconsistent, largely due to institutional fragmentation, political interference, and capacity limitations. Although efforts to implement New Public Management (NPM) principles and digital tools have been made, bureaucratic inertia, coordination failures, and limited flexibility hinder reform progress. The rise of e-government and agile governance shows promise in enhancing efficiency and public participation. However, these advancements are still hampered by digital divides and regulatory uncertainties. The COVID-19 pandemic further exposed critical vulnerabilities in policy execution, underscoring the need for resilient, adaptive governance models capable of responding to unforeseen crises. This review contributes to the understanding of Indonesia’s evolving administrative landscape and offers several practical recommendations. These include strengthening intergovernmental coordination, investing in local administrative capacity, fostering participatory governance, and institutionalizing agile, collaborative practices. The study highlights the importance of integrated, inclusive, and data-driven governance to improve public sector performance and ensure democratic accountability. By focusing on these areas, Indonesia can better address the challenges of public administration and policy implementation, driving long-term sustainable development and effective governance in the country.

This research examines the impact of Indonesia's sugar import policy during the period 2020–2024 through the case study of Thomas Trikasih Lembong. Employing a qualitative methodology with an instrumental case study approach, the study seeks to capture the complexities of strategic commodity trade policies in Indonesia. The analysis reveals that the issuance of sugar import permits to PT Andalas Putra was conducted in violation of existing legal frameworks, particularly Presidential Regulation No. 48/2013, resulting in state financial losses estimated at Rp 400 billion. These irregularities highlight not only weak adherence to regulatory standards but also minimal coordination among relevant government agencies, reflecting the broader challenge of weak good governance implementation. The distributional consequences of this policy were also significant. While downstream industries benefited from increased sugar availability and lower input costs, domestic sugarcane farmers and the national sugar industry suffered substantial losses. The oversupply condition triggered by import policy mismanagement led to a decline in local sugar prices, producing welfare transfers that disproportionately disadvantaged rural farming communities. These findings underscore the structural vulnerability of agricultural stakeholders when state institutions fail to balance industrial and farming interests in policy formulation. Furthermore, the imposition of a 4.5-year prison sentence on the policymaker involved has sparked discourse on the criminalization of public policy, raising debates over the line between policy failure and corruption in governance. In light of these findings, the study provides several recommendations. These include strengthening inter-agency coordination mechanisms, developing early warning systems to monitor commodity market dynamics, reforming the regulatory framework governing import permits, and designing adaptive policy instruments capable of mitigating welfare risks while optimizing strategic commodity management. Overall, this study contributes to the discourse on governance, accountability, and policy reform in Indonesia’s strategic trade sector, particularly in relation to sugar as a vital commodity.

The shift in lifestyle patterns, particularly in urban areas, has driven rapid growth in the fast food industry in Indonesia. Many franchise businesses are chosen by the public because they offer proven systems that reduce the risk of failure. This study aims to analyze and examine the market expansion strategies implemented by fast food franchise brand owners in Indonesia. The focus of this study is a descriptive qualitative approach with case studies of several local and international fast food franchises. The methods used in this study include in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation to gather relevant data on the strategies employed. Successful franchises are influenced by several key factors, including strong brand equity, clear operational standards, and support systems provided by the franchiser to franchisees. Furthermore, the ability to adapt to local tastes is also an essential aspect in the success of expanding fast food franchises in Indonesia. The study also reveals that the utilization of digital media, selection of strategic locations, and partnerships with food delivery services are major drivers of market expansion strategies. The results of this study emphasize that fast food franchises looking to grow further need to implement product differentiation strategies to remain competitive in an increasingly crowded market. Product innovation is key for franchises to stay relevant and stand out from other brands. Additionally, continuous mentoring and evaluation of franchise partners are critical for ensuring sustainable and mutually beneficial collaborations. Overall, applying the right strategies and ensuring sustainability will ensure the success and broader market expansion of fast food franchises in Indonesia.

This study examines the role and challenges of evidence management in the criminal justice system in Indonesia, focusing on issues such as damage, loss, and inconsistency of evidence, which can significantly impact the evidentiary process and the outcome of criminal trials. Effective evidence management is crucial in ensuring the integrity of the legal process and upholding justice. The study employs a normative legal approach using statutory and conceptual methods to analyze the legal provisions that govern the confiscation, storage, and handling of evidence, specifically referring to Article 39 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code. This article sets forth the procedures for evidence confiscation by law enforcement authorities and outlines their responsibilities in maintaining and presenting the evidence in court. A major concern in the management of evidence is the potential damage or loss of evidence during the investigation or trial stages. Such issues undermine the validity of the evidence and can lead to unjust verdicts, affecting the principle of fairness in the criminal justice process. Additionally, inconsistencies in how evidence is handled, including mislabeling or failure to maintain chain-of-custody records, can raise doubts about the authenticity of the evidence and erode public trust in the legal system. This study highlights how these problems directly impact the judicial outcomes and the overall credibility of the justice system in Indonesia. Furthermore, this study discusses the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies and legal professionals in returning evidence that does not conform to its original condition. The return of damaged or improperly handled evidence not only violates the principle of justice but also affects the accused's right to a fair trial.

People's Business Credit (KUR) is a financing program distributed by the government through banking institutions, including Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), to support Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and cooperatives. In its implementation, KUR credit is not free from various problems, one of which is non-performing loans. This study aims to determine the factors causing non-performing loans and efforts to resolve them in KUR loans at Bank BRI Karanganyar Branch, Tasikmadu Unit. The method used in this study is qualitative research, with data sources derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques were conducted through direct interviews with relevant parties. The results show that the main causes of non-performing loans are divided into two major factors. First, external factors, namely those originating from the customer. This problem is generally related to the customer's inability to pay installments due to business failure. Second, internal factors, such as the failure of creditworthiness analysis by bank officers, resulting in prospective debtors who are actually unworthy actually receiving loans. In resolving non-performing loans, BRI Bank's Karanganyar Branch, Tasikmadu Unit, applies five main methods: (1) changing the loan interest rate, (2) reducing fines or penalties, (3) reducing the outstanding principal, (4) extending the loan term, and (5) selling collateral. Additionally, there are also settlement methods that involve a combination of these five methods, depending on the debtor's circumstances and the agreement between the two parties.

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a baby's life is an important strategy to support optimal growth and development. Breast milk has many benefits for babies, such as strengthening the immune system and supporting brain development. However, various obstacles such as emotional stress, lack of self-confidence, and minimal support from family and the community remain significant barriers to successful breastfeeding. These issues often lead to failure to provide exclusive breastfeeding in accordance with health recommendations. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hypnobreastfeeding training in improving breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers with infants aged 0–6 months in the Bojongkerta area of Bogor City. Hypnobreastfeeding is a psychological approach that combines relaxation techniques, positive affirmations, and education about breastfeeding to help mothers feel more confident in the breastfeeding process. This study used a quasi-experimental approach with a pre- and post-test design without a control group. A total of 31 breastfeeding mothers participated in this training, which included education about breastfeeding, positive affirmation techniques, and relaxation exercises. Data analysis results showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding after the training intervention. Furthermore, the study also recorded an increase in the success of exclusive breastfeeding during the observation period. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that hypnobreastfeeding is an effective approach to supporting the empowerment of breastfeeding mothers at the community level. This method offers a psychologically based solution to overcome social barriers that affect the success of exclusive breastfeeding.

This study aims to identify the factors that influence the local community in developing the swallow nest business and to examine how the practice of swallow nest farming aligns with the principles of Islamic business ethics in Marioriwawo District, Soppeng Regency. The swallow nest industry has grown significantly in this area, shifting the economic landscape from primarily agricultural activities to a more diversified business sector. Before the emergence of this business, most residents were involved in farming. However, due to factors such as unpredictable harvests and unstable agricultural income, many community members have turned to swallow nest cultivation as an alternative and promising source of livelihood. According to Islamic business ethics, the practice of breeding swallows is permissible, as long as it does not involve cruelty to animals. This view is supported by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) Fatwa Number 2 of 2012, which states that raising or cultivating swallows is allowed, provided the birds are not harmed or subjected to distress. Furthermore, the consumption and trade of swallow nests are also considered halal under Islamic law, adding to the business's appeal among the Muslim population. To explore the underlying motivations and social dynamics of this business shift, the study employed a qualitative research method. This approach was chosen to gain a deeper understanding of the local context, including the experiences, beliefs, and socioeconomic conditions of the people involved. The results revealed several influencing factors: the potential for high profit from selling swallow nests, the challenges faced in traditional agriculture (such as frequent crop failure), and the religious assurance that the business is acceptable under Islamic teachings. Overall, the swallow nest business represents a strategic and ethical economic opportunity for the community, enabling them to improve their livelihoods while staying aligned with their religious values.

The Paiton Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is one of the main sources of electrical energy in East Java, which plays a vital role in maintaining a sustainable electricity supply. The reliability of generator units is a key element in maintaining stable energy distribution. However, the high frequency of sudden generator failures poses serious challenges, such as increased downtime and increased maintenance costs. To address these challenges, this study aims to design a generator maintenance prediction model based on the Naive Bayes algorithm with a predictive maintenance approach. This study uses historical maintenance data and key sensor parameters such as temperature, oil pressure, and vibration as input. The data is analyzed through several stages, namely data preprocessing, selection of relevant features, and labeling generator conditions into three categories: Normal, Warning, and Critical. The Naive Bayes model is trained to classify the data probabilistically to generate predictions of future generator conditions. Model evaluation using accuracy metrics and a confusion matrix shows that the model successfully achieved an accuracy rate of 89% and was able to provide early warnings of potential failures up to 3 days before failure occurs. The implementation of this system is expected to support the shift in maintenance strategies from reactive and scheduled systems to data-driven predictive systems. Implementing failure predictions allows the technical team at the Paiton PLTU to conduct planned maintenance, avoid sudden disruptions, and extend equipment lifespan. Thus, this model has the potential to reduce operational downtime by up to 25%, while providing significant savings in operational and logistics costs. This research also shows that integrating machine learning technology into energy facility management can improve the efficiency and resilience of the overall electric power system.

In a criminal justice system that upholds the principle of justice, the protection of suspects' rights is a crucial and fundamental component. Investigators play a crucial role in ensuring suspects' rights are protected during the investigation process, including the right to legal counsel, the right to access information, and the right to be free from arbitrary prosecution. The aim of this study is to explore the role of investigators in guaranteeing these rights and highlight challenges in their implementation. The study revealed that many suspects did not receive legal assistance from the beginning of the examination, lacked understanding of their rights, and faced investigations that often violated due process of law. This problem is exacerbated by limited human resources, inadequate internal oversight, and lack of ongoing training for investigators. These factors contribute to the failure to enforce the rights of suspects as a whole, which impacts the fairness and integrity of the legal process. In an effort to realize a fast, simple, and inexpensive judicial process, as promised in Law Number 48 of 2009, this study emphasizes the need for reforms to strengthen the investigation process. The reforms include improvements in the aspects of supervision and more in-depth training of investigators on human rights, so that they can better understand and implement the protection of the rights of suspects. In addition, the use of technology in investigations, such as digital-based information systems to manage evidence and legal processes, can increase transparency and accuracy in every stage of investigation. Strengthening internal supervision mechanisms is also very important to minimize abuse of authority by investigators. On the other hand, it is important to periodically evaluate the application of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in investigations, in order to ensure compliance with applicable laws and provide justice for suspects.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of preventive maintenance on the Simplex machine at PT. XYZ by applying the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) method and identifying the primary causes of production losses through the Six Big Losses framework. Preventive maintenance is an important strategy to ensure machine reliability, reduce downtime, and improve production efficiency. OEE is a widely recognized performance measurement tool consisting of three key indicators: Availability, Performance, and Quality. These indicators collectively reflect the overall effectiveness of equipment in supporting the production process. The results of this study indicate that the OEE value of the Simplex machine is 79%, which remains below the world-class benchmark of 85% as recommended by the Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM). This finding suggests that the machine’s performance has not yet reached the optimal standard and requires improvement efforts. Further analysis using the Six Big Losses approach reveals that the most significant contributors to reduced machine effectiveness are equipment failure and idling or minor stoppages. These two categories account for the majority of productivity losses, thereby affecting both machine utilization and production output. To further explore the underlying issues, a root cause analysis was conducted using a fishbone diagram, which enabled the identification of several critical factors related to human resources, methods, machines, materials, environment, and measurement systems. Based on this analysis, improvement proposals were developed through the 5W+1H method, providing a systematic strategy to enhance preventive maintenance practices. The recommended actions include scheduling more frequent inspections, improving operator training, upgrading spare parts management, and implementing stricter monitoring of machine performance. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of continuous preventive maintenance to optimize machine productivity and reduce unplanned downtime. By adopting the proposed improvement strategies, PT. XYZ can increase the effectiveness of its Simplex machine, moving

Education is a conscious and structured effort aimed at creating an environment and process that actively facilitates learners in developing their full potential. This includes nurturing their spiritual and moral values, self-control, intelligence, strong character, and essential life skills required for personal development and meaningful contributions to society, the nation, and the global community. At its core, education serves to empower students to realize and utilize their capabilities for future life challenges. It acts as a foundational medium through which younger generations acquire essential life skills, enabling them to integrate effectively into society. Moreover, education plays a pivotal role not only in the personal growth of individuals but also in the advancement of a nation. High-quality education is defined by its capacity to equip students with the competence to confront and resolve real-world problems. This notion becomes increasingly critical as learners transition from academic settings to the workforce and community life, where they are expected to apply their knowledge and skills practically. However, the success or failure of educational outcomes is largely determined by the curriculum. A well-designed curriculum should cultivate critical awareness and empower students to navigate complex social and professional environments. It should also promote creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration, which are essential skills in today’s rapidly changing world. Furthermore, education should not be viewed merely as a means to acquire knowledge but as a holistic process that fosters emotional intelligence and social responsibility. By integrating various disciplines and encouraging interdisciplinary learning, education can help students develop a broader perspective on global issues, such as climate change, social justice, and economic inequality. In addition, the role of educators is crucial in this process.  

A thesis is an original scientific paper where the author presents their ideas by referencing the views of experts. The process of writing a thesis often leads to stress among students, which can affect various aspects of life, including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. Stress occurs when individuals struggle to cope with threats or challenges, which can negatively impact their physical well-being (Hardjana, 1994). The factors or situations that cause stress are known as stressors, which are divided into two types: eustress and distress. Eustress is a positive form of stress that encourages individuals to confront challenges constructively, while distress is a negative form of stress that can reduce motivation, concentration, and productivity, especially during the thesis writing process. Proper stress management is crucial for students to remain productive and avoid the negative effects of stress. One effective way to cope with stress is by practicing gratitude. Gratitude helps individuals focus on the positive aspects of their lives, such as the achievements they have made, the support from friends, or assistance from professors. By practicing gratitude, students can shift their focus away from failures or difficulties they face and remain optimistic in confronting challenges. Based on interviews with several students, it was found that those who successfully manage stress tend to practice gratitude in various forms. They look for the positive side in every challenge, appreciate the support from their surrounding environment, and value each small achievement in the thesis-writing process. This approach helps them stay resilient and motivated through the challenges they face during their thesis work, allowing them to remain focused and productive despite the pressure.

Engine overheating is a critical condition that can cause damage to internal components, reduce operational efficiency, and lead to overall system failure. The absence of an automatic protection system is one of the primary factors contributing to damage. This study aims to design and test a temperature sensor-based safety device that can automatically cut off the engine's working system when the temperature exceeds the safe limit. The method used is descriptive statistical analysis to evaluate the effect of independent variables (operational time duration and workload) on the dependent variable (coolant temperature). The system was tested through water heating simulation using an electric heater and controlled by an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a MAX6675 temperature sensor. Testing was carried out with variations in power load (150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 Watts) and operational duration (20, 40, and 60 minutes). Temperature data were collected and analyzed using ANOVA to determine the effect of load and time on temperature increase. The results showed that the temperature increased significantly with increasing power load, with temperatures approaching 100°C at loads ≥450 Watts in less than 20 minutes. The load variable shows a significant effect on temperature (p < 0.05), while the duration of time shows a nonlinear but not statistically significant upward trend. The safety device is proven to be able to automatically disconnect the system when the temperature reaches the specified maximum limit, thus effectively preventing engine damage due to overheating.

Employee resistance remains one of the most significant barriers to successful organisational change implementation. Despite extensive theoretical frameworks, organizations continue to struggle with change initiatives, with failure rates ranging from 60-70%. His study investigates the key factors contributing to employee resistance during organizational change and evaluates the effectiveness of various management strategies in overcoming such resistance. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys (n=450) from employees across 15 organizations undergoing major changes and qualitative interviews (n=35) with change management leaders. Data collection occurred over 12 months during active change implementation periods. The study identified five primary resistance factors: fear of job security (78%), lack of communication (65%), insufficient training (58%), past negative experiences (52%), and loss of autonomy (47%). Organizations employing comprehensive communication strategies, participative change approaches, and structured training programs showed 40% higher success rates in change implementation. Effective resistance management requires a multi-faceted approach combining proactive communication, employee participation, skill development, and emotional support. Organizations that address resistance systematically achieve significantly better change outcomes.