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This literature review examines the effectiveness of Brain Gym as an intervention to improve children's learning concentration. Brain Gym is a series of physical movements developed to enhance brain function. Several studies in the last decade have suggested that Brain Gym activities can positively influence children's attention span and cognitive performance, particularly in educational settings. Through a review of 20 empirical studies published between 2015 and 2024, this study finds consistent evidence of improved focus and academic engagement among children who participated in regular Brain Gym exercises. The findings suggest that Brain Gym can serve as a complementary approach to conventional teaching strategies, especially for elementary-level learners. Implications for educators and future research are discussed.

When someone enters old age, symptoms such as senility or difficulty remembering new information often appear. This condition is known as dementia, a syndrome characterized by decreased cognitive function, behavioral changes, memory impairment, disorientation, and difficulty communicating and making decisions. This community service program aims to provide information and understanding about how to handle dementia that can be done at home. Activities are carried out through a counseling method consisting of a pre-test, education, and post-test, using leaflets and questionnaires containing questions to measure the level of understanding of participants. The results of the counseling showed an increase in participant knowledge, as seen from the comparison of the graph between the pre-test and post-test results. Education accompanied by brain gymnastics practices has been shown to have a positive impact on increasing participants' understanding of dementia and how to handle it. It is hoped that this counseling will continue to provide benefits to participants and can be applied in everyday life.

One of the problems raised in this study is the low ability of elementary school students to write and understand the structure of rhymes, especially in Padang City. The purpose of this study is to describe the ability of Phase B students (grade IV of elementary school) to write rhymes from a cognitive and psychomotor perspective. The cognitive aspect assesses students' understanding of the structure and function of the rhyme, while the psychomotor aspect assesses the student's ability to compose rhymes in accordance with rules such as rhyme, the number of lines, and the relationship between rhyme and content. Warisa Hadi Amelsi conducted this research with a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study of five students in the fourth grade in one of the elementary schools in Padang City. The results of the study showed that the Indonesian Phase B learning achievement indicators were used to make assessment instruments. The results show that students' abilities are still low, with a high score of 70 and an overall average of 49. While most students know the characteristics of rhymes, they face difficulties in writing complete and organized rhymes. The results suggest that more contextual and creative learning strategies should be strengthened. In addition, students must be trained to write and understand ancient types of literature such as rhymes. It is hoped that this research will be a reference for the development of evaluation of Indonesian learning in elementary schools.    

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein energy malnutrition (MEP). Malnourished toddlers have short and long term effects, in the form of impaired growth and development, including impaired cognitive function, morbidity, risk of degenerative diseases in later life and death. The male patient aged 1 year and 2 months was brought by his parents to the emergency room of Cut Meutia Hospital on Tuesday, June 4, 2024 at 20:07 WIB with complaints of swelling on both backs of legs and hands and face. On the antopometric examination on the first day of treatment, the patient's nutritional status was found to be poor. Patients are given malnutrition management which is divided into 3 phases, namely stabilization, transition and rehabilitation.   Kata kunci: Antropometri, Kwashiorkor, Malnutrisi Energi Protein

Hajj pilgrimage is a 30-day religious journey in Saudi Arabia undertaken by Muslims, with waiting times often exceeding 5 years, and many of them are elderly individuals requiring stable mental and physical conditions. Mental health is a crucial factor for the well-being of the elderly, with over 20% of them suffering from disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Gender also plays a role, with women being more vulnerable to depression and anxiety. Education level and cognitive function also influence mental health. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) is used to assess individual mental health and the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress. This research aims to understand how factors such as age, gender, and education are related to the mental health of prospective Hajj pilgrims from Palembang in 2023 using the DASS instrument. The study found a significant relationship between age and the occurrence of depression but not with gender or education. These factors also did not have a significant relationship with anxiety. In the case of stress, a significant relationship was found between gender and age, while education level did not affect it.

Neurocognitive disorders, particularly dementia, affect various cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, learning, and problem-solving, with the elderly population being the most impacted. The prevalence of dementia is projected to rise to 131 million cases by 2050, posing significant social and economic implications. This study employed a cross-sectional method to evaluate the role of Apolipoprotein A (APOA) and Apolipoprotein B (APOB) in the diagnosis and prevention of dementia in older adults. The results showed that Apolipoprotein A was not significantly correlated with MMSE scores, indicating no clear relationship between APOA and cognitive function. In contrast, Apolipoprotein B demonstrated a significant negative correlation with MMSE, suggesting that increased APOB levels are associated with cognitive decline. Elevated ApoB, linked to increased LDL and oxidative stress, correlated with reduced cognitive function, whereas ApoA, the main component of HDL, is associated with neuroprotective effects. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring lipid profiles, including ApoA and ApoB, in the prevention and management of dementia in the elderly.    

The elderly period carries a negative perception because it is considered one of the vulnerable groups in society. They often experience changes in physical health, reduced social support, and the possibility of decreased quality of life. In this case, empowerment of the elderly is important to improve the quality of life and achieve successful aging, as is the empowerment carried out for the elderly at the Al-Falah Health Post Dompet Dhuafa. This study aims to determine what empowerment model is carried out at the Al-Falah Health Post and what programs are carried out in achieving successful aging for the elderly at the Al-Falah Health Post as well as the obstacles and what efforts are made to overcome these obstacles. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection was carried out by interviews, observations, and documentation. And the determination of informants used purposive sampling. The results of this study show a picture of empowerment at the AL-Falah Health Post involving various training for elderly cadres, the achievement of successful aging in the elderly at the Al-Falah Health Post in the forms of achievements include: a) minimizing and low risk of disease, the elderly have awareness and commitment to maintain their health, b) physical and cognitive function that is still maximal allows the elderly to continue learning, maintain physical and mental health, and increase their independence in everyday life, c) social relationships in life at the Al-Falah Health Post create an environment that supports active and beneficial social relationships.  

The selection of group counseling interventions in addressing learners' problems shows high effectiveness because it utilizes group dynamics that support the development of emotional aspects, cognition, and communication skills. Group counseling has an important role in the preventive, curative, and developmental functions of learners, both in terms of mental health, social skills, academics, and career planning. Group counseling is a relevant form of counseling service to deal with learners' problems that are urgent and have similarities, and serves as a means of holistic self-development. The effectiveness of this service depends not only on productivity, but also the perspectives of counseling teachers, students, and the efficiency of implementation, all of which are influenced by the professional competence of counselors according to national standards. Effectiveness itself is understood as success in achieving service goals, which includes internal and external factors of service implementers. In its implementation, different group counseling approaches and techniques can still achieve optimal results when adjusted to the problems and needs of students. The use of the Cognitive Behaviour Therapy approach in group counseling is proven to increase participants' understanding of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, and strengthen group interaction in depth. Strategies and innovations in counseling techniques or methods need to be adjusted to strengthen the effectiveness of the service, while participant activeness and the dynamics of social interaction are important factors in supporting the success of group counseling. Therefore, collaboration between group members is needed so that the counseling process runs smoothly and service goals can be achieved optimally.    

This study aims to analyze the application of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) learning model in improving students' cognitive learning outcomes in science learning, especially in the material on the structure and function of plant tissues. The research was conducted at SMP Negeri 4 Satap Wori, with the research subjects in the form of 21 grade VIII students who had heterogeneous learning abilities. This study uses a class action research (PTK) approach in two cycles. In the first cycle, student learning outcomes showed that only 38.1% of students had completed, while 61.9% had not reached the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). Based on the reflection of the first cycle, improvements were made in the second cycle by increasing student involvement, providing more motivation, and forming heterogeneous learning groups. The results in the second cycle showed a significant increase, with 85.7% of students achieving learning completeness in accordance with the KKM. The increase in learning completeness from the first cycle to the second cycle was 47.6%. This study concludes that the PBL model effectively improves students' critical thinking skills, creativity, and motivation and can help students solve problems independently and in groups. Therefore, applying the PBL model is recommended to continue to be used in learning that involves real-world problem-solving.

This qualitative study explores the role of pickleball in promoting healthy aging among elderly players in Indonesia. As the global elderly population continues to rise, the need for effective strategies to enhance physical, mental, and social well-being in older adults becomes more pressing. Pickleball, a low-impact sport that combines elements of tennis, badminton, and table tennis, has gained significant popularity worldwide due to its accessibility, moderate intensity, and low risk of injury. This study employed a phenomenological approach, conducting semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and focus group discussions with 19 elderly pickleball players aged 50 and above in Surabaya, Indonesia. The findings suggest that regular participation in pickleball leads to significant improvements in physical health, including enhanced strength, balance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance. The sport also has positive effects on mental well-being, helping to reduce stress, improve cognitive function, and provide a sense of purpose and accomplishment. Socially, pickleball fosters community engagement, reduces feelings of isolation, and strengthens intergenerational relationships, allowing older adults to connect with younger generations. However, barriers such as physical limitations, limited access to facilities, and unfavorable weather conditions hinder consistent participation. In conclusion, pickleball is a valuable and effective activity for promoting healthy aging by providing a holistic approach to improving the quality of life in older adults. Policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders are encouraged to invest in pickleball infrastructure, promote awareness, and support active aging initiatives to further enhance the well-being of elderly populations. This version now has 253 words, making it more closely aligned with your desired word count.

This study aims to analyze the role and function of the TikTok application as a social media platform according to students of the Islamic Communication and Broadcasting (KPI) program at IAI AL-AZIS and to examine perceptions regarding its use as a medium for da'wah. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The study subjects consist of KPI students from the 2021, 2022, and 2023 cohorts. Data collection was conducted through interviews and documentation. The findings indicate that TikTok is perceived as a social media platform that plays a role in disseminating information, providing entertainment, fostering creativity, facilitating marketing, and shaping social and cultural trends. Perceptions of da'wah on TikTok are generally positive, with cognitive, affective, and conative components reflecting an understanding of its potential, interest in its content, and engagement in sharing religious messages. TikTok is considered an effective da'wah medium when content is presented creatively, communicatively, and in an easily comprehensible manner, with an emphasis on positive values that align with the communication patterns of the younger generation. Thus, TikTok holds strategic potential in supporting Islamic da'wah in the digital era.

Postural balance is a crucial aspect of daily life that enables individuals to move with stability and safety. Children with Down Syndrome (DS) often experience balance disorders due to cognitive function limitations that affect their motor abilities. This study aims to explore the relationship between cognitive function and balance in children with DS. Cognitive impairments, including memory deficits, attention difficulties, and executive function challenges, can impact a child's ability to control posture and perform motor activities effectively. Additionally, difficulties in movement coordination and sensorimotor responses contribute to poor balance abilities. Understanding the connection between cognitive function and balance can facilitate the implementation of appropriate interventions, such as physical therapy and cognitive stimulation, to improve the quality of life of children with DS. A holistic approach is essential in supporting the development of children with DS to help them achieve greater independence. Parents and families play a vital role in actively participating in the growth and development of children with DS, ensuring that their cognitive function and balance are maintained and enhanced. Consequently, children with DS can become more independent and socially engaged, enabling them to interact with others and build healthy social relationships. Keywords: Down Syndrome, cognitive function, postural balance, parents, family

The ability to speak is a vital aspect of human life, involving the interplay between cognitive processes and the function of speech organs, such as the vocal cords, tongue, teeth, lips, and oral cavity. The articulation process enables humans to produce intelligible sounds for effective communication. This study aims to explore the anatomical, physiological, and phonetic roles of speech organs in generating, varying, and comprehending language sounds, particularly in the context of foreign language learning. A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted, with data gathered through interviews, literature reviews, and document analysis. The study provides an in-depth understanding of the connection between speech organ use and linguistic phenomena such as phonological structures, dialects, accents, and variations. Furthermore, it examines the significance of speech organs in phonetics and phonology learning for both native and second-language learners. The findings contribute to theoretical and applied linguistic studies, especially in phonetic, phonological, and language education analysis.

The following article has the following objectives: (1) to understand the meaning of role playing (2) the purpose of implementing role playing (3) the function and provisions in implementing the role playing model for elementary school students (4) the advantages and disadvantages of using role playing. In implementing role playing, there are quite good benefits for training and increasing creativity and understanding students' learning and mathematical concepts, especially at the elementary level. At that age, a strong understanding is needed because they are not yet able to think abstractly. Therefore, a method is needed that emphasizes the concept so that it is easier for students to learn mathematics. It is also necessary to make more efforts to emphasize understanding the concept so that students have a good enough basis for thinking to achieve other cognitive abilities.

The elderly often face challenges such as decreased cognitive function, social isolation, depression and anxiety that can affect their overall quality of life. Providing art therapy to the elderly is closely related to understanding its benefits to their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The purpose of providing art therapy to the elderly is to promote holistic well-being through creative expression, social interaction, and meaningful artistic experiences. The method of implementation is by providing art activities to the elderly who are divided into several groups, carried out for 1 x meeting, each for 1 hour. The target of this activity is the elderly residents of the Mulia Dharma Elderly Rehabilitation Social Institution, Kubu Raya Regency.  The results of the activity are in the form of artwork and documentation of art creation activities. Participants showed enthusiasm in participating in art creation activities with flower arranging activities and coloring pictures. Participants showed a happy attitude towards the work produced. Art therapy in the elderly is an effective approach in improving the quality of life in old age. Through creative expression, social interaction, and artistic experiences, older adults can find greater happiness, meaning, and well-being in living life.

Elderly people living in nursing homes often experience various challenges, such as physical limitations, loneliness, and decreased cognitive and psychosocial functions. One approach that can be applied to improve the welfare and independence of the elderly is Group Activity Therapy (GAT). The purpose of community service is to help the elderly increase their independence in fulfilling Daily Living (ADL) activities with Group Activity Therapy. The method of implementing the activity is carried out with a pre-test - post-test using a questionnaire. The elderly are given counseling then Group Activity Therapy. This activity was carried out on Saturday, December 14, 2024 at PPSLU Mappakasunggu Pare-pare. This activity was attended by 32 elderly people. The results of the pre-test elderly independence level were 62.5% elderly with dependence and 37.5% elderly with independence while the post-test independence level was 43.75% elderly with dependence and 56.25% with independence. To PPLSU Mappakasunggu Pare-pare to facilitate group activity therapy (TAK) continuously to create a feeling of joy so that the quality of life of the elderly remains healthy, independent, useful and productive.

Sustainable education environments, also known as "Green Schools," are designed to promote environmental awareness and improve student well-being. This paper investigates the effects of eco-friendly school infrastructures, green spaces, and sustainable curricula on students' mental health and academic performance. Findings indicate that green school initiatives enhance students’ cognitive functions, reduce stress, and promote pro-environmental behaviors.

Sustainable education environments, also known as "Green Schools," are designed to promote environmental awareness and improve student well-being. This paper investigates the effects of eco-friendly school infrastructures, green spaces, and sustainable curricula on students' mental health and academic performance. Findings indicate that green school initiatives enhance students’ cognitive functions, reduce stress, and promote pro-environmental behaviors.

Physical education is something that cannot be separated from education in general because physical education fulfills all the goals and functions of education through the development of three aspects, namely cognitive, affective, and psychomotor of the students. Based on observations by the researcher, particularly in the 11th grade, many students still lack understanding and ability in demonstrating the basic movement of kicking a ball with the back of the foot in soccer. The hypothesis in this research is "The Self Check Style teaching method has an influence on improving the basic movement learning outcomes of kicking a ball with the back of the foot in soccer among the 11th-grade students of SMK Negeri 1 Tomohon.". The operational objective of this research is to compare whether the average score of basic movement learning in kicking with the back of the foot among students who are given treatment with the Self Check Style teaching method is higher than the average score of basic movement learning in kicking with the back of the foot in football among students who are not given the Self Check Style teaching method. This research uses the experimental method. The population consists of 194 students from the XI grade of SMK NEGERI 1 TOMOHON. And the sample consists of 40 students. The instrument of this research is a basic movement ability test for kicking with the back of the foot in soccer. The result of the hypothesis testing obtained a t-value of 9.2857. Based on the t-distribution table at ∝0.05 with degrees of freedom n1+n2-2 = 20+20-2= 38, the t-table value is obtained as 2.024. so the calculated t is greater than the table t (calculated t > table t). Based on the testing criteria, if the calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value, then the null hypothesis (HO) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (HA) is accepted. The conclusion of this study is that the Self Check style of teaching has a significant impact on the improvement of basic movement learning in kicking a ball with the back of the foot in soccer among the 11th-grade students of SMK NEGERI 1 TOMOHON.

Foreign language learning anxiety is a prevalent emotional phenomenon among English major students that significantly impacts their learning effectiveness and motivation. This study comprehensively examines the definition, classification, causes, and complex effects of foreign language learning anxiety from a theoretical perspective. Through analyzing the interplay of personal factors (such as self-esteem, learning styles, learning motivation) and environmental factors (such as teaching methods, classroom atmosphere, test pressure, cultural differences), it reveals the multidimensional nature of foreign language learning anxiety. The research indicates that this anxiety not only reduces learners' motivation and efficiency but also interferes with their cognitive processes, affects the development of speaking and listening skills, and even negatively impacts their physical and mental health. To address this issue, based on the Affective Filter Hypothesis, Humanistic Psychology, Constructivist Learning Theory, and Social Interaction Theory, this study proposes educational intervention strategies, including optimizing curriculum design, improving teaching evaluation systems, establishing psychological counseling mechanisms, and strengthening the emotional support function of teachers. These strategies aim to create a positive, interactive learning environment to help students overcome anxiety and enhance learning outcomes.