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The 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) has a very iportant fundamental role in the legal and political system in Indonesia, especially in ensuring the fulfillment of Human Rights (HAM) for the people in Indonesia. As the country's highest constitution, the 1945 Constitution not only determines the structure and powers of the state, but also regulates the protection of the rights of individuals and groups of citizens or society. Since the amendments to the 1945 Constitution from 1999 to 2002, the substance of human rights has increasingly been strengthened and regulations have been tightened, with an emphasis on civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. In this article I aim to examine how the 1945 Constitution functions as a legal instrument to guarantee the protection of human rights in Indonesia. This research uses a normative approach by analyzing articles in the 1945 Constitution which are directly or indirectly related to human rights, as well as assessing their implementation in practice. The results of the analysis show that although the 1945 Constitution provides a strong legal foundation for the protection of human rights, many challenges still arise in its implementation and enforcement, especially those related to the gap between legal norms and the reality on the ground. Apart from that, the role of state institutions such as the Constitutional Court (MK), Komnas HAM, and the judicial system is very crucial in ensuring the fulfillment of citizens' basic rights. In conclusion, the 1945 Constitution has great potential to guarantee Human Rights in Indonesia, but ongoing efforts are needed to overcome various obstacles and problems in its implementation practice.

This training aims to enhance the skills of students at SMP Swasta Citra Harapan in using Microsoft PowerPoint, particularly in adding audio and video elements to presentations. These skills are crucial for creating more interactive and engaging presentations for the audience. Through a practical approach, this training provides both basic knowledge and advanced techniques in inserting, editing, and managing audio and video on PowerPoint slides. The results of this training show a significant improvement in students' competence in integrating multimedia into their presentations, which is expected to enhance the quality of presentations and the attractiveness of classroom learning.

The workshop "To Be A Powerful Public Speaker" is designed to improve the public speaking skills of SMA Negeri 14 Samarinda students, especially new members of the Student Council. This activity aims to increase confidence, mastery of communication techniques, and interaction with the audience. The training method includes theory, practice, and evaluation, involving speakers with various topics, such as the basics of public speaking, speaking techniques in broadcasting, and tips for becoming a professional MC. The training results showed that 85% of participants felt more confident in public speaking, increased mastery of intonation and gestures, and the ability to build better relationships with the audience. The hands-on and practical approach to this training ensures that participants understand the theory and can apply it in real life, particularly in their leadership roles. These workshops positively impact students' communication skills, supporting their personal and professional development.

Economic growth is a crucial pillar of regional development and serves as an indicator of how well development is going as well as a tool for future planning. Development will not proceed easily if the infrastructure is poor, and a nation or region's economic activity will not be sufficient if the infrastructure is insufficient. Throughout the years 2018 to 2024, Probolinggo Regency's economic growth rate development had erratic variations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to ascertain how Probolinggo Regency's road network, access to clean water, and availability of power affect economic growth. This study's methodology was quantitative and deductive in nature. The information used is secondary data, specifically time series data from the Central Bureau of Statistics. Using multiple linear regression analysis and the OLS (Ordinary Least Square) data analysis method, SPSS 24 was utilized to conduct the study's data analysis. Where the value is significant > 0.05, the study's findings show that infrastructure for roads, water, and power has no bearing on economic growth.

Indonesia continues to face complex political and legal challenges. The developing political dynamics are a factor that influences the implementation of legal policies based on the principles of justice and the needs of the community. Efforts to improve law enforcement are carried out by accommodating the aspirations of the community, increasing the professionalism of law enforcement officials, and legal institutions. Legal politics is an activity to monitor law enforcement to achieve the goals of the state that has been set. This research aims to discuss the role of legal politics in the formation and enforcement of law in Indonesia. This study uses secondary data, obtained from the literature of journals on legal politics. Conclusion: the implementation of legal policies is sometimes still influenced by the interests of political elites, who use their power to enforce the law. However, this can be prevented by increasing public awareness to monitor law enforcement based on Pancasila values actively.

Sexual violence in the university environment is a significant challenge in creating a safe and supportive educational atmosphere. This phenomenon is influenced by unequal power relations, patriarchal culture, and lack of understanding and application of legal protection. Regulation of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology Number 30 of 2021 is presented as a legal framework to prevent and handle sexual violence in higher education, with strategic steps such as the formation of the Task Force for the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Violence (PPKS Task Force). This research aims to examine the juridical aspects of protecting students and teaching staff from sexual violence, analyze the implementation of regulations, and identify obstacles faced in their implementation. This research uses a normative-juridical method, which prioritizes the analysis of laws and regulations, legal documents, and related legal theories. The results show that although the regulation has provided quite detailed guidelines, its implementation still faces challenges in the form of social stigma, lack of resources, and gaps between policy and practice. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of continuous evaluation and education to improve the effectiveness of regulations and encourage universities to become agents of change in the fight against sexual violence.

The central government is the highest level of government in a country that has the greatest power and authority. The central government is responsible for controlling the unitary state, making decisions and rules for the whole country, and exercising national supremacy over other governments. Local government is the administration of government affairs by the local government and the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD). Local government is carried out based on the principles of autonomy and assistance with the principle of the widest possible autonomy. Regional autonomy is a concept in which the central government grants a number of authorities to local governments to regulate and manage their own government affairs in accordance with laws and regulations in the Indonesian context, regional autonomy is regulated in Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. The purpose of regional autonomy is to realize effective and efficient government and improve the welfare of the community.

Ludruk "Sogol Pendekar Sumur Gemuling" is a performing art work rich in human values. In this analysis, the theme of solidarity is highlighted through the interaction of characters who support each other in facing challenges. The courage of the characters in fighting for the truth and protecting the weak illustrates the essence of human struggle in everyday life. Intelligent and meaningful dialogues lead the audience to reflect on their role in the community, as well as the importance of respecting and helping each other. In addition, the sacrifices shown by the main characters provide a deeper dimension to the understanding of human values. These sacrifices are not only physical, but also emotional, reflecting the complexity of human relationships. Through these elements, this ludruk successfully invites the audience to absorb the importance of empathy and a sense of social responsibility. Thus, "Sogol Pendekar Sumur Gemuling" is not only entertainment, but also a means of reflection on the noble values that must be upheld in community life.

The purpose of this service is to reveal the socialization of the impact of smartphone use in managing (managing) study time. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive method, the implementation is carried out with observation, providing socialization, the first activity is showing videos, the second activity is providing material in power point, the impact of smartphone use. The results of this study indicate that the socialization of the positive impact of smartphone use has provided knowledge for students that wrong smartphone users can have a negative impact on child development, but if the use of smartphones is in accordance with learning needs and is supervised in its use, it will have a good impact on children. These children are very important considering that there are still many people, especially housewives, who do not realize the lack of control over excessive smartphone use by children is very dangerous and dangerous to use.

In commemoration of KOHATI's (Korps HMI Wati) Milad, known as a special body of the Islamic Student Association (HMI) tasked with nurturing, developing, and enhancing the potential of women in women's movements, KOHATI plays several roles. These include helping to build awareness among Muslims, improving the quality of education, encouraging women's participation in politics, shaping good leadership character, and enhancing community welfare. The celebration of KOHATI’s Milad provides an opportunity for the people of Soppeng, especially the youth in Soppeng Regency, to broaden their knowledge about the role of women in the health sector, particularly reproductive health. Through this approach, we hope that the people of Soppeng will become more open and concerned about issues related to reproductive health. Reproductive health is a right for every woman. Do not hesitate to seek information and access the services you need. Education is power. With knowledge, women can empower themselves and protect both themselves and future generations

Sexual harassment in academic settings often goes uncovered due to unequal power relations between perpetrators and victims. This phenomenon is of particular concern on Malang campuses, where victims feel intimidated and do not have a safe space to speak out. This research aims to explore how power relations contribute to the occurrence of sexual harassment and its impact on victims in the academic environment. A qualitative approach was used with a case study method at several universities in Malang. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with victims, witnesses, and campus administration, and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed that harassers often utilize positions of authority, such as lecturers, seniors, or campus staff, to commit acts of harassment. Victims, who are mostly students, are reluctant to report cases for fear of negative impacts on their education and career. The findings also reveal that the lack of strict campus policies and victim-friendly reporting mechanisms exacerbate the situation. This research highlights the importance of reforming campus policies and engaging the academic community in creating a safer and more equitable environment. This research suggests that universities in Malang need to strengthen reporting systems, introduce sexual harassment prevention training, and improve the structure of more equal relationships between students and faculty.

This study examines the impact of the 12% VAT increase on state revenue and societal welfare in Indonesia. The research aims to analyze how the policy affects economic indicators such as inflation, purchasing power, and fiscal stability. A qualitative method with a systematic literature review approach was employed, utilizing data from scholarly articles, online news, and related journals. Findings indicate that the VAT increase contributes to a 0.8–1% rise in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and significantly affects secondary and tertiary goods, while essential goods remain exempt. The policy is expected to enhance state revenue, enabling greater fiscal space for social and infrastructure programs. However, it also raises concerns about reduced purchasing power, particularly among low-income groups. The study suggests implementing compensatory mechanisms and targeted subsidies to mitigate adverse effects. This research underscores the importance of balancing fiscal goals with social equity.

This article examines the accusations of PKI affiliation contained in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Ahmad Tohari's work, with a literary sociology approach. This novel describes the lives of village communities are hit by social and political tensions after the incident G30S/PKI. Through the main character Srintil, a ronggeng who is trapped in stigma politics, this article analyzes how accusations of PKI affiliation affect social dynamics and culture in the village. The focus of this study is to understand how social elements, especially gender and the role of women in Batak custom, interact with greater political power, and how this is reflected in the novel's narrative structure. By using literary sociology theory, this research also discusses identity social and political aspects are formed through literary texts, as well as the implications of these accusations on the formation of morality and views of society at that time. Through analysis It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between literature, politics and social identity in Indonesia, especially in context post-1965 history.

This article examines the accusations of PKI affiliation contained in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Ahmad Tohari's work, with a literary sociology approach. This novel describes the lives of village communities are hit by social and political tensions after the incident G30S/PKI. Through the main character Srintil, a ronggeng who is trapped in stigma politics, this article analyzes how accusations of PKI affiliation affect social dynamics and culture in the village. The focus of this study is to understand how social elements, especially gender and the role of women in Batak custom, interact with greater political power, and how this is reflected in the novel's narrative structure. By using literary sociology theory, this research also discusses identity social and political aspects are formed through literary texts, as well as the implications of these accusations on the formation of morality and views of society at that time. Through analysis It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between literature, politics and social identity in Indonesia, especially in context post-1965 history.

Genocide is one of the most serious crimes in international law, regulated by various legal instruments such as the 1948 Genocide Convention and the 1998 Rome Statute. This crime involves the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a group based on race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality. This study aims to analyze the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in enforcing genocide law and identify the obstacles in applying individual criminal responsibility. Additionally, mechanisms for resolving genocide disputes through peaceful and legal means in international law are discussed. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, analyzing international legal documents and case studies. The results show that although the ICC has jurisdiction to try genocide cases, law enforcement processes often face political challenges, particularly the UN Security Council veto power and state sovereignty. In conclusion, international efforts to address genocide require stronger cross-country cooperation and enhanced legal mechanisms to overcome political and diplomatic challenges.

Physics is a subject that students are less interested in because it has a high level of difficulty in understanding, so to increase students interest and sympathy for physics, learning media that is interesting and not monotonous is needed. However, the reality in the field is that there are still very few teachers who have the skills and abilities to develop interesting learning media such as interactive learning media such as "Interactive Learning". Learning with Interactive Learning is believed to be able to stimulate good and efficient student development. The objectives of this activity include producing interactive macromedia flash learning media that is easy to learn and to find out the advantages of macromedia flash interactive learning media when compared to power point. So with this activity it is hoped that it can increase students abilities and interest in teaching and learning activities in Physics subjects at MA Nurul Huda Talang, Saronggi, Sumenep, Madura. The results of this service prove that the existence of interactive learning for teaching Physics subjects at MA Nurul Huda Talang, Saronggi, Sumenep has a positive impact and is able to increase students interest and abilities in the process of teaching and learning Physics subjects. Apart from that, the interactive learning activity has provided motivation to Physics teachers at MA Nurul Huda Talang, Saronggi, Sumenep, Madura to further improve their abilities in creating more interesting and innovative teaching materials.

The structure of the Windows operating system plays an important role in supporting the operational performance of computers, especially in business environments and professional users. This system is designed with a modular and layered architecture, which includes various components such as Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), I/O device manager, virtual memory management, and an integrated security system. Windows also supports energy management and plug-and-play mechanisms, which improve power efficiency and hardware compatibility. This architectural approach allows Windows to optimize interactions between hardware and applications, supports multitasking, and provides an efficient user interface. Thus, the structure of the Windows operating system is able to significantly improve device performance, which leads to optimization of operational performance.

Focus study This is how forensic audits , internal control , whistleblowing systems , good corporate governance (GCG), and culture organization have an impact on fraud prevention in a organization . Fraud is problem big that can cause loss financial big and destructive reputation company . Research this , based on review comprehensive literature , finding​ that forensic audits are very helpful prevent fraud . Forensic audit use the intended technique For detect fraud . Good internal controls are also important. For build a system that can supervise and manage source Power organization with good , reduce possibility fraud . In addition , the whistleblowing system is considered as tool important For prevent fraud because allows people to report Allegation violation without worry will consequence negative . The study also found that culture strong organization​ can help prevent fraud with create environment work that is moral and transparent . Many studies show that positive culture​ can increase awareness and compliance to policy fraud prevention . As a result , research This suggest that the organization minimize fraud risk with implementing forensic audits , strong internal controls , and a culture of good organization . The result will become more organization​ healthy , transparent and accountable .

This study examines the use of language in the lyrics of "Bukti" by Virgoun as a means of expressing and communicating emotions deeply. Applying Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory, the research focuses on how linguistic elements such as metaphor, simile, and personification are employed to respond to and depict emotional experiences related to themes of love and devotion. Document analysis method was employed to investigate the structure and meaning content in the song lyrics, identifying emerging themes and the complex relationships among textual elements. Findings reveal that "Bukti" not only conveys profound messages about the complexities of human emotions in romantic relationships but also presents meanings that resonate deeply with listeners through simple yet nuanced language. The implications of this study significantly enrich our understanding of the role of music as a powerful medium for expressing and communicating the essence of human emotions universally. This research contributes to deepening insights into the language in song lyrics as a form of artistic expression that influences and enriches human experiences broadly.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are a promising renewable energy source due to their ease of installation, eco-friendliness, and abundant solar radiation availability. Indonesia has a theoretical potential of 4.625 kWh/m² and a practical potential of 3.767 kWh/kWp; however, as of September 2021, its installed capacity was only 194 MW. Land constraints have led to the development of floating PV systems, which reduce land usage and enhance module efficiency due to lower temperatures above water. Nonetheless, PV systems face challenges from solar radiation intermittency, influenced by cloud opacity, causing output power fluctuations. This study maps cloud opacity patterns on Kodingareng Island based on dry and rainy seasons using 2020 BMKG data. Results indicate that output power during the dry season is more stable than in the rainy season due to lower cloud cover. Conversely, thick cloud cover during the rainy season reduces solar radiation reaching PV modules, resulting in fluctuating power output. Thus, floating PV systems demonstrate better energy availability during the dry season. This study highlights the importance of understanding cloud opacity patterns in planning floating PV systems to address the challenges of solar radiation intermittency.