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Public policies in the fields of health, environment, and safety are increasingly subject to disputes through the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism. However, state efforts to protect the public often face claims from investors who consider themselves harmed. This situation carries serious consequences, as states not only bear high litigation costs but may also be required to pay significantly larger compensation if they lose the dispute. This gives rise to regulatory chill, a condition in which governments delay, weaken, or revoke regulations due to concerns over potential investment disputes. Even when some cases result in a state victory, the potential for regulatory chill remains significant, as investors do not need to win disputes to create regulatory uncertainty and pressure policymakers. This phenomenon can manifest in three forms precedential chill, anticipatory chill, and specific response chill, each affecting the policy-making process differently. Regulatory chill narrows the regulatory space, limits state capacity to protect public interests, and creates a deterrent effect on the implementation of new regulations. Using a normative juridical approach enriched with comparative case studies, this paper examines three primary sources of regulatory chill: the economic burden of arbitration and potential compensation, long-term commitments, and institutional limitations in meeting the standard of fair and equitable treatment.

Abandoned mining sites often experience a decline in soil fertility, which impacts soil quality and agricultural sustainability. This study aims to explore the potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens in rehabilitating limestone mining lands and enhancing the growth of Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) trees grown in polybag media. Sengon was selected as a pioneer species due to its resilience in degraded soils and its ability to improve soil structure. This study used an experimental design involving eight different treatments, which included the application of manure and varying concentrations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Evaluations were conducted on the 25th and 50th days by measuring plant growth parameters such as plant height, root length, and key soil chemical properties, including pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results showed that the application of 15 mL of Pseudomonas fluorescens on day 50 resulted in optimal plant growth, as indicated by an increase in plant height, root length, and soil quality improvement. The application of Pseudomonas fluorescens also enhanced soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity, all of which contributed to the improvement of soil fertility in the limestone mining land. This study provides evidence that Pseudomonas fluorescens can play a role in the rehabilitation of abandoned mining lands and improve the growth of Sengon trees, contributing to the recovery of degraded ecosystems.

Mining, especially open-pit mining, can have an impact on the environment and biodiversity. PT Semen Baturaja's limestone mining has an impact on the environment. Therefore, reclamation is necessary to restore the disturbed environmental conditions. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of Paenibacillus polymyxa bacteria on post-limestone mining soil content and sengon plant growth in polybag media. This study uses an experimental method to observe the effect of treatment application. The treatments applied consist of three bacterial doses: 15 mL, 30 mL, and 45 mL. This study will observe sengon growth with the assistance of bacteria and manure fertilizer using polybag media. The parameters observed include soil pH, plant height, root length, as well as organic carbon (C-Organik), total nitrogen (N-Total), potential phosphorus (P Potensial), potential potassium (K Potensial), and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC).  The results of the study indicate that the application of Paenibacillus polymyxa bacteria can enhance soil nutrient content and support sengon plant growth. Soil nutrient content results show significant improvements in nutrient levels in former limestone mine soil. The best treatment was demonstrated by the 45 mL dose, which exhibited the highest increase in nutrient content.

Sustainable food security is a strategic issue in rural development that demands a comprehensive approach based on local communities. This community service activity aims to provide socialization and education about sustainable food security through a socio-economic phenomenological approach, focusing on the role of farmer housewives in Pondidaha Village, Konawe Regency. The implementation methods included educational lectures, focus group discussions (FGDs), field visits, and hands-on practice on sustainable food management, involving 20 farmer housewife respondents. The results showed that 80% of participants gained an adequate understanding of the concept of sustainable food security, local food diversification strategies, and an active role in improving family welfare through strengthening socio-economic capacity. The main challenges identified include limited access to resources, the dual role of housewives, and seasonal income instability. The solutions implemented include sustainable agriculture management training, food diversification counseling, and increased local market access. The socio-economic phenomenological approach provides a perspective that the life experiences, cultural values, and habits of farmer housewives are key elements in the success of food security programs at the community level. This activity contributes to increasing public awareness, skills, and participation in realizing sustainable food security, as well as strengthening the role of women in rural development based on local wisdom. This result is expected to be a model of community empowerment that can be replicated in other rural areas with similar characteristics.

Mining activities in Mandailing Natal Regency, particularly in Kota Nopan, Huta Bargot, and Batang Natal Districts, play a significant role in the local economy while simultaneously generating complex legal, environmental, and social problems. Despite the existence of comprehensive national regulations such as the Mineral and Coal Mining Law and regional bylaws, enforcement remains weak, as indicated by the persistence of illegal mining (PETI), environmental degradation, and conflicts of interest among various stakeholders. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of mining law enforcement by employing a juridical-empirical approach that combines the review of statutory regulations, secondary data, and field observations in three sample districts. The findings reveal that law enforcement is far from optimal due to structural constraints, including limited institutional capacity and inconsistent implementation, as well as cultural and economic factors, such as the community’s dependence on mining as a primary livelihood. Moreover, political and economic interests often weaken oversight and create selective enforcement, further widening the gap between regulation and practice. The study emphasizes that law enforcement in the mining sector should not rely solely on repressive measures but must be integrated with community empowerment, sustainable livelihood alternatives, and the strengthening of institutional governance. Therefore, reforming regional regulations, improving inter-agency coordination, enhancing law enforcement capacity, and ensuring active community participation are crucial steps to build legal, fair, and sustainable mining governance in Mandailing Natal.

The creative industry in Indonesia, particularly the film, animation, and video subsector, is increasingly recognized as an important pillar of national development due to its contribution to economic growth, cultural promotion, and the expansion of creative networks. However, local film communities such as the Bulusari Film Village in Ungaran still face various obstacles, particularly limitations in screenwriting, production, and promotion skills. This study aims to describe the participatory-based mentoring process in strengthening the creative capacity of the community through training in screenwriting and short film production. The methods used are Participatory Community Appraisal (PCA) and Community Partnership Program (CPP), with stages including preparation, socialization, training implementation, and collaborative evaluation. The results of this activity show a significant increase in the skills of community members as demonstrated by differences in pre-test and post-test scores and the success of producing short films based on local culture. In addition, this program has succeeded in strengthening internal collaboration, increasing solidarity, and expanding the promotional reach of works through social media and local events. The academic contribution of this activity lies in the development of a participatory-based film community mentoring model, while its practical contribution is the empowerment of the community as both a culture and a creative economy actor. This program also has implications for strengthening the creative industry ecosystem while supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, the program has strengthened internal collaboration, enhanced solidarity among community members, and expanded the visibility of their work through social media and local events. This initiative not only provides academic value by developing a participatory-based mentoring model for film communities but also contributes practically by empowering the community as both cultural and creative economy stakeholders.

This study investigates the relationship between leg muscle power and the effectiveness of volleyball smash performance among players aged 16–18 years at Jaya Volleyball Club (JVC) Lubuklinggau. Volleyball is a sport that requires a combination of physical strength, technical mastery, and tactical coordination, with the smash being one of the most decisive offensive techniques. The research was motivated by the observation that many junior athletes at JVC had not yet maximized their smash performance, particularly in terms of accuracy and power, which are strongly influenced by leg muscle explosiveness. The study employed a quantitative approach using purposive sampling with 35 participants selected from a population of 60 athletes. Leg muscle power was measured using the vertical jump test, while smash ability was assessed using a structured volleyball smash test. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS version 23, including descriptive statistics, normality tests using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method, and Bivariate Correlation analysis (two-tailed). The results revealed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.652, with a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05), indicating a statistically significant and strong relationship between leg muscle power and smash performance. These findings confirm that explosive power in the legs contributes greatly to the ability of young volleyball players to execute effective smashes. Athletes with higher vertical jump capacity tend to produce more accurate, powerful, and successful smashes, thereby increasing their contribution to team performance. The results emphasize the importance of integrating targeted leg muscle power training into volleyball coaching programs. Coaches and clubs are encouraged to design structured strength and plyometric training regimens to optimize players’ performance. Furthermore, this study provides valuable insights for athlete development programs and contributes to the broader understanding of physical conditioning in volleyball.

The issue of solid waste is becoming increasingly complex in line with population growth and the expansion of residential areas, while the capacity of final disposal sites remains very limited. The absence of waste segregation at the source leads to accumulation, contributing to environmental pollution, the spread of diseases, and flooding due to clogged drainage channels. This study aimed to analyze changes in students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices before and after a waste-sorting educational intervention at SD Negeri 119 Palembang in 2025. A pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach was employed, involving 104 fifth-grade students selected through total sampling. The intervention consisted of waste-sorting education using audio-visual media, accompanied by pretest and posttest assessments. The findings revealed significant improvements in students’ knowledge (67.40 to 91.15), attitudes (23.28 to 32.56), and practices (12.72 to 22.90). The Wilcoxon test confirmed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention scores (p < 0.05). These results highlight that audio-visual media–based education is effective in enhancing students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding waste sorting. Continuous implementation of similar programs in schools is strongly recommended to foster environmentally responsible behavior from an early age.

Basic literacy issues remain a global challenge, as evidenced by the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which place Indonesia at a low rank in reading proficiency. This condition highlights the urgency of literacy as a fundamental competency for elementary school students, particularly in Indonesia. A similar phenomenon is observed in the city of Semarang, where students demonstrate low reading interest, limited access to reading materials, and reliance on conventional teaching methods. In this context, the presence of the SOUL Literacy Community holds strategic potential to support the enhancement of students’ reading and writing skills. This community service initiative aims to empower the SOUL Literacy Community by strengthening the capacities of teachers, students, and the community in developing literacy programs. The methods employed include Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Participatory Community Appraisal (PCA), implemented through preparation, training, mentoring, and evaluation stages. The program results indicate increased community capacity in formulating literacy agendas, improved student interest and skills in reading and writing, and enhanced teacher confidence in applying interactive literacy strategies. Furthermore, the program successfully established a participatory literacy model that strengthens school–community collaboration and can be replicated in other regions. In conclusion, this initiative contributes to the development of a sustainable literacy ecosystem and supports the achievement of SDG 4 on quality education.

Character education is the most important aspect in this generation era that is not only smart in knowledge but also has a nice moral and acts in society. However, this practice of character education in schools often fights challenges because of the lack of community participation and the existence of connection with local needs. This article shows how local educational community collaboration is used to strengthen character education in schools around the campus of Universitas Negeri Semarang as part of a community service program. Using Participatory Community Appraisal (PCA), Focus Group Discussion (FGD), student mentoring, and project activities, this program explores real needs while also giving students how to learning experiences. The results show a significant improvement in students’ understanding and personality, especially in responsibility, discipline, and social environment. The success of character education dopends on the harmoy between schools, families, universities, and local communities, as shown in the high participation of teachers and parents. The program also improved teachers’ capacity to combine character values, encouraged parents’ participation in supporting their children at home, and showed the role of universities as academic facilitators. Character education based on local needs can be used as a  model example by other schools with cultural and social adaptation, while also supporting the Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDG 4 on quality education and SDG 17 on partnerships.

The Community Service Program (KKN) of Universitas Sebelas Maret, Group 217, conducted in Tegalweru Village, Dau District, Malang Regency, was designed to strengthen local economic capacity through strategies of value-added product development and the consolidation of MSME identity based on village potential. The socio-cultural homogeneity of the community, which largely depends on traditional agriculture, creates a paradox between strong social solidarity and weak economic diversification. This condition poses challenges such as limited innovation, low competitiveness, and the underutilization of local resources, thereby necessitating empowerment interventions capable of transforming traditional economic practices into more adaptive and sustainable business models. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation to explore community responses to training on product value addition, packaging, branding, and basic promotional strategies. The findings reveal increased awareness and enthusiasm among MSME actors and housewives to develop local products through simple processing, representative packaging, and distinctive brand identity. These results underscore that KKN not only serves as an implementation of the Higher Education Tri Dharma but also as a strategic empowerment instrument to reinforce the foundation of community-based economic independence. Practically, the program provides a transformative platform for local enterprises, laying the groundwork for sustainable economic development aligned with both global dynamics and the specific needs of rural communities.

Semarang City, as one of Indonesia's leading tourist destinations, faces challenges in enhancing its appeal through effective digital marketing strategies. This Community Service (PKM) program aims to provide mentoring and training to tourism managers and MSMEs around six leading destinations: Lawang Sewu, Sam Poo Kong Temple, the Old Town area, Saloka Theme Park, the Grand Mosque of Central Java, and Gedong Songo Temple. The program focuses on strengthening the capacity of the community and tourism managers to utilize digital technology as a promotional tool and to increase competitiveness. The PKM implementation method includes Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), digital marketing training, and intensive mentoring in content creation and online platform utilization. Furthermore, this program utilizes surveys, interviews, and secondary data analysis from various sources to strengthen the design of a digital promotion strategy based on local potential. A participatory approach is implemented so that the community, tourism managers, and MSMEs are actively involved in the planning and evaluation process of the program.

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases and a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disorders. The high prevalence of hypertension cases in the community, particularly in the working area of Puskesmas Kota Rantau Prapat, highlights the urgent need for more effective early detection efforts to prevent severe complications in the future. However, the limited capacity of healthcare workers in utilizing data analysis technologies has resulted in hypertension risk detection being dominated by conventional methods, which are often less accurate and inefficient. To address this issue, this community service program was conducted through training on the application of the Random Forest algorithm to analyze patients’ medical history data in order to detect hypertension risks. The training method included an introduction to the fundamentals of machine learning, data pre-processing stages, implementation of the Random Forest algorithm, and interpretation of prediction results. The outcomes of the program demonstrated that healthcare workers were able to understand the use of data analysis technologies to support more accurate early detection of hypertension. Furthermore, the participants gained practical skills in utilizing medical datasets to produce predictions that can serve as a decision-support tool for preventive medical actions.Thus, this training contributed to enhancing the capacity of community healthcare workers in integrating machine learning-based technologies into preventive healthcare services. This program is expected to serve as an initial step toward developing more effective, efficient, and sustainable data-driven health systems.

Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is an inflammatory condition of the lateral epicondyle commonly caused by repetitive overuse of the forearm extensor muscles. It is characterized by pain, limited joint range of motion, decreased muscle strength, and reduced functional capacity. Physiotherapy interventions, particularly ultrasound and exercise therapy, have been widely applied to reduce pain and restore functional performance. This study employed a case study design involving a 42-year-old female patient diagnosed with left-sided tennis elbow. The intervention was conducted over four therapy sessions. The modalities consisted of ultrasound, providing thermal and micromassage effects to reduce pain, combined with exercise therapy, including passive stretching to increase soft tissue flexibility and eccentric exercise to improve tendon strength and function. After four sessions, the patient showed significant improvement, including reduced pain during movement and palpation, increased joint range of motion in elbow flexion-extension, forearm pronation-supination, and wrist dorsiflexion-palmarflexion. Muscle strength, particularly in the extensors, pronators, supinators, and wrist dorsiflexors, also improved. Functional activity, measured using the PRTEE scale, demonstrated notable enhancement from mild disability to better functional independence. The combination of ultrasound, passive stretching, and eccentric exercise is effective in reducing pain, enhancing range of motion, strengthening muscles, and improving functional ability in patients with left-sided tennis elbow.

This study aims to analyze the thermal performance of the heating system in a small-scale plastic bolt molding machine using LDPE material, in order to determine process parameters that are efficient while maintaining product quality. The method used includes experimental testing at two set-point temperatures (90 °C and 120 °C), measurement of melting time and feed mass per cycle, as well as heat balance calculations separating the contributions of conduction, convection, and radiation on the barrel heated by a band heater. In addition, the power/energy requirement per cycle and productivity projections based on hopper capacity were calculated. The results show that increasing the set-point from 90 °C to 120 °C accelerates melting from ±240 s to ±180 s (≈25% faster). Heat transfer analysis confirmed the dominance of conduction (≈329.7 W at 90 °C and ≈471 W at 120 °C), while convection and radiation contributions were much smaller; the total system heat rate was ≈342.7 W (90 °C) and ≈490.8 W (120 °C). The discussion highlights the process trade-off: higher set-points increase production rate and mold filling quality (due to lower melt viscosity), but may raise energy consumption per cycle and require tighter mold temperature control to limit shrinkage/warpage. The practical implications for SMEs are the need for efficiency strategies based on barrel insulation, heater contact area optimization, and correlation of temperature-time settings with quality and energy consumption targets. This study concludes that controlled temperature and heating duration, supported by simple yet targeted thermal design, can improve cycle time consistency, dimensional precision, and energy efficiency in small-scale plastic bolt molding machines.

This study focuses on improving digital literacy and formal Indonesian language proficiency among the Indonesian diaspora community in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The community faces challenges in adapting to digital technology and maintaining linguistic and cultural identity, which limits their socio-economic participation and engagement in community activities. The objective of this research is to develop and implement a community-based program that enhances digital skills while promoting national language usage and cultural preservation. The program employed a participatory and interactive approach, including workshops, hands-on practice, mentoring, role-play, and storytelling, targeting 30 participants comprising youth, MSME actors, teachers, village officials, and housewives. Pre-test and post-test evaluations, direct observation, and interviews were used to assess the impact of the program. The results show significant improvements in digital literacy, with participants demonstrating enhanced skills in e-mail usage, document sharing, e-wallet applications, and digital security awareness, with post-test gains ranging from 40% to 45%. Likewise, proficiency in formal Indonesian language, public speaking, and cultural knowledge increased by 25% to 28%, reflecting both technical and cultural skill development. The findings indicate that community-based, participatory learning integrated with cultural reinforcement effectively bridges the digital divide and strengthens linguistic identity among diaspora communities. The study concludes that such a hybrid model not only empowers participants in digital and linguistic capacities but also promotes cultural sustainability and social cohesion, offering a scalable and replicable framework for similar communities.

This Study aimed to Analisys the accounting system and Procedures for village fund management and their impact on improving village government performance. Village fund, sourced from the National Budget (APBN), play a crucial role in rural development and community empowerment. An effective and transparent accounting system is essential to ensure accountibility and efficiency in utilising these funds. This research employed a qualitative upproach, using a case study method, conducted in Munerana Village, Hewokloang Sub- District. The Analysis covered the stages of planning, implementation, administration, reporting, and accountability in village fund management. The findings indicated that the accounting system and procedures in Munerana Village complied with the Minister Of Home Affairs Regulation No. 20 of 2018. However, challenges such as limited community participation and resource constraints must be addressed to enhance service effectiveness. Strengthening the capacity of village officials and enhancing village information system are critical steps toward achieving better and more ustainable village government performance.

The development of digital technology provides significant opportunities for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to improve the quality of their product promotions. However, most MSMEs fostered by Sharia cooperatives still face obstacles in utilizing the latest technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), as an effective and efficient promotional tool. Given this situation, this community service activity was carried out with the aim of increasing the capacity of MSME members in utilizing AI technology to create more attractive product promotional content that aligns with digital marketing trends. The activity took place at Kedai Fatiya Sukodono in July 2025, coinciding with the BMT Insan Mandiri Sukodono Branch member gathering. The methods used included counseling on the importance of AI-based digital marketing, technical training on using AI applications for content design, and hands-on practice in creating promotional materials by participants. A total of 40 MSMEs from various sectors, such as culinary, fashion, and services, participated in this activity. The results showed an increase in participants' knowledge and skills in creating more creative, professional, and cost-effective promotional content. In addition, participants also gained a better understanding of digital-based promotional strategies that can increase market reach. Thus, this community service activity provides a real contribution to strengthening the competitiveness of MSMEs in the era of digital transformation, while also supporting the role of sharia cooperatives as partners in empowering the people's economy

Indonesian language learning at the junior high school level often faces challenges such as low student motivation, participation, and comprehension in reading, writing, and listening materials. The predominance of lecture-based methods and textbooks leads to suboptimal student engagement, especially in online or hybrid learning. This community service activity at SMP S Methodist 1 Rantau Prapat aims to enhance students’ understanding as well as teachers’ capacity through the application of interactive learning media. The media used include interactive PowerPoint, Wordwall, and H5P, which allow adaptive quizzes, writing exercises, and game-based activities. The implementation methods involve initial observation, development of interactive curriculum-based materials, socialization, teacher training, classroom implementation, and evaluation using pre-tests and post-tests. Data were collected through comprehension tests, classroom participation observations, and short interviews. The results showed a significant improvement: the students’ average post-test scores increased compared to the pre-test, with more active classroom participation in interactive quizzes and discussions. Teachers also felt more supported in delivering lessons and gained new skills in using digital media. In conclusion, the application of interactive media proved effective in improving the quality of Indonesian language learning and can serve as a sustainable model for secondary schools.

This study aims to analyze the operational condition of the distribution transformer at substation PY094, PLN ULP Pringgabaya, with a primary focus on identifying and calculating the level of load imbalance on the consumer side. Data were collected through direct measurements of electrical parameters, including voltage and current in each phase, followed by a detailed analysis of energy losses. The measurement results indicated a significant load imbalance. In Feeder B, the average phase currents were recorded at 103.8 A for phase R, 130.2 A for phase S, and 90.4 A for phase T. Meanwhile, in Feeder D, the average phase currents were 47.4 A for phase R, 18 A for phase S, and 20.4 A for phase T. This imbalance caused notable power losses in the distribution system, with an estimated daily energy loss of 28.94 kWh, assuming the system operates 12 hours per day. To address this issue, load balancing simulations were carried out using ETAP software. The simulation involved redistributing load values across each phase in the two main feeders. Feeder B was simulated at 46.82% of the transformer’s full capacity, while Feeder D was simulated at 12.38% of the total 160 kVA capacity. The simulation results demonstrated that redistributing the load significantly reduced the current imbalance, thereby minimizing power losses and improving the operational efficiency of the distribution substation. Therefore, load balancing strategies are essential for enhancing energy efficiency and ensuring the reliability of electricity supply in distribution networks.