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This study aims to determine the effect of using number puzzle media on the ability to recognize number symbols in early childhood at Kihajar Dewantoro VI Kindergarten. The background of this study is based on the importance of concrete and interesting media in supporting early mathematics learning, especially the introduction of number symbols in children aged 4–5 years. The study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design through a comparison between conventional learning and learning using number puzzle media. Data were collected through observations of aspects of the ability to recognize number symbols and match numbers. The results showed that the average ability of children in conventional learning only reached a score of 6, while learning using number puzzle media increased significantly to a score of 13.1. These findings indicate that number puzzles can make children more focused, enthusiastic, and easier to understand number symbols in a concrete and meaningful way. Thus, number puzzle media is proven to be effective in improving the ability to recognize number symbols in early childhood and can be used as an alternative mathematics learning media in PAUD.

The increasing demand for interactive web applications has encouraged the adoption of server-driven approaches such as Livewire as an alternative to building Single Page Applications (SPAs) without complex client-side JavaScript. However, the performance implications of this approach compared to conventional methods remain insufficiently explored. This study presents an empirical comparison between Laravel Blade with AJAX and Livewire in an academic attendance system scenario. Performance evaluation was conducted using k6 on the same web server, complemented by manual browser-based testing to observe actual communication patterns. The results indicate that Livewire exhibits approximately 2.7× higher average response time and up to 6× greater bandwidth consumption than Laravel Blade, primarily due to its snapshot mechanism and state synchronization process. Conversely, Livewire demonstrates better stability, reflected by lower maximum response times and a 0% error rate. These findings highlight a clear trade-off between resource efficiency and development convenience, where Livewire favors stability and developer productivity, while Laravel Blade provides superior efficiency in terms of latency and bandwidth usage.

Soil contamination by hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals, and complex pollutants is rapidly increasing and degrading essential ecosystem functions. Physical or chemical treatments offer faster results, yet they are often costly, energy-intensive, and risk disrupting soil biological integrity without fully eliminating pollution sources. Microorganism-based bioremediation provides a more sustainable alternative by utilizing microbial metabolism to degrade or immobilize pollutants into less toxic and less mobile forms. This article presents a structured literature review on the roles and applications of microorganisms for bioremediation of contaminated soils, covering comparisons between single isolates and microbial consortia, dominant biological mechanisms, and ecological challenges in field application. A Systematic Literature Review approach was applied, using narrative synthesis and thematic clustering of national and international journals published between 2020 and 2025. The review indicates that single microbial isolates are commonly selected for specific pollutant targets, whereas microbial consortia are preferred for mixed or persistent contaminants due to metabolic synergy that enhances microbial adaptability and stepwise pollutant breakdown in highly polluted soils. Adaptive mechanisms such as EPS production and biofilm formation contribute to microbial resilience under stress and help retain contaminants within the soil matrix. Key challenges identified include inoculum stability under extreme conditions and limited microbial access to pollutants trapped in micro-soil pores. The findings highlight that microbial selection strategies must be tailored to pollutant characteristics and soil environmental conditions, while also emphasizing the potential of biofilm-based systems and organic carriers to support broader field implementation of microbial bioremediation.

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease caused by the failure of the pancreas organ in producing the hormone insulin in excess causing increased blood sugar levels and resulting in a lack of insulin. This study discusses the application of the k-means clustering method to determine risk factors for diabetes mellitus. By using the clustering method, data will be grouped into several clusters or groups which in this study compare by applying several data mining tools such as RapidMiner, SPSS, WEKA, and Python. From the results of the comparison carried out resulted in 5 calculations, namely the manual calculation of cluster 1 with a ratio value of 73% being the first priority, calculations using RapidMiner resulting in cluster 3 with a ratio value of 58% being the first priority, calculations using SPSS cluster 2 with a ratio value of 34% being the first priority, and calculations using Python produce cluster 1 with a ratio value of 55% being the first priority.

This study aims to analyze the goods purchasing accounting system at PT Central Sandang Jayatama. A qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis included descriptive analysis of the purchasing accounting system and comparison between the company’s implementation and the elements of a purchasing accounting system, including related functions, procedures, documents, and accounting records. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn based on the analysis. The results indicate that the purchasing accounting system related to auxiliary materials availability supports smooth production processes and provides a significant contribution to management in managing auxiliary materials. However, several elements were not fully aligned with the principles of purchasing accounting systems, as reflected in an unclear organizational structure and overlapping duties between the purchasing and receiving functions. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen the internal control system in auxiliary material purchasing and redesign the organizational structure to separate purchasing and receiving functions. Improvements in this system are expected to enhance product quality, production efficiency, and company profitability. This study contributes

This study aims to analyze the comparison of small business development strategies in improving the income of traders in traditional markets around Medan City. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using interviews, observations, and documentation involving three traders of fruit, vegetables, and tomatoes. The results show that each trader applies different strategies depending on the characteristics of their commodities and business capacity. Fruit and tomato traders tend to implement quality sorting, price adjustments, and trust-building through honest customer service. Meanwhile, the vegetable trader relies more on traditional approaches such as giving bonuses to customers. Market facilities significantly influence the effectiveness of business strategies, where traders with proper stalls are better able to maintain income stability compared to those using temporary tents in muddy and uncomfortable areas. Seasonal factors also strongly affect income fluctuation as they determine the quality and supply of commodities. This study concludes that small business development strategies in traditional markets are shaped not only by traders’ managerial abilities but also by market infrastructure conditions and external environmental factors. It is recommended that market managers improve market facilities to support the sustainability of small traders’ businesses.

Sweet corn is a horticultural commodity that is widely consumed in Indonesia. This study evaluated the effectiveness of NPK 18-18-18 fertilizer on the vegetative growth, yield components, and relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata). Field experiments were conducted using fertilizer dosages of 0,50, 0,75, 1,00, and 1,50 NPK, with a control treatment for comparison. The application of NPK 18-18-18 significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, ear length, ear diameter, biomass weight, ear weight with husk, ear weight without husk, plot yield, and overall productivity compared with the control. Mean values across treatments ranged from 68,94–205,72 cm for plant height, 7,41–20,47 mm for stem diameter, 6,01–13,00 leaves per plant, 15,41–20,89 cm for ear length, and 36,05–49,65 mm for ear diameter. Biomass weight ranged from 0,12–0,34 kg, ear weight with husk from 0,13–0,34 kg, and ear weight without husk from 0,12–0,28 kg. Plot yield varied between 7,91–25,46 kg, corresponding to productivity levels of 5,02–16,16 t/ha. RAE analysis indicated that fertilizer application was effective at dosages of 0,75, 1,00, and 1,50 NPK, with the highest effectiveness observed at 1,50 NPK (118%). Notably, the 0,75 NPK dosage achieved an RAE value of 101%, demonstrating that lower fertilizer input can enhance yield while reducing production costs and mitigating fertilizer scarcity. These findings suggest that NPK 18-18-18 fertilizer, when applied at an optimal dosage, can be effectively utilized in sweet corn cultivation to improve growth and productivity while ensuring efficient nutrient management.

This study explores the persuasive linguistic techniques used in 50 Instagram advertisements by Anomali Coffee, a prominent Indonesian specialty coffee brand. The research aims to identify and analyze the linguistic strategies embedded in captions, hashtags, slogans, and textual elements in promotional visuals using Lamb’s (2011) 21 category persuasive language framework. A descriptive qualitative approach was adopted for this purpose. The analysis reveals 46 instances of persuasive techniques, with the most common being inclusive language, imagery, hyperbole, connotation, and colloquial expressions. These findings suggest that Anomali Coffee strategically employs emotional engagement, community oriented language, and sensory appeals to strengthen brand identity and resonance. Additionally, credibility enhancing strategies such as expert opinion and evidence are also evident. The study contributes to the application of Lamb’s taxonomy in Indonesian digital marketing, particularly in the specialty coffee industry, showing how linguistic persuasion can amplify consumer interaction on social media platforms. However, the study’s focus on a single brand and textual features limits its generalizability. Future research should consider cross brand comparisons, multimodal analyses, and consumer response studies to further explore the effectiveness of persuasive techniques. Overall, the findings offer valuable insights into the role of persuasive language in shaping digital marketing strategies for local coffee brands in Indonesia.

This research investigates the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) resulting from blasting operations at Pit Pinang, PT Bukit Baiduri Energi, employing two prediction approaches: Non-Linear Geometric Regression and the USBM Oriard’s Formula. Ground vibration measurements were recorded over a one-month period, from October 9 to November 8, 2025. The findings indicate that the non-linear regression model achieves a higher predictive accuracy of 78.62%, outperforming the USBM Oriard’s Formula, which reaches 68.2%. Variations between the observed and estimated PPV values were affected by factors such as the location of geophones, differences in explosive charges, and alterations in borehole depths. In addition, the study evaluates optimal explosive charge recommendations in accordance with SNI 7571:2010 standards to mitigate potential structural damage in surrounding areas. By highlighting these predictive discrepancies and providing practical guidance on charge management, the research offers valuable insights for improving blasting safety and minimizing vibration impacts on nearby infrastructure. The comparison of methods emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate prediction models to ensure both operational efficiency and environmental safety.

A comparison between classical and contemporary interpretations regarding the law of theft contained in Surah Al-Mā’idah verse 38, which stipulates the punishment of hand amputation for theft. This verse has long been the basis of Islamic jurisprudence, but its interpretation has evolved over time. The method used is qualitative with a literature study approach, which examines classical sources of interpretation such as Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī and contemporary interpretations such as al-Mishbāḥ. The research findings show that classical interpretations view this verse textually and normatively, with a focus on the application of hudud law as a form of justice and protection of property rights, as well as the imposition of strict conditions to avoid misuse. Meanwhile, contemporary interpretations view this verse contextually and humanistically, paying attention to social, economic, and humanitarian conditions. The punishment of hand amputation is understood not only as physical punishment, but also as a tool for moral education, crime prevention, and protection of community welfare. Although both share the same goal of upholding justice and safeguarding the welfare of the people, contemporary interpretations emphasize a more flexible application of law to align with the values ​​of social justice in the modern era. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of contextualizing the understanding of Islamic law without neglecting the principles of sharia, which balance justice, humanity, and the welfare of the people.

Relational databases store information in interconnected tables and are widely used for data management and retrieval. However, in certain environments, the original values stored in a relational database cannot be exposed during data retrieval. This limitation creates a challenge because common encryption methods only transform data for storage and do not support mathematical operations needed for value matching. Partially Homomorphic Encryption is a cryptographic approach that allows specific mathematical operations to be performed directly on transformed data without restoring it to its original form. This study proposes the use of Partially Homomorphic Encryption to enable value-based data retrieval while keeping all stored values in their transformed form throughout the entire process. The method relies on homomorphic properties that allow mathematical comparison to be conducted on encrypted data, making the retrieval process possible without revealing the original values. The results show that this approach can perform data retrieval operations in a relational database while preserving the transformed structure of the stored data. The proposed method offers an alternative for environments that require data retrieval without exposing original values and demonstrates the potential of homomorphic techniques in supporting secure and functional data processing in relational database contexts.

The increasing global energy demand drives the search for efficient and sustainable renewable energy solutions. Solar panels have become one of the most widely used technologies; however, their efficiency remains limited when installed in a static position. This research aims to analyze the performance of a single-axis auto tracking system on a 10WP solar panel integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time monitoring, specifically in powering a portable powerbank. The research method employed was a quantitative experimental design with three testing scenarios: powerbank charging using an auto-tracking solar panel, a static solar panel, and conventional household electricity as a comparison. Charging data were collected via an IoT system integrated with the Blynk application in real-time. The results indicate that the auto-tracking system increased charging efficiency by around 10%, compared to only 6% with a static panel in one hour. This performance is nearly equal to household electricity charging, which reached approximately 10–11%. The study concludes that the single-axis IoT-based auto-tracking system significantly enhances the performance of small-scale solar panels and holds strong potential for portable energy solutions in remote areas.

Blasting and crushing are essential stages in the limestone mining process; however, both stages may contribute to material volume loss due to technical factors and geological conditions. This study aims to analyze the blasted volume, crushed volume, and the amount of volume loss occurring throughout these processes. The research utilizes primary data including blasting geometry, blasting patterns, crushing production, and secondary data such as regional geology and equipment specifications. Based on 15 blasting activities conducted from October to December 2024, the total blasted volume reached 71,691 tons with an average powder factor of 0.23 kg/m³. Meanwhile, the total volume produced from secondary crushing was 71,575 tons. The comparison indicates volume loss influenced by suboptimal fragmentation, rock characteristics, work efficiency of the crushing unit, and operational constraints in the field. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for optimizing blasting design and crushing operations to minimize volume loss and improve overall mining productivity.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in the Indonesian economy, yet they are vulnerable to various conflicts that can hinder their continuity. Dispute resolution through legal channels (litigation) is often considered inefficient for MSMEs due to the lengthy process, high costs, and inflexibility. Therefore, alternative dispute resolution methods such as mediation and arbitration are considered preferable to litigation. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of mediation and arbitration in resolving business conflicts among MSMEs in Indonesia, identify inhibiting factors in resolving business conflicts, and provide recommendations for strengthening the accessibility of these mechanisms for MSMEs. The research method used is empirical juridical, combining normative analysis of regulations governing mediation and arbitration with data collection using document studies related to MSMEs. The results indicate that mediation is generally more effective for MSMEs because it is less expensive, simpler, and can maintain business relationships between the parties. However, the success of mediation is also determined by the quality of the mediator and the willingness of both parties. On the other hand, arbitration provides legal certainty and a relatively quicker resolution process compared to litigation. However, the barriers are the relatively high cost and low legal understanding among MSMEs. A comparison of the two shows that the effectiveness of ADR depends heavily on the availability of information, support from service providers, and the MSME's ability to adapt to legal procedures.

This study examines the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB) with a focus on internal structural validity and reliability. The research aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the feasibility of QEWB as an instrument to assess eudaimonic well-being within the Indonesian population. The process involved the adaptation of the original scale, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate its dimensional structure. Findings indicate that the Indonesian QEWB demonstrates adequate internal structural validity and reliable measurement consistency. The four-factor model meaning in life, self-discovery, personal expression enjoyment, and personal satisfaction and fulfillment showed the best fit, confirming the stability of this structure across analyses. Further examination through group comparison suggests that the instrument does not exhibit gender bias within the sample, supporting its fairness and applicability across male and female respondents. These results highlight the potential use of the Indonesian QEWB for research and psychological assessment, particularly in studies focusing on well-being, personal development, and organizational contexts. However, the generalization of findings should be approached with caution due to sample limitations. Future research is recommended to involve more diverse populations and explore additional psychometric evidence to strengthen the scale’s applicability across broader cultural and demographic groups.

Financial decision-making among university students has become a critical issue in the digital era, requiring adequate financial literacy and adaptive skills. This study aims to explore how students at Lampung Uni-versity make financial decisions by examining three main factors: financial literacy, peer influence, and digital transformation. A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed to capture students’ subjective experiences regarding their thought processes, considerations, and social dynamics influencing financial choices. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with participants selected using purposive random sampling and analyzed using thematic coding with NVivo 12 Pro software. The findings indicate that financial literacy serves as a cognitive foundation, enabling students to assess risks, prioritize ex-penditures, and develop basic financial management strategies. Peer influence affects financial decisions through social norms, social comparisons, and peer recommendations. Meanwhile, digital transformation facilitates access to information, accelerates transactions, and shapes new consumption and investment patterns among students. The interaction of these three factors contributes to the formation of com-prehensive financial awareness. This study provides insights for enhancing financial education and promoting rational financial behaviors among young adults.

The use of virtual classrooms in the learning process is a strategic step to create a flexible learning experience, accessible anytime and anywhere. Schoology's "Plasma" as a virtual classroom platform offers various digital learning features that enable students to develop Self-Regulated Learning (SRL). Through access to materials, discussions, and other digital learning resources, students are encouraged to be more active, independent, and able to plan, monitor, and evaluate their own learning process. SRL is an important internal factor that plays a role in learning success, because it encourages students to realize their learning needs without relying on direct direction from the teacher. This study is a classroom action research conducted by mathematics teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Gedongtataan, Pesawaran, Lampung, with 30 students of grade XII IPA 1 in the 2022/2023 academic year. Data were collected through questionnaires, observations, and interviews, then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the use of Schoology's virtual classroom significantly improved students' SRL. The comparison of the average SRL scores in Cycle I and Cycle II, 2.7 and 3.2, respectively, indicates a consistent increase. This finding confirms that the integration of Schoology's virtual classroom is effective in enhancing students' learning independence at the secondary education level.

This research examines the comparison of Islamic education innovations in Japan and Singapore with a focus on technological approaches and local cultural integration. Japan and Singapore are two developed countries in Asia that have developed Islamic education systems with unique characteristics despite not being Muslim-majority countries. This study uses a qualitative method with a library research approach through document and literature analysis. Data were collected from scientific journals, books, and educational policy documents in both countries. The results show that Japan develops Islamic education with an adaptive approach that integrates digital technology and Japanese cultural values such as discipline and kaizen. Meanwhile, Singapore builds a structured Islamic education system integrated with the national education system through MUIS with innovations in the aL.I.V.E curriculum and SIES. The main difference lies in the level of institutionalization and government support, where Singapore has a more formal structure while Japan is more flexible and community-based. Both models provide valuable lessons for the development of Islamic education in Indonesia, particularly in terms of technology integration, local cultural adaptation, and contextual curriculum development.

This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis comparing the legal mechanisms of constitutional amendment in Indonesia and South Africa. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative law approach. Primary data is sourced from the authoritative texts of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945) and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Data analysis is conducted qualitatively using content analysis techniques on provisions related to constitutional amendments in both supreme legal documents. The research findings reveal fundamental differences in the constitutional amendment paradigms of both countries. First, Indonesia adopts a rigid amendment system implemented by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) with very strict quorum and approval requirements. Second, South Africa adopts a more flexible and differentiated system, where Parliament acts as the constituent authority, with varying approval levels depending on the substance of the amended provisions ranging from simple majority to two-thirds, and even involving the Provincial Council for certain matters. Third, despite different approaches, both countries affirm the principle of constitutional supremacy. These mechanistic differences reflect Indonesia's strategic choice to prioritize consensus and constitutional stability, while South Africa emphasizes constitutional adaptability and responsiveness to socio-political developments.

Background: Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal problem in infants aged 6–12 months, causing discomfort, hard stools, and reduced quality of life. Non-pharmacologic interventions, such as abdominal massage, have shown promise in improving bowel function, but evidence regarding the effectiveness of the I Love You massage technique in community settings remains limited. Objective: This study aimed  examine the effectiveness of I Love You massage in reducing constipation among infants aged 6–12 months attending South Bulango Health Center. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group was employed. Thirty infants with functional constipation were purposively selected and divided into an intervention group (n=15) receiving daily I Love You massage for 10 minutes over seven days, and control group (n=15) receiving standard care, including dietary guidance and hydration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 with paired t-tests for within-group comparisons and independent t-tests for between-group differences. Results: The intervention group exhibited a significant increase in bowel movement frequency (2.1 ± 0.7 to 5.6 ± 0.9 per week) and improvement in stool consistency (1.2 ± 0.4 to 2.8 ± 0.5), along with a notable reduction in abdominal discomfort (6.5 ± 1.2 to 2.1 ± 0.8). In contrast, the control group showed minimal improvements. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: I Love You massage is an effective, safe, and low-cost intervention reduce constipation in infants aged 6–12 months. Its implementation in primary healthcare settings may enhance gastrointestinal function, relieve discomfort, and promote caregiver-infant interaction.