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The provision of grants by local governments to vertical agencies of the central government often raises legal tensions over local fiscal autonomy. This study aims to examine the implications of such grant disbursements through the lens of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB) and the principles of good financial governance. Employing a normative legal research method, this study analyzes the coherence between the discretionary powers of regional heads and the standards of clean governance. The research findings indicate that grant policies for central government agencies often disregard the principles of prudence and utility, with local budget allocations instead used to fund matters constitutionally the responsibility of the central government (the State Budget). This practice has the potential to become a source of abuse of authority (detournement de pouvoir) if not grounded in objective parameters of local public needs. This study concludes that evaluating grant policies through the AUPB framework, particularly regarding transparency, accountability, and participation, is crucial to preventing local financial subordination. More restrictive regulatory reforms are needed to ensure that grant expenditures remain focused on improving the quality of public services and community welfare at the local level without compromising national fiscal stability.

This study aims to analyze e-commerce strategies in selecting applicable law and jurisdiction to avoid conflicts of jurisdiction in cross-border transactions. This study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches to analyze the selection of applicable law and jurisdiction in cross-border e-commerce transactions. The data used consists of primary and secondary legal materials collected through a literature review. The analysis was conducted qualitatively using descriptive-analytical and legal interpretation methods, as well as deductive reasoning to formulate strategies for minimizing jurisdictional conflicts. The research findings indicate that the application of the principle of freedom of contract, combined with international instruments and digital technology, can serve as an effective strategy for e-commerce actors to minimize jurisdictional conflicts and litigation risks. This strategy not only provides legal protection, particularly for SMEs, but also enhances the trust of global partners and competitiveness in the international market through the use of clear contract clauses, hybrid forums, and technological support such as blockchain and ODR.

. The Agropolitan Program based on corn commodities in Gorontalo Province aims to enhance agricultural productivity, improve farmers’ welfare, and strengthen the competitiveness of corn. This study examines the progress of program implementation and its impact on production, quality, export volume, and competitiveness. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing SWOT analysis and the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method. Data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics, relevant institutions, as well as limited observations and interviews.The results indicate that the Agropolitan Program has contributed positively to the expansion of harvested areas and increased corn production, particularly during the 2020–2024 period. This increase is not only evident in terms of quantity but has also begun to show improvements in the quality of yields, although these improvements are not yet evenly distributed across regions. However, export performance remains fluctuating, with unstable RCA values, indicating that the competitiveness of corn in the international market still faces various challenges.This condition is influenced by limitations in logistics infrastructure, weak farmer institutions, dependence on middlemen, and the suboptimal integration of the value chain from upstream to downstream. In addition, access to technology, financing, and market information remains a significant constraint that needs to be addressed. It is concluded that the success of the program requires strengthening institutional capacity, improving distribution efficiency, and implementing sustainable and integrated export policies to support the stability and long-term competitiveness of corn.

The development of digital platforms such as TikTok has encouraged the emergence of affiliate-based marketing practices in e-commerce activities. Affiliate marketing is a digital marketing system that promotes another person's product or service through a special affiliate link and earns a commission if a purchase or transaction is made through that affiliate link. Product promotion content has become one of the most effective marketing methods in the digital world. However, in practice, there are cases where affiliates reuse video content belonging to creators for promotional purposes and to earn sales commissions without permission. This study aims to analyze the provisions of digital video copyright protection under Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and to examine forms of copyright infringement in the use of TikTok videos by affiliates. The method used is a normative study, employing a legal approach, a conceptual approach, and factual analysis. Primary and secondary legal materials were used in this study, which was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results of the study show that TikTok videos fall under the category of cinematographic works that are protected as stipulated in Article 40 paragraph (1) letter m of the Copyright Law. Copyright protection arises automatically based on the declarative principle since the creation is realized in a tangible form, covering moral and economic rights. The use of TikTok videos by affiliates for promotional purposes and to earn sales commissions constitutes commercial use which, if done without the creator's permission, violates the creator's economic rights as stipulated in Article 9 paragraph (3) and potentially violates moral rights under Article 5 of the Copyright Law.

The development of financial technology has led to the emergence of cryptocurrency as a decentralized digital instrument that enables fast and cross-border financial transactions. While this technology offers efficiency and flexibility in digital financial activities, it also creates opportunities for misuse in various forms of crime, including terrorist financing. This study aims to analyze the use of cryptocurrency as a means of financing terrorist activities in Indonesia, examine the existing legal framework governing terrorist financing, and identify the challenges faced in law enforcement. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. The findings indicate that the use of cryptocurrency as a medium for terrorist financing still fulfills the elements of a criminal offense as regulated under Law Number 9 of 2013 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism Financing. However, the characteristics of cryptocurrency, such as anonymity, decentralization, and cross-border transactions, create significant challenges in the processes of evidence gathering, transaction tracing, and identification of perpetrators. In addition, there is a regulatory gap between the recognition of crypto assets as economic commodities and the supervision of their potential misuse for terrorist financing. Therefore, stronger regulations are needed to explicitly integrate crypto assets into the terrorist financing prevention regime, along with improving the capacity of law enforcement agencies in blockchain transaction analysis and strengthening international cooperation to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement in the digital economy era.

This study, entitled "Value Added Tax Fairness in Samarinda City," analyzes the fairness of the 11% VAT rate under Law No. 7 of 2021 using socio-legal methods. The results show that although the single 11% VAT rate meets the principles of legality and horizontal justice because it applies equally to all consumers, this policy is not entirely fair from a vertical justice perspective. The regressive nature of the consumption tax tends to place a greater burden on low-income households. Field findings reveal that MSMEs feel burdened because the rate does not take into account their economic capacity, coupled with a lack of understanding of the input and output tax credit mechanisms. Administrative complexity and minimal education from tax authorities contribute to low compliance rates. This study recommends the implementation of a more flexible tiered VAT rate, strengthening tax education, providing technical assistance, and simplifying reporting for MSMEs to improve compliance and create more equitable tax justice.  

The implementation of local democracy in Indonesia faces challenges when the electoral and procedural mechanisms regulated in modern village administration are not fully in line with the socio-cultural traditions of indigenous communities. Many villages still strongly uphold the values, norms, and authority of traditional institutions that have historically regulated communal life, including in terms of leadership legitimacy. Tension between formal democracy and customary values arises when the village political process is perceived as not reflecting the cultural identity of the community. This situation creates a need to understand how the integration of customary institutions can strengthen the legitimacy of village leaders in the local democratic system. This study uses a literature review method with a content analysis approach because the study focuses on the concept of the role of customary institutions in strengthening local democracy and the legitimacy of village leadership. This method allows researchers to explore theories and compare previous findings to form a systematic understanding. The research data comes from 19 secondary sources in the form of scientific books and journal articles published between 2016 and 2025 that are relevant to the themes of customs, village governance, community participation, and local leadership. The search was conducted using the Publish or Perish application with purposive sampling techniques to select sources directly related to the main research issue. This study concludes that the integration of traditional institutions into local democracy produces a model of village leadership that is legally strong and culturally rooted. This integration provides a basis for strengthening local democracy based on cultural wisdom, thereby supporting village development.

Abstract. The right to health is an integral part of human rights guaranteed by the Constitution and further reinforced by Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, which places the state as the party responsible for ensuring the provision of safe, high-quality, and non-discriminatory health services for all citizens. However, in practice, the fulfillment of the right to health continues to face various challenges, particularly in the delivery of health services for participants of BPJS Kesehatan. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of the right to health in Indonesia and to examine the refusal of medical services to BPJS patients that resulted in death in Papua from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that although the national legal framework has clearly regulated the obligations of the state and health care facilities in providing emergency services, its implementation remains weak due to administrative barriers, unequal access to health services, and inconsistent law enforcement. The refusal of medical services to BPJS patients in Papua reflects a tension between hospitals’ administrative compliance and the professional obligation of medical personnel to save human lives. The implications of this study emphasize the need to strengthen supervision, ensure consistent law enforcement, and improve health service governance so that the right to health is truly protected as part of human dignity within the Indonesian rule of law. 

One of the long-standing marriage traditions in the Ende community is the ana ale marriage tradition. Ana ale marriage is a form of marriage based on an agreement between the parents of the man and woman, as well as a long-established good relationship between both parents. This research was conducted in Tiwu Tewa Village, Ende Timur District, Ende Regency. This research aims to understand the fundamental values contained in marriage as viewed from customary law, the process of implementation and its legitimacy, as well as the obstacles in the implementation of the ana ale marriage. The method used is empirical legal research with a qualitative approach, which includes interviews and literature study. The research results show that the fundamental values contained in the ana ale marriage, as viewed from customary law, consist of sacred and spiritual values, responsibility and commitment values, social and mutual assistance values, and adherence to customs. The process of implementing the ana ale marriage includes Ru’u Tu Jaga Rara, Janji, Puzi Ru’u, Teo Zambu, Bou Engga, Mai Tu Gega Padha, Tu Ngawi, Teke Ngara, Dari Nikah, Tu Ana. Meanwhile, the marriage is considered valid at the Tu Ana ceremony. The obstacles faced in the ana ale marriage include economic factors and the occurrence of clandestine marriages by the female party.

In this study, advocates are guaranteed legal protection to implement the right to defence in criminal cases.   to learn how criminal advocates are protected if they enforce the law.   The privilege of immunity shields advocates from civil or criminal litigation for good faith work inside and outside the court.   This study uses normative juridical research, which examines current laws and regulations.   Analysis of relevant legislation is needed for this research.   According to the study, Article 16 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates does not adequately describe advocates' immunity rights.   Lack of clear explanations of protection types, rights constraints, and good faith between advocates and other parties may lead to power abuses.   More extensive norms that are in keeping with other articles of the law are needed to apply advocates' immunity rights proportionately, guaranteeing freedom in performing their profession while maintaining society's and justice's legal interests.

The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of employment agreements as one of the means of providing legal protection for workers’ rights. The research method employed in this study is normative juridical, utilizing primary and secondary legal materials obtained through the analysis of statutory regulations, legal scholars’ opinions, as well as books and journals relevant to the subject under study. The results of the study indicate that employment agreements, as a form of preventive legal protection for workers’ rights, are a consequence of the application of the welfare state concept, thereby requiring the state to intervene in employment relationships arising from such agreements. This form of intervention can be observed in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. The provisions contained in this law, particularly Article 54 paragraph (1) of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, constitute a form of preventive legal protection, especially in points (e) and (f), as they regulate economic rights as well as the rights and obligations of workers. These provisions provide protection and serve as a form of legal certainty that safeguards workers from the beginning of their employment. The obstacles encountered in the implementation of employment agreements as a preventive means of protecting workers’ rights are divided into three factors: regulatory factors, legal culture factors, and legal structure factors.

Bali, as an international tourism destination, serves as a space for cross-cultural interactions that require effective communication skills, particularly in the hospitality sector. Hotel Masa Inn serves predominantly international guests, requiring front office staff to adapt to cross-cultural communication. This study aims to analyze the process of cross-cultural communication adaptation between Hotel Masainn employees and international guests through the perspective of Willingness to Communicate (WTC). A descriptive qualitative approach was employed using observation, structured interviews, and document analysis. Informants were selected purposively from front office staff. The findings indicate that communication adaptation is carried out through basic English proficiency, the use of nonverbal communication, active interaction, and intrinsic motivation to improve language skills. However, this process also faces challenges in the form of communication anxiety and situational pressure, particularly when dealing with repeater guests. Within the WTC framework, employees’ willingness to communicate is influenced by self-confidence, motivation, anxiety, and interactional context, which collectively contribute to service quality and international guest satisfaction.  

Village institutions play an important role in supporting participatory and sustainable rural development. The Village Law No. 6 of 2014 recognizes village autonomy and emphasizes the importance of community participation through Village Community Institutions (Lembaga Kemasyarakatan Desa/LKD). However, the implementation of these institutions in practice has not always functioned effectively. This study aims to analyze the role of village community institutions in supporting village development and to identify the factors that influence their effectiveness in Oematamboli Village, Lobalain District, Rote Ndao Regency. This research employs an empirical legal research method with a qualitative approach. Data were obtained through interviews and field observations involving village government officials, community institution administrators, and community leaders, while secondary data were obtained from documents and relevant regulations. The results indicate that the functions of LKD, including the Community Empowerment Institution (LPM), Neighborhood Associations (RT), and Community Associations (RW), have not been implemented optimally in supporting village development. This condition is reflected in the limited participation of LKD in development planning, weak absorption of community aspirations, and low community participation in development activities. Several factors influencing this condition include limited human resource capacity, inadequate infrastructure, low community participation, and limited development funding. Therefore, strengthening institutional capacity, improving coordination, and increasing community participation are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of village development.

Land conversion associated with renewable energy expansion generates profound socio-cultural transformations in agrarian communities. This study aims to analyze how wind power development reshapes agrarian identity, social capital configuration, and the meaning of land within rural society from an anthropology of development perspective. This research applies qualitative literature-based analysis supported by recent peer-reviewed scholarship on land use change, rural transformation, social capital, and political ecology. Conceptual synthesis integrates sustainable livelihood framework, identity negotiation theory, and energy landscape analysis to construct an interpretive analytical model. Findings indicate that agricultural land conversion produces deagrarianization, occupational shifts, and reconfiguration of social stratification. Land is redefined from a genealogical and productive space into infrastructure and investment asset. Social capital grounded in kinship networks, customary institutions, and local organizations functions as a resilience mechanism through risk redistribution, collective solidarity, and participatory negotiation. Energy landscapes restructure symbolic and material relations between community and territory, generating both hybrid identities and conflict dynamics. Inclusive governance determines whether renewable energy fosters adaptive transformation or deepens commodification and exclusion. Renewable energy transition in rural areas requires socio-cultural recognition beyond technical implementation. Integrating local identity, participatory governance, and community ownership strengthens just and sustainable transformation pathways.

The establishment of national territorial boundaries is a strategic priority to safeguard sovereignty, maintain security stability, and strengthen bilateral relations between Indonesia and Malaysia as well as Timor-Leste. As of 2024, there remain nine Outstanding Boundary Problems (OBP) with Malaysia and two unresolved segments with Timor-Leste. These issues stem from the continued relevance of outdated colonial agreements, limited diplomatic capacity, weak inter-agency coordination, and minimal support from modern surveying technology. Based on an analysis of four policy alternatives using the criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, and long-term impact, the Strengthening of Intensive Bilateral Diplomacy has been identified as the priority policy. Implementation is directed to the Badan Nasional Pengelola Perbatasan (BNPP) as the main coordinator, supported by regulatory frameworks, diplomatic resources, and cross-ministerial/institutional coordination. Through this strategy, the resolution of pending boundary segments can be accelerated, legal certainty over national territory can be strengthened, security stability in border areas can be improved, and bilateral relations can become closer. Furthermore, Indonesia needs to strengthen diplomatic strategies, leverage technology, and enhance inter-agency coordination to accelerate the resolution of national border disputes. This policy directly contributes to achieving territorial sovereignty and sustainable development toward Indonesia Vision 2045.

Disputes over unpaid insurance claims are a problem that frequently arises in insurance practice and can harm consumers both financially and psychologically, while also reducing public trust in the insurance industry. Such disputes are generally triggered by differing interpretations of policy provisions, alleged breaches of the good-faith principle, and administrative obstacles, which ultimately lead to civil conflicts between the insured and the insurer. To provide access to dispute resolution that is faster, fairer, and more affordable than litigation, the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK) established the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution for the Financial Services Sector (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan/LAPS SJK) through OJK Regulation No. 61/POJK.07/2020. This study aims to analyze the mechanism for resolving disputes over unpaid insurance claims through LAPS SJK and to assess its effectiveness in providing legal protection and legal certainty for consumers. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, through an examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials related to contracts, insurance, consumer protection, and alternative dispute resolution. The findings show that LAPS SJK has the authority to handle civil disputes in the financial services sector, including insurance disputes, provided that the parties have a written agreement and have first pursued internal dispute resolution (Internal Dispute Resolution/IDR). Dispute resolution at LAPS SJK is conducted through mediation and arbitration. Mediation is facilitated by a mediator to encourage the parties to reach a settlement agreement, which may be reinforced into a Deed of Settlement (Akta Perdamaian) that is final, binding, and enforceable. If mediation fails, arbitration offers a more determinative resolution through a final and binding award that can be enforced after being registered with the District Court. Overall, LAPS SJK is considered effective because its procedures are structured, time-bound, and provide a fee waiver for mediation in retail and small-claim cases up to IDR 750,000,000. However, its effectiveness remains conditional, as it depends on the existence of a written agreement between the parties, the obligation to undergo IDR, and good faith in the mediation process.

This article examines the complex interactions between the military and civil society in regions affected by conflict, approached from a sociological-legal perspective. The study seeks to understand how military power influences civil society, the ways in which legal and social legitimacy are established, and how local communities respond to military presence and control. Employing a qualitative case-study methodology, the research utilized in-depth interviews with community members and military personnel, extensive field observations, and detailed analysis of relevant legal documents. The findings reveal that military power structures significantly impact civil rights, security, and social dynamics, with interactions ranging from cooperative engagement to open conflict. Furthermore, the legitimacy of military actions is closely linked to factors such as operational performance, transparency, accountability, and social acceptance by local populations. Based on these insights, the article argues for the importance of improving communication channels between military forces and communities, integrating formal legal frameworks with local norms and practices, and actively involving community members in security and governance programs. These measures are proposed as strategies to enhance the legitimacy of military operations, reduce conflict, and promote long-term social stability. The study contributes to the broader understanding of civil-military relations by highlighting the sociological and legal dimensions of military influence in conflict-affected areas.

This research is grounded in the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the National Criminal Code, which raises normative questions regarding the legal status of gratification within Indonesia’s anti-corruption framework. The study aims to analyze the normative position of gratification following criminal law codification and to assess its implications for evidentiary mechanisms under the Anti-Corruption Law. Employing a normative legal research method, this study applies statutory and conceptual approaches through comprehensive literature review of primary and secondary legal sources. The findings indicate that gratification remains regulated under the Anti-Corruption Law as lex specialis and is not nullified by the National Criminal Code. The reversal of the burden of proof mechanism continues to apply, although its interpretation must align with fundamental criminal law principles such as culpability and proportionality. The study concludes that systematic harmonization between both legal regimes is essential to ensure legal certainty and strengthen anti-corruption enforcement.

Infrastructure development as a National Strategic Project (NSP), such as the Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road, aims to improve public welfare but often faces a crucial issue in the land acquisition process, namely the determination of compensation. This research examines the application of substantive justice, which focuses not only on procedural compliance (procedural justice) but also on the fairness and adequacy of the final outcome for the entitled parties. Using a juridical-empirical approach, this article analyzes two main problems: first, how substantive justice is realized in the deliberation stage of determining compensation and what factors cause disagreement from residents. Second, how the overall stages of land acquisition affect the achievement of substantive justice and the obstacles encountered. The analysis shows that although the land acquisition stages have procedurally followed Law No. 2 of 2012, the achievement of substantive justice is still hindered. Factors such as the appraisal of compensation which is deemed not to cover non-physical losses, lack of transparency, and an imbalanced bargaining position in deliberations are the main causes of disagreement. Obstacles in the planning, socialization, and payment stages also impede the realization of a complete sense of justice for the affected communities. This study is expected to contribute to the development of land acquisition policies that prioritize fairness, transparency, and the protection of the rights of affected communities.

The death of a Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) student allegedly linked to police action raises significant legal issues concerning the limits of the use of force and the construction of criminal liability. This study aims to reformulate the elements of assault resulting in death by integrating the objective element (actus reus) and the subjective element (mens rea) within the framework of the doctrines of dolus and culpa. It also seeks to develop a model of criminal liability analysis that is more transparent, accountable, and oriented toward the protection of a child’s right to life. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by a literature review of legislation, court decisions, and criminal law scholarship. Data are analyzed qualitatively through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings indicate that proving the act and the resulting death alone is insufficient without clearly establishing the form of fault. The distinction between dolus eventualis and culpa lata constitutes a decisive factor in determining the classification of the offense and the degree of criminal liability. Ambiguity in identifying the spectrum of fault may lead to sentencing disparities and weaken the principle of geen straf zonder schuld (no punishment without fault). Therefore, this study proposes a reconstruction of the elements of the offense that places proof of mens rea at the center of assessing police accountability while ensuring the protection of the child’s right to life.