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Businesses build trademarks to promote products or services while maintaining their reputation and competitiveness. However, the practice of using well-known brands without the license owner's permission is still found. The case of counterfeiting the Arc'teryx brand by PT ATX Asia Sport Products demonstrates a violation of the exclusive rights of the brand owner. This study aims to analyze law enforcement against the circulation of counterfeit Arc'teryx products in Bali based on Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications and review the role of the TRIPs Agreement in protecting brands in Indonesia. The method used is normative with a literature review of laws, books, journals, and literature related to unauthorized trademark infringement. The results show that the use of the Arc'teryx brand without official permission confirms the weak supervision and law enforcement of foreign brands that have not been registered in Indonesia. Although the first-to-file system applies, Indonesia still provides legal protection for foreign brands through its membership in the Paris Convention and the TRIPs Agreement. This study emphasizes the need to strengthen the role of the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights (DJKI), the Commercial Court, and increase public legal awareness to prevent trademark infringement and create legal certainty for rights owners and consumers.

The rapid growth of global digital technology has significantly reshaped social, economic, and legal systems. This transformation presents new challenges for states in fulfilling their legal responsibilities toward digital consumer protection amid the emergence of global citizenship. This study aims to analyze the forms of state responsibility in protecting digital consumer rights through legal and transnational ethical perspectives. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this research focuses on national legal instruments such as Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022 and regional policies such as the ASEAN Digital Framework Agreement 2025. The findings reveal that states bear dual responsibilities: protecting citizens’ digital rights domestically and adhering to international norms globally. This responsibility involves law enforcement against data violations, policy harmonization, and the strengthening of digital ethics. The study concludes that cross-border cooperation and ethical integration are essential to ensure fair and sustainable digital governance.

The practice of naming rights through trademark licensing agreements on public facilities has become a common commercialisation strategy in Indonesia. However, when the object of naming rights is a public facility with cultural heritage status, legal uncertainty arises due to the absence of specific regulations governing the intersection between Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications and Law No. 11 of 2010 concerning Cultural Heritage. The objective of this study is to analyse the regulation of naming rights on public facilities with cultural heritage status and to identify any differences in the application of trademark law in the cases of Semarang Tawang Station and Cirebon Kejaksan Station. The study employs a normative juridical method, utilising secondary data collection techniques and is supported by tertiary legal materials, employing a legislative, analytical and comparative approach. The results of the study indicate a discrepancy in the regulatory framework for naming rights concerning cultural heritage, leading to legal ambiguity due to inconsistent implementation. This is exemplified by the contrasting outcomes at Semarang Tawang Station, where the naming rights agreement with Bank Jateng was successfully executed, and at Cirebon Kejaksan Station, where the agreement was terminated despite both stations possessing cultural heritage status. The study recommends the introduction of comprehensive special regulations to harmonise the protection of exclusive trademark rights with the preservation of the identity and historical value of cultural heritage sites.  

The development of information technology has driven significant changes in contracting practices, including the emergence of electronic contracts as a form of agreement in digital transactions. This study aims to analyze the legal basis, validity requirements, constituent elements, and legal status of electronic contracts under the Law of ITE, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019, and the general principles of agreement in the Civil Code. The research employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative analytical approach through a literature review of legislation and relevant legal doctrine. The study’s findings indicate that electronic contracts fundamentally possess the same validity as conventional written contracts, provided they satisfy the validity requirements of Article 1320 of the Civil Code and the technical provisions set forth in the implementing regulations of the UU ITE. These provisions include the use of reliable electronic systems, adherence to the principles of prudence and good faith, and the provision of clear electronic information. Electronic contracts must also contain the essentialia, naturalia, and accidentalia elements as regulated in Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, and they are subject to additional rules applicable to electronic transactions under Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019. The implications of this study underscore the importance of raising electronic system security standards, providing legal education for participants in digital transactions, and strengthening regulations on digital proof and evidentiary rules so that electronic contracts can deliver optimal legal certainty.

The phenomenon of introduction through social media has become very common in this digital era. Social media offers ease and efficiency in introducing individuals to others, allowing them to meet, interact, and build relationships in a different way than traditional methods. However, the introduction of a partner through social media also brings its own challenges, emotional manipulation, and limitations in understanding the partner in depth. In the context of Catholic marriage, this phenomenon poses a serious challenge to canonical law. Canon law strictly regulates marriage in order to remain faithful to the Church's teaching of lifelong union and openness to procreation. However, the introduction of a couple through social media can affect the validity of the agreement, psychological readiness, and understanding of the nature of marriage. The Church needs to meet these challenges with a new pastoral approach, including the development of specific guidelines for the companionship of couples who start relationships through social media. This approach includes strengthening more intensive and comprehensive pastoral mentoring, utilizing social media as a tool for education and counseling and reminding couples of the importance of transparency and honesty in relationships. Thus, the Church faces the challenge of ensuring the psychological readiness of both parties and helping couples to understand more deeply about the marital commitments they make and to maintain the values of the sacrament of marriage in an ever-evolving digital world.

This study analyzes the legal position of the captain in the structure of maritime employment relations with a case study at PT. Kembang Mekar Indah, which highlights the gap between the normative provisions in the Commercial Code (KUHD), Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping, and the Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) 2006 with the implementation practices in the field. This study uses a normative-empirical legal method through literature studies and interviews with captains and company representatives, analyzed qualitatively-descriptively to compare legal norms and empirical reality. The results of the study indicate that maritime employment agreements still place captains on an equal footing with ordinary workers even though the legislation confirms their position as the highest leader on board and the legal representative of the ship owner. Empirical findings show that the fulfillment of the captain's rights to salary is 80%, work facilities 60%, legal protection 40%, and regulatory socialization only 20%, indicating an imbalance in legal protection and weaknesses in the substance of the employment contract. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate the shipping legal system by improving maritime work agreements, strengthening the role of harbormasters, and harmonizing national regulations with the 2006 MLC standards in order to create maritime work relations that are professional, fair, and adaptive to international maritime law.

The rapid development of network infrastructure demands high Quality of Service (QoS), especially in Metro Ethernet networks widely utilized by telecommunication service providers. A primary challenge is efficient bandwidth management to ensure network stability and performance. This research aims to optimize bandwidth management by implementing the Y.1731 method based on Ethernet Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) on Raisecom devices. The methodology employed is a quantitative experimental approach based on technical simulation within an Professional Network Emulator Tool Lab (PNET Lab), where real-time network performance measurements are conducted using the ITU-T Y.1731 protocol for key parameters such as delay, jitter, and packet loss on Raisecom devices (represented by Cisco routers). The expected outcomes include increased efficiency in bandwidth utilization through more adaptive allocation, comprehensive and accurate real-time network performance monitoring capabilities, validation of OAM functions on Raisecom devices, improved Quality of Service (QoS) and better Service Level Agreement (SLA) attainment, and the provision of technical recommendations for network management. The implementation of Y.1731 is anticipated to quickly detect and respond to service degradation, thereby providing a strong basis for decision-making in network management and contributing to the enhancement of service quality in Metro Ethernet networks through optimization based on proactive monitoring.

Qanun of Banda Aceh City Number 4 of 2022 emphasizes that the Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company of Drinking Water aims to provide fair and sustainable drinking water services. The legal relationship between the customer and the company is regulated through the Decree of the Board of Directors PEG Number. III/10/PDAM/2020. However, there are still many customers who are in default in the form of late payments that cause losses to the company and are contrary to Article 1243 of the Civil Code regarding the obligation of debtors to compensate for losses due to negligence. This study aims to analyze the default settings in the customer connection agreement at  the Tirta Taroy Regional Public Drinking Water Company  , identify the factors causing defaults, and explain the form of applying civil sanctions to customers who commit defaults. This study uses an empirical juridical method with qualitative descriptive analysis based on legal and field data. The results of the study show that the most dominant forms of default in customers of the Tirta Daroy Regional Drinking Water Public Company are late and arrears of payments, not paying at all and misuse of water connections. The main causative factors include economic conditions, administrative negligence, and intentional elements. Legally, this default causes financial losses and disrupts the sustainability of public services. Sanctions are applied in stages through notices, warnings, summonses, to fines, compensation, or disconnection. The Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company is advised to follow up on customer complaints, improve the billing system, adjust the sanction clause proportionately, and increase legal awareness through socialization.

Cases of non-performance of contract. on the part of the aggrieved party bring the case to the criminal realm. The charge reported is the fraud article, even though the criminal offense has not been fulfilled. So that it has the potential to cause wrong criminalization, the main problem is the inaccurate use of the fraud article against defaults which are basically civil. The research method uses normative juridical with decision analysis and criminal and civil law studies related to non-performance of contract. and fraud. The results show that non-performance of contract. can only turn into a criminal offense of fraud if there are elements of intent, bad faith, use of deception, or falsification of agreements with the intention of benefiting oneself against the law. Therefore, law enforcement officials should be careful in distinguishing non-performance of contract. and fraud cases to avoid abuse of the law that harms the parties concerned. The hopes and solutions proposed are proportional law enforcement by paying attention to the element of malicious intent in determining criminal offenses, as well as legal education to the public so that they understand the difference between the civil and criminal domains in contractual disputes.

The franchise business model has experienced rapid growth in Indonesia, particularly in the food, beverage, and modern retail sectors, such as Indomaret. The franchise system provides efficient business expansion opportunities for franchisors and franchisees to participate in businesses that already have established operational standards and market reputations. However, behind this development, significant legal challenges have emerged, particularly related to the unequal position between franchisors and franchisees in franchise agreements. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for franchisees by reviewing the principles of fairness, balance, and legal certainty in the implementation of franchise contracts. The approach used is a normative juridical method with a case study of the Indomaret franchise partnership, which is examined through an analysis of related laws and regulations, such as Government Regulation Number 42 of 2007 concerning Franchising and Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 71 of 2019. The results of the study indicate that there is still asymmetry of power in contract drafting, weak legal literacy of franchisees, and a lack of government oversight of agreement implementation. Therefore, regulatory reform and strengthening of oversight mechanisms are needed to ensure that franchise relationships operate fairly, transparently, and sustainably

The principle of proportionality plays an important role in ensuring a balance of rights and obligations between the parties to a reciprocal agreement. In the context of Indonesian contract law, this principle serves as a mechanism to prevent imbalances that could harm one of the parties, especially in commercial and complex contracts. This study uses a normative juridical approach with a literature review method, which involves analysis of relevant laws and regulations and case studies. This approach allows researchers to explore the application of the principle of proportionality in various types of reciprocal agreements, including franchise agreements and construction service contracts. For example, a study by Susanto et al. (2021) highlights how the principle of proportionality is applied in construction service contracts to ensure a fair distribution of responsibilities between contractors and clients. The results of the analysis show that the consistent application of the principle of proportionality can improve fairness in contractual relationships. In franchise agreements, the application of this principle helps to create a balance between the rights and obligations of the franchisor and franchisee, who often have different bargaining positions. Thus, the principle of proportionality serves not only as a legal principle, but also as a practical tool for achieving fairness in contractual practice

A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates legal rights and obligations to perform or refrain from performing certain actions. In business practice, a contract serves as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and protection for all parties involved. To regulate these legal relationships, a comprehensive understanding of contract law is required as the juridical foundation for drafting and executing agreements. A valid contract must not only fulfill formal and material requirements as stipulated in the Civil Code but also be based on several fundamental legal principles, including the principle of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, good faith, and personality. Moreover, the contract formation process consists of several stages: the pre-drafting stage, the drafting stage which involves the structure and anatomy of the contract, and the post-drafting stage which focuses on the implementation and evaluation of the agreement. In its execution, disputes may arise; therefore, appropriate dispute resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or litigation are essential. A comprehensive understanding of these principles and stages in business contract formation is crucial to ensure that every agreement created is valid, fair, and effective for all parties.

Contract law serves as a fundamental pillar of the modern legal system, regulating relationships and interactions between parties involved in various economic and business transactions. A contract functions as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and the protection of rights and obligations among the parties. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the essential principles of contract law, such as the principles of freedom of contract, consensualism, good faith, and pacta sunt servanda, as well as their practical implementation within the Indonesian business context. Furthermore, this study discusses common challenges in the application of contract law, including unequal bargaining positions, contract breaches, and difficulties in law enforcement. The discussion also explores mechanisms for resolving contractual disputes, both through litigation and alternative dispute resolution methods such as mediation and arbitration. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how contract law functions not only as a binding legal framework but also as an instrument to promote equitable, transparent, and sustainable business relationships.

Unmonitored traffic conditions often hinder decision-making processes in traffic management, particularly on secondary roads. Jalan Raden Inten II in East Jakarta is one of the connecting routes with heavy traffic activity at certain times, yet no integrated data-based monitoring system is currently available. This study proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based traffic condition classification system to identify Clear, Normal, or Congested states based on vehicle counts and speed categorization. The system is designed using an ESP32 microcontroller, an HB100 sensor to detect vehicle speed, and two AJ-SR04M ultrasonic sensors to detect vehicle presence. Data on vehicle counts and the percentage of slow-moving vehicles are periodically transmitted to the ThingSpeak platform and processed using the Threshold-Based Classification method. The classification results are visualized on a dashboard-based website equipped with charts, traffic condition status, and notifications when consecutive congestion is detected. Testing was conducted using simulation data over a specific period. Qualitative validation was carried out by comparing the classification results with traffic indicators from Google Maps. The results show that the system can classify traffic conditions with a good degree of agreement with external references, although discrepancies occurred at certain times due to the limitations of simulated data. This research demonstrates that a simple IoT approach can provide an affordable and effective solution for monitoring and classifying traffic conditions, with potential for real-world implementation in future studies.

In an employment relationship, there are rights and obligations attached to each party that must be fulfilled. However, in practice, employers often neglect to fulfill the rights of workers during their employment and after termination of employment, even though these obligations are regulated in the Collective Labor Agreement and Joint Agreement. Based on these issues, this study aims to examine and describe the legal protection for former employees who have been terminated with outstanding benefits in accordance with Indonesian labor laws, as well as to obtain an overview of the company's responsibility to fulfill the rights of former employees due to termination of employment in accordance with the agreements in the Collective Labor Agreement and Joint Agreement. This study uses a normative juridical approach based on the provisions of labor laws and regulations. Data was collected through a literature study by examining primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials relevant to the research issue. All data were then analyzed qualitatively to formulate comprehensive and implementable conclusions and recommendations for the benefit of former employees. The findings show that legal protection for former employees who experience termination of employment with outstanding benefits can be demanded based on labor law regulations in Indonesia. The company has the responsibility and obligation to fulfill the rights of former employees due to termination of employment in accordance with the agreement in the Collective Labor Agreement and Joint Agreement, whereby the payment of these rights must be aligned with and subject to the provisions of applicable laws and regulations.

The absolute nature of moral rights creates practical legal issues. Under the concept of a sales agreement, the ownership of the sold object is transferred from the seller to the buyer. Conversely, the concept of moral rights, as stipulated in Law Number 28 of 2014, dictates that moral rights cannot be transferred for any reason whatsoever as long as the creator is alive. The conceptual and juridical ambiguity arises from the contradictory nature of a copyright and/or copyrighted work sales agreement versus the absolute status of moral rights. The research methodology employed in this study is the normative juridical method. This method focuses on analyzing legal norms related to moral rights and sales agreements, specifically referencing Law Number 28 of 2014 (Copyright Law) and the Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata). Normatively, the creator's moral rights are perpetual and non-transferable to other parties, in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 28 of 2014, Articles 5 and 57. Nevertheless, within the context of private law, Article 5 of Law Number 28 of 2014 grants the creator the freedom to either maintain or waive these rights. If the agreement is reached consensually, the principle of pacta sunt servanda is applicable between the contracting parties. A clause involving the assignment of moral rights can render the agreement voidable (vernietigbaar) if it involves a violation of the subjective requirements (consent and legal capacity). This is particularly true if the consent was obtained through an abuse of circumstances (penyalahgunaan keadaan). A violation of this requirement indicates that the consent provided by the creator was not free and consensual.

Religious Holiday Allowance is a mandatory worker's right that companies in Indonesia must fulfill as part of their legal responsibilities, which should also extend to online motorcycle taxi  drivers. The platform worker status of online motorcycles taxi, who are typically bound only by work agreements, raises questions regarding their entitlement to this Religious Holiday Allowance. This paper aims to highlight the Circular Letter from the Ministry of Manpower Number M/3/HK.04.00/III/2025, which regulates the provision of Religious Holiday Allowance for online motorcycles taxi in the form of a religious holiday bonus. Using a socio-legal research method, this writing emphasizes the correlation between prevailing laws and regulations concerning the Religious Holiday Allowance for online motorcycles taxi drivers. The research findings indicate that online motorcycle taxi drivers have not comprehensively received their Religious Holiday Allowance rights due to their legal status as partners not being formally recognized within prevailing labor regulations. Furthermore, Circular Letter Number M/3/HK.04.00/III/2025 is non-binding, making the implementation of religious holiday bonus provisions contingent upon the individual policies of each platform company.

The concept of “urgent violation” as regulated in Article 52 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 introduces a new ground for employment termination (PHK), granting employers the authority to unilaterally terminate workers. However, this provision lacks a clear definition and objective parameters, creating legal uncertainty and potential misuse. This study employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach through literature review of legislation, Constitutional Court decisions, and labor law literature. The findings indicate that the clause on “urgent violation” often emerges from unequal bargaining positions between employers and workers, thereby failing to fully satisfy the principle of consensualism as a requirement for valid agreements. Substantively, this provision resembles the “serious misconduct” norm under Article 158 of the Manpower Law, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court through Decision No. 012/PUU-I/2003 for violating the presumption of innocence and workers’ constitutional rights. Consequently, the regulation on “urgent violation” risks repeating the same legal shortcomings and contradicts the spirit of labor law, which emphasizes that termination of employment must be avoided and only used as a last resort (ultimum remedium), as affirmed in Article 151 of the Manpower Law.

This study explores the use of Leech's politeness maxims and the cost-benefit principle in LinkedIn comments about job postings, aiming to understand how job seekers maintain politeness when pursuing job opportunities in a professional digital environment. The research objects used were comments in 5 job postings. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the comments on the LinkedIn platform were analysis and classified based on the 6 maxims proposed by Leech: Tact Maxim, Generosity maxim, Approbation Maxim, Modesty Maxim, Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim. The findings showed that out of a total of 31 data found, the Tact Maxim (32%) was the most common, followed by Approbation Maxim (16%), Generosity maxim (13%), Modesty Maxim (13%), Agreement Maxim (3,2%) and Sympathy Maxim (3,2%). Further cost-benefit analysis revealed that most of the comments showed a lack of politeness, focusing only on personal benefits without providing benefits to the interlocutor.

Insurance is a service designed to prevent or mitigate various potential risks. The Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) is authorized to resolve consumer disputes through three alternative methods: arbitration, conciliation, and mediation. This study aims to analyze the legal force of mediation outcomes and to identify and examine the obstacles encountered in the implementation of insurance dispute resolution through BPSK mediation. This research employs a normative legal method with a statutory approach through literature review. The analysis is conducted qualitatively based on legal regulations and principles. Data is sourced from primary, secondary, and tertiary materials, and the process consists of three stages: formulation, analysis, and conclusion. The findings indicate that although BPSK’s authority is limited, its decisions are final and binding, and mediation agreements remain legally valid. If no objection is filed, the agreement must be implemented, with criminal consequences for non-compliance. However, the effectiveness of consumer dispute resolution remains hindered by weak legal force, limited regulatory framework, institutional capacity constraints, and potential external intervention.