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The execution of a loan agreement is a form of binding engagement between the lender and the borrower. This agreement must fulfill the validity requirements as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. In practice, there are still cooperatives that operate without legal entity status but continue to provide lending services, such as Pringkop Cooperative in Nobo Village, Ile Boleng District, East Flores Regency. This study aims to examine the implementation of loan agreements facilitated by Pringkop Cooperative, which operates without legal entity status, as well as the factors influencing the community's decision to engage in such agreements. This research employs empirical approach, utilizing primary and secondary legal materials. The analysis method applied is qualitative descriptive analysis. The findings of this study indicate that: (1) The execution of loan agreements in Pringkop Cooperative is conducted in a simple manner, without notarized deeds or legally valid written agreements, posing risks to both parties in terms of dispute resolution. Nevertheless, the cooperative continues to operate based on a trust system and an orally agreed-upon repayment mechanism. (2) The factors influencing the community to engage in loan agreements with Pringkop Cooperative include ease of access, trust in the cooperative, and the economic conditions of the community, which require quick loans without complex procedures. Additionally, social and cultural factors contribute to the sustainability of this practice, as family relationships and local customs play a significant role in loan transactions.

Postural balance is a crucial aspect of daily life that enables individuals to move with stability and safety. Children with Down Syndrome (DS) often experience balance disorders due to cognitive function limitations that affect their motor abilities. This study aims to explore the relationship between cognitive function and balance in children with DS. Cognitive impairments, including memory deficits, attention difficulties, and executive function challenges, can impact a child's ability to control posture and perform motor activities effectively. Additionally, difficulties in movement coordination and sensorimotor responses contribute to poor balance abilities. Understanding the connection between cognitive function and balance can facilitate the implementation of appropriate interventions, such as physical therapy and cognitive stimulation, to improve the quality of life of children with DS. A holistic approach is essential in supporting the development of children with DS to help them achieve greater independence. Parents and families play a vital role in actively participating in the growth and development of children with DS, ensuring that their cognitive function and balance are maintained and enhanced. Consequently, children with DS can become more independent and socially engaged, enabling them to interact with others and build healthy social relationships. Keywords: Down Syndrome, cognitive function, postural balance, parents, family

This qualitative literature review examines the role of Christian education in building spiritual resilience among adolescents amid peer influence. Spiritual resilience is defined as the ability to maintain one's faith and moral values in the face of external influences during adolescence, particularly peer pressure. Through an analysis of existing studies, the review explores how Christian education helps adolescents develop a strong spiritual foundation, providing them with tools to resist negative peer influences and make ethical decisions. The study highlights key factors such as the role of faith-based communities, family involvement, and consistent spiritual guidance in nurturing resilience. The review also emphasizes the importance of creating supportive environments within Christian educational settings, where adolescents can reflect on their beliefs, engage in positive peer relationships, and grow in their faith. It identifies both supporting and hindering factors that influence spiritual resilience, suggesting that effective Christian education programs can foster healthy moral and emotional strength..

Leadership is a key factor in the success or failure of an organization across various fields, including business, education, healthcare, social affairs, politics, and governance. It serves as a social mechanism that coordinates relationships among individuals within a community to achieve shared objectives. This study examines educational leadership, focusing on the development of human resources (HR). Utilizing a qualitative approach with library research methods, the study employs documentation for data collection and content analysis for data interpretation. The results indicate that effective and cohesive policies implemented by school principals address areas such as HR development, financial management, technological adoption, and improvements in infrastructure and school culture. These policies contribute to fostering a sustainable and improved educational vision. School principals, as leaders, must craft flexible policies and collaborate with all school and community stakeholders to ensure the achievement of collective goals.

Accurate English pronunciation is essential for clear and efficient communication. It guarantees that concepts are grasped and helps avoid misunderstandings. Pronouncing words correctly boosts confidence when speaking and facilitates the easy and clear expression of ideas. By assisting people in accurately identifying and reproducing sounds, it also improves listening skills. Correct pronunciation makes a big impression and can open up more options in both professional and academic settings. In the end, mastering pronunciation improves relationships with people from different cultural backgrounds, promoting improved communication and international interaction.

Accurate English pronunciation is essential for clear and efficient communication. It guarantees that concepts are grasped and helps avoid misunderstandings. Pronouncing words correctly boosts confidence when speaking and facilitates the easy and clear expression of ideas. By assisting people in accurately identifying and reproducing sounds, it also improves listening skills. Correct pronunciation makes a big impression and can open up more options in both professional and academic settings. In the end, mastering pronunciation improves relationships with people from different cultural backgrounds, promoting improved communication and international interaction.

This study aims to identify how to understand the characteristics of students through the implementation of the School Field Introduction Activity Program at SMAS PGRI Maumere, as well as analyze the attitude of students during class hours and outside of class hours. This research uses a qualitative method with a narrative approach. Primary data was obtained through interviews with resource persons, while secondary data was collected from relevant references such as journals and theses related to learner characteristics. The data collection techniques used included interviews and observations. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results show that learning ability, individual potential, the surrounding environment, the use of interesting learning techniques, and effective teaching methods are important aspects in the education process. In addition, students showed the ability to maintain positive relationships and mutual respect both inside and outside the classroom.

This study investigates the relationship between personal family conditions and job satisfaction, as family conditions are a significant factor influencing employee productivity and work-life balance. The research focuses on tax auditors at the Primary Tax Office in Pangkalan Kerinci, who exhibit diverse demographic profiles, including age, family status, and number of children. Using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ-13), the study examines four dimensions of job satisfaction: work environment, work-life balance, social relationships, and job achievement. Employing a quantitative survey method, the study sampled all 10 tax auditors through total sampling. Data analysis included validity and reliability testing and correlation analysis. The findings revealed that the MSQ-13 instrument is valid and reliable, with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.812. Work environment, work-life balance, and positive social relationships significantly influence job satisfaction, while employees separated from their families face challenges in maintaining work-life balance. Positive workplace relationships enhance satisfaction, but conflicts within teams reduce motivation. Ultimately, a supportive work environment, balanced work-life conditions, and strong social relationships are key factors driving job satisfaction and productivit.

Awareness of personal health is very important in improving the quality of life, especially among students who are in a transition period from adolescence to early adulthood. This research aims to understand more deeply about human health which includes physical, mental, and social aspects. By increasing students' awareness of personal health, it is hoped that it can improve their overall quality of life. The research also highlights the importance of students' understanding of social and historical developments, which can contribute to their well-being as well as create social responsibility. Health awareness involves not only paying attention to the body, but also the role of social and mental relationships in maintaining a balance in life. In this context, the philosophy of health, including ontology and existentialism perspectives, provides insight into the responsibility of individuals towards their life choices. By developing better awareness, students are expected to be better able to manage their physical, mental, and social health, so that they can achieve a more meaningful and quality life.

Middle adulthood is a critical stage in life characterized by significant transformations in physical, psychological, and social aspects. During this period, individuals often face a decline in certain physical and mental capacities while also having opportunities to achieve greater levels of maturity. Challenges such as health issues, changing social roles, and increasing family responsibilities are commonly encountered. The complexity of fulfilling physical, emotional, and social needs increases, significantly impacting overall well-being. Addressing these needs involves various efforts, including maintaining good health, managing stress, and fostering meaningful social connections. Support from the surrounding environment plays a crucial role in helping individuals meet these needs. Therefore, a deep understanding of the challenges faced during middle adulthood is essential for improving their quality of life. The ability to manage physical and psychological changes while sustaining positive social relationships is key to achieving a balanced and fulfilling life during this phase.

Adolescent identity is formed through complex interactions between various factors, in which school plays a crucial role. Schools not only serve as places of academic learning, but also as social arenas where adolescents develop interpersonal skills, values, and behavior.  Factors such as relationships with peers, support from teachers, participation in extracurricular activities, and curriculum implementation all contribute to the identity formation process. This article highlights how a positive and supportive school environment can help teenagers discover their identity, build self-confidence, and develop their potential optimally. By understanding this role, it is hoped that a holistic and inclusive educational ecosystem can be created, which supports the development of adolescents towards a healthy and constructive direction. Context has been identified as an important factor in adolescent identity formation. Education plays a very important role in shaping an individual's ethics, responsibility and intelligence. An effective educational process is expected to develop students' attitudes, knowledge and skills so that they can adapt optimally to their social environment. In this context, social interactions in the school environment, especially with peers, teachers and school staff, greatly influence the formation of adolescents' self-identity. This identity formation involves a dynamic interaction between internal and external factors, where the school environment plays a significant role in shaping teenagers' thought patterns, values, attitudes and behavior. Peers serve as social references that influence adolescents' self-confidence and self-esteem, while relationships with teachers provide emotional guidance and character formation. Apart from that, social media also influences the way teenagers present themselves in the digital world. The formation of a healthy self-identity in adolescents is very dependent on an inclusive, supportive environment, as well as cooperation between schools and parents. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of social interactions in the school environment as a factor that supports the development of a positive identity in adolescents and prepares them to face life challenges in the future.

This study used a descriptive qualitative method, with the principal, vocational studies teacher as well as the deputy head of student affairs, administrative staff and students of SMK Cerdas Murni as the research subjects. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. Then it was analyzed using Farida Nugrahani's Interactive Analysis Model (2014: 173), and tested for validity using the triangulation method. The results showed that the performance of administrative staff in providing student administration services, and correspondence and archival administration at SMK Cerdas Murni was considered quite good. This is evident from the timely completion of tasks, the existence of discipline, a sense of responsibility, the ability to cooperate and communicate well. Supporting factors for performance are the ability of administrative staff, reward and punishment, facilities and work atmosphere, and good relationships with coworkers and superiors. Conversely, the inhibiting factors are the lack of technical competence and damage to work tools. And the steps in streamlining administrative services at SMK Cerdas Murni are, hastening the completion of tasks, conducting discussions with the principal and teachers, attending workshops to improve competence and keep up with existing developments.

This research analyzes the public relations communication strategy implemented by Pratama Bina Medika Clinic in building brand awareness as a new health facility. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach with data collection techniques using interviews and literature studies to determine the effectiveness of direct marketing strategies (direct selling), word of mouth communication (WOM), and digital marketing in introducing health services (clinics) to the public. The research results show that the direct selling strategy through visits to posyandu is effective in building personal relationships with the community, increasing trust, and expanding brand awareness. WOM communication, both directly and via social media, supports the dissemination of wider and more reliable information. The use of digital marketing through social media platforms such as TikTok and Instagram expands the reach of information and facilitates interaction with the public. This holistic approach has succeeded in creating a positive image of the clinic as a provider of quality and affordable health services, while increasing public trust in the services offered.

This study aims to analyze the influence of social media on student learning achievement and extracurricular participation among fifth and sixth-grade students in Tondong Tallasa Sub-district, Pangkep Regency. A total of 64 students from three elementary schools were involved as research participants. A quantitative approach with a descriptive method was employed. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and questionnaires, then analyzed using the path analysis method to assess causal relationships between variables. The findings reveal that responsible use of social media significantly enhances student achievement and promotes active involvement in extracurricular activities. Future research could explore the impact of social media across broader demographic groups and investigate its long-term effects on student academic and personal development.

The formation of a strong identity is a complex process involving the harmonisation of cognitive, affective and conative aspects within the individual. This research aims to examine how the concept of ‘cipta, rasa, karsa, and self-control’ in Javanese philosophy can be a relevant framework in building a strong identity in the modern era. Through literature study and qualitative analysis, this research reveals that ‘cipta’ refers to the ability to think critically and creatively, ‘rasa’ is related to emotional intelligence and empathy, ‘karsa’ refers to the will and goal-oriented actions, and ‘self-control’ relates to the ability to regulate emotions, thoughts, and behaviour. These four aspects are interrelated and mutually reinforcing in forming the foundation of a strong identity. The results of the study show that the integration of creation, rasa, karsa, and self-control can equip individuals with high adaptability, strong resilience, and solid moral values. Individuals with a strong identity tend to have clear life goals, are able to make wise decisions, and are able to establish positive social relationships. This research also highlights the importance of cultural context in the formation of identity. The concept of ‘cipta, rasa, karsa, and self-control’ derived from Javanese philosophy can provide a unique and relevant perspective for Indonesian society. However, further adaptation and development is needed so that this concept can be effectively implemented in the context of modern life.

Collaboration between Human Resources (HR) and Marketing divisions strategically builds competitive advantage amidst increasingly complex market competition. The Human Resources (HR) division manages human resources as the company's main asset, while the Marketing division focuses on strategies to meet market needs and strengthen customer relationships. When these two divisions work collaboratively, they can create significant added value for the organization. The success of the collaboration depends on several factors, such as effective communication, a work culture that supports cross-divisional collaboration, and the use of technology to support data-based decision-making. The main challenges in this collaboration include differences in operational objectives between the Human Resources (HR) and Marketing divisions, lack of coordination, and obstacles in aligning strategic priorities. However, these challenges can be overcome with a structured approach to create optimal synergy.

The background of this study, belief in Islam is the foundation that determines a Muslim's beliefs and direction in life. Belief includes faith in Allah SWT, angels, His books, His messengers, the Day of Judgment, and destiny. This article aims to explain the concept of belief comprehensively, including its central role in shaping a Muslim's beliefs and obedience. This research method uses a basic theory method that uses data from materials that are library research, where the author reads and studies books or literature related to the problem being studied. Aqidah functions not only as a basis for theological beliefs, but also as a moral and ethical guide in everyday life. The resuly show that belief  functions not only as a basis for theological belief, but also as a moral and ethical guide in daily life.  A correct understanding of belief will lead a person to sincere obedience, devotion to Allah, and harmonious relationships with fellow human beings. This article also discusses how a strong belief becomes a driving force in living a meaningful spiritual life, and strengthens faith as a foundation in facing life's challenges.

This study examines the characteristics of endocentric phrases in the Madurese language as used in the newspaper Madura Satu Hati Untuk Bangsa. The primary focus of the research is to identify the types of endocentric phrases and their formation patterns. This study is significant because the Madurese language, as one of Indonesia's cultural treasures, has unique syntactic characteristics that need to be understood to support its preservation and development. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the research data were collected from news articles, opinion pieces, and other columns in the newspaper. The analysis was conducted based on structural linguistic theory, which emphasizes the relationships between the elements forming phrases. The results show that endocentric phrases in the Madurese language can be classified into two main types: coordinative phrases and attributive phrases. The formation patterns of endocentric phrases reflect a unique combination of free and bound morphemes, as well as grammatical structures that demonstrate harmony between the head and its modifiers. The study found that the characteristics of endocentric phrases in Madurese display certain similarities and differences with Indonesian, particularly in grammar and word order. The findings of this study not only enrich the linguistic documentation of the Madurese language but also provide valuable insights for the broader development of regional language studies.

This research aims to analyze the influence of using social media as a promotional strategy on increasing sales at PT. Destini Marine Safety. Along with the development of digital technology, social media has become an effective promotional tool for companies in expanding market reach and increasing interaction with consumers. The research method used is a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. Data was collected through interviews and observations of the company's promotional activities on social media. The research results show that the use of social media as a promotional strategy has a significant effect on increasing sales. Platforms like Instagram help companies disseminate product information, build relationships with customers, and increase customer loyalty. With increased interaction and exposure through social media, PT. Destini Marine Safety experienced positive sales growth. This research recommends optimizing the use of creative and interactive content to increase the effectiveness of promotions on social media.

Marriage in Islamic law is governed by various provisions related to mahram, one of which is the prohibition of marrying a wife’s child from a previous marriage, known as "rabaib." This study aims to analyze the views of the four Sunni schools of thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali) regarding the prohibition of marrying rabaib in Islamic family law. Using a comparative approach, this research examines the legal basis, evidence, and implications of the prohibition according to each school. The findings show that all four schools agree that a husband cannot marry the child of his wife from a previous marriage (rabaib), as long as the child is unmarried or has not been divorced. This view is based on the mahram principle as outlined in the Qur'an, which prohibits marrying a stepchild due to the marital relationship with their mother. However, there are differences in the rules regarding the maintenance and care of the wife’s child in some schools of thought. This study concludes that the prohibition of marrying rabaib in the four schools is based on the principle of protecting family rights, as well as maintaining honor and justice in family relationships, while prioritizing the application of law based on principles of fairness and welfare for all parties involved.