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Informed consent is a fundamental legal document in medical practice, ensuring that patients provide informed approval before undergoing medical procedures. The completeness of this document is crucial for legal compliance and patient safety, as incomplete or improperly filled out consent forms can lead to legal disputes and compromise patient well-being. This study aims to evaluate the completeness of informed consent forms for general surgery patients, employing the 5M method (Man, Money, Method, Material, and Machine) to identify the factors contributing to form deficiencies. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, with a sample of 265 forms selected using Slovin’s formula from a total of 711 forms collected between June and August 2023 at a hospital in Indonesia. The findings indicate that incomplete forms are primarily caused by human factors, such as a lack of medical personnel’s understanding of the informed consent process, procedural issues, including unclear standard operating procedures, and system limitations, such as partial integration of electronic medical records. The analysis of these factors reveals the significant impact of human error and procedural gaps on the completeness of informed consent documentation. To enhance the quality of documentation and ensure better compliance with medical regulations, this study recommends a series of improvements, including medical staff training, revision of standard operating procedures, and optimization of electronic medical record systems. Implementing these improvements is expected to strengthen compliance with medical regulations, enhance the documentation process, and contribute to better patient safety and legal protections in the healthcare setting.

Patient loyalty is an attitude that drives behavior to return to using the services of a hospital, incorporating emotional aspects, particularly making regular and repeated visits with high consistency. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of the relationship between brand image, patient experience, and trust on the loyalty of inpatients using private insurance at MRCCC Siloam Semanggi Hospital. The background of this research is the trend of decreasing patient numbers in 2023 among those with private payment and non-JKN insurance. Additionally, secondary data from patient feedback forms revealed some patients were dissatisfied with services not meeting their expectations and showed a tendency to switch hospitals. Based on the data, there is a noticeable decline in the number of patients in the inpatient unit, reflecting an issue with patient loyalty towards MRCCC Siloam Hospital. The research design used is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design, involving 75 inpatients as the subjects of this study. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to inpatients randomly, with informed consent. The analysis tool used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of the study based on the analysis test show a significant influence of brand image, patient experience, and trust on patient loyalty. However, the influence of brand image and patient experience on patient loyalty, when mediated by trust, is not significant. It is recommended that the hospital improve patient loyalty by enhancing the quality of services through various internal evaluations of the existing system to meet patient expectations and build stronger relationships.

The potential of cardiac markers in predicting preeclampsia, such as Creatinine Kinase (CK) and Tyrosine Kinase 1 (TK1), has emerged as promising due to their involvement in the pathophysiology of this pregnancy complication. Preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension and organ dysfunction, and it can lead to significant maternal and fetal morbidity if not detected early. Early identification of preeclampsia is critical for preventing severe complications, and biomarkers like CK and TK1 can provide valuable insights. This study aimed to investigate the role of CK and TK1 as potential predictors of preeclampsia in the third trimester of pregnancy. Forty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Participants were divided into two groups: twenty (20) normotensive pregnant women and twenty (20) preeclamptic pregnant women in their third trimester. Blood samples were collected and processed using a bucket centrifuge at 2500 RPM for 10 minutes, and plasma was stored frozen for further analysis. Tyrosine Kinase 1 was analyzed by fluorescence immunoassay, and Creatinine Kinase was measured using a spectrophotometric method. Data obtained were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9, with results expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was set at a P-value of ≤ 0.05. The study found a statistically significant increase in the levels of both CK and TK1 in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive controls. These findings suggest that CK and TK1 could serve as predictive biomarkers for identifying and monitoring preeclampsia, aiding in early diagnosis and timely interventions

At present, little is known in Nigeria and globally about the association between stress and cortisol secretion in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that involves high blood pressure and organ damage, and it has been associated with various physiological alterations. This study aims to determine the comparative levels of cortisol, a stress marker, in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Cortisol levels are known to fluctuate in response to stress, and altered levels may indicate an underlying pathophysiological process. Forty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected and spun in a bucket centrifuge at 2500 RPM (rounds per minute) for 10 minutes. The plasma was stored frozen in plain sample bottles and analyzed for cortisol levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The data obtained were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9 software. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM, and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study found that cortisol levels significantly increased from 226.4 ± 36.53 nmol/L in normotensive women to 370.7 ± 36.47 nmol/L in preeclamptic women (p<0.05, <0.0081). This increase was statistically significant, suggesting that elevated cortisol levels in preeclamptic women may be linked to stress and potentially to oxidative stress cascade activation. These findings contribute to the understanding of stress-related physiological changes in preeclampsia and may offer insights for future diagnostic or therapeutic approaches.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) are liver enzymes commonly associated with liver dysfunction, and increased or decreased levels of these enzymes may be implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. This study aims to evaluate the levels of liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST, and GGT) in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. By analyzing these enzymes, the research seeks to identify potential early indicators of preeclampsia. Forty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Blood samples were spun in a bucket centrifuge at 2500 RPM (rounds per minute) for 10 minutes, after which plasma was collected and stored frozen in plain sample bottles to be analyzed for liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST, and GGT) levels using the spectrophotometric method. Data obtained from the study were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM, and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The present study showed a statistically significant increase in ALP, and a statistically significant decrease in liver enzymes such as ALT and AST were observed in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women, indicating various underlying pathophysiological processes such as liver dysfunction.

Cardiac Troponin1 (cTn1) is a protein released into the bloodstream following cardiac damage and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a hormone released by the heart in response to ventricular stretch and pressure overload. This study aims to investigate the predictive role of cTn1 and BNP in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Forty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Blood samples was spun in a bucket centrifuge at 2500 RPM (rounds per minute) for 10 minutes after which plasma was collected and stored frozen in plain sample bottles and was analyzed for Cardiac Troponin 1(cTn1) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) by fluorescence immunoassay. Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.  The present study showed that there was statistically significant increase in Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women, indicating various underlying pathophysiological processes. These findings suggest the potential predictive roles of this cardiac marker in identifying and monitoring preeclampsia.

Contracts and agreements are two different things. This is because a contract is basically one type of agreement. However, not all agreements reach the level of a legally binding and enforceable contract. As the problems that will be discussed in this paper are the terms of the agreement in the Indonesian civil law legal system and the terms of the contract in the English common law legal system. In Indonesia, the validity of a contract consists of four conditions, namely the agreement of those who bind themselves, the ability to make an agreement, a certain matter, and a halal or permissible cause. Meanwhile, in English there are five conditions, namely agreement (offer and acceptance, intention to create legal relations, and genuineness of consent), capacity, consideration, legal purpose, and form of contract. Based on this, the author analyzes the comparison of the validity of an agreement or contract between Indonesia and the English and its implementation. Then for the research method used is the normative legal approach method which places the law as a norm system building. The results of the research obtained are that there are significant differences in the requirements regarding the validity of an agreement or contract between Indonesian law and English law, although each of these requirements also has similarities and differences in its provisions.

The ultimate goal of predicting preeclampsia that can enhance early detection and risk stratification in pregnant women, by leveraging the diagnostic potential of ECG patterns, we hope to improve maternal and fetal outcomes and contribute to the development of personalized care strategies for preeclamptic patients. Current diagnostic methods for preeclampsia rely primarily on routine blood pressure monitoring and proteinuria assessment, which have limited sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictive role of P wave duration, amplitudes and morphology in preeclamptic pregnant women during the third trimester. Fourty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. These subjects consisted of  twenty (20) normotensive  and twenty (20) preeclamptic pregnant women in their  third trimester of pregnancy. After the subjects were  identified and recruited into the study, they were taken to the laboratory where their vital signs was taken and their ECG patterns recorded with ECG machine. Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results from this present study show statistically significant increases in P wave duration, amplitude and abnormal M pattern among preeclamptic compare to normotensive pregnant women, consistent with prior research, abnormal M pattern in P wave morphology is linked to atrial pathology in preeclampsia. The study underscores the multifactorial nature of cardiovascular changes in preeclampsia and highlights the potential of ECG parameters in aiding early detection, risk stratification, and management of the condition.

Early detection and prediction of preeclampsia are crucial to prevent severe complications and ensure timely interventions, Specific ECG patterns, including PR segment, Q wave duration and amplitude, ST segment, U wave, and sinus rhythm were under study for their potential indicators of preeclampsia. This study aims to investigate the predictive role of these ECG patterns in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Fourty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. These subjects consisted of  twenty (20) normotensive  and twenty (20) preeclamptic pregnant women in their  third trimester of pregnancy. After the subjects were  identified and recruited into the study, they were taken to the laboratory where their vital signs was taken and their ECG patterns recorded with ECG machine. Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. results from this present study show no significant differences were observed in the P-R segment, R-R interval, Q wave duration, Q wave amplitude The study underscores the multifactorial nature of cardiovascular changes in preeclampsia and highlights the potential of ECG parameters in aiding early detection, risk stratification, and management of the condition, despite  parameters showing no significant differences. However, PR Segment, Q Wave duration and amplitude, ST Segment , U wave and Sinus rhythm cannot be used to predict preeclampsia  

The use of ECG patterns as predictors of preeclampsia offers a promising approach, as it is a widely available and cost-effective tool. Specific ECG patterns, including angle of deviation, QRS Complex (Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) , Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)), and T wave amplitudes as a potential tool for predicting preeclampsia. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictive role of angle of deviation, QRS Complex (Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) , Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)), and T wave amplitudes in preeclamptic pregnant women during the third trimester. Fourty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. These subjects consisted of  twenty (20) normotensive  and twenty (20) preeclamptic pregnant women in their  third trimester of pregnancy. After the subjects were  identified and recruited into the study, they were taken to the laboratory where their vital signs was taken and their ECG patterns recorded with ECG machine. Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results from this present study show no significant differences were observed in QRS complex angles related to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) between normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women. Notably, there was a significant increase in QRS complex related to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in preeclamptic pregnant women, indicating left ventricular remodeling's importance. Moreover, there was a significant increase in T wave amplitude, this suggests underlying myocardial electrical remodeling or dysfunction in preeclampsia, emphasizing the need for cardiovascular monitoring. The study underscores the multifactorial nature of cardiovascular changes in preeclampsia and highlights the potential of ECG parameters in aiding early detection.

Informed consent is an essential element in health services, including in the field of anesthesiology and intensive care, which have high risks and involve critical medical decisions. This study aims to analyze the procedures and implementation of informed consent for patients in the anesthesia and intensive care unit, highlighting the legal and ethical aspects of decision-making. A qualitative approach was used to evaluate patients' and families' understanding of the medical information provided, their rights in agreeing to or refusing medical treatment, and the role of doctors in ensuring that consent is given voluntarily and informatively. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with health practitioners and a review of related legal and medical ethics literature. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of informed consent in the intensive care unit and anesthesiology unit often faces challenges due to the critical condition of the patient, time constraints, and the complexity of communication. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening communication policies and training for medical personnel to ensure that patient rights are met and medical actions can be carried out in accordance with applicable ethical and legal principles.

C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are general marker for inflammation and Arterial damage results from white blood cell invasion. This study aims to assess the level  of inflammatory markers C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Fourty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Blood samples was spun in a bucket centrifuge at 2500 RPM (rounds per minute) for 10 minutes after which plasma was collected and stored frozen in plain sample bottles and was analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels by fluorescence immuno assay. Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.  The present study showed that there was statistically significant increase in the level of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women, indicating various underlying pathophysiological processes such as inflammation.

The development of digital technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had a significant impact on society, including the emergence of new crimes such as deepfake pornography. Deepfake pornography is a form of AI misuse that creates fake pornographic content by manipulating a person's face into a video or image without consent. This phenomenon raises complex legal issues within the Indonesian criminal law system. This study aims to examine how Indonesian criminal law regulates AI deviations in the form of deepfake pornography and to assess the effectiveness of these regulations in providing legal protection. This research uses a normative approach with qualitative analysis methods and the theory of legal effectiveness as the analytical tool. The research findings indicate that AI deviations in the form of deepfake pornography are not specifically regulated in Indonesia's positive criminal law. The applicable regulations are still general in nature, scattered across several laws such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), Personal Data Protection Law, Pornography Law, Sexual Violence Criminal Act Law, Copyright Law, and the Criminal Code (KUHP), which do not comprehensively address the technological aspects and psychosocial impacts of this crime. Based on Soerjono Soekanto's theory of legal effectiveness, the existing regulations are not yet effective, as seen from the legal substance, law enforcement, legal facilities and infrastructure, community factors, and legal culture. Therefore, a responsive legal reform is needed to keep pace with digital technological developments, along with strengthening the capacity of law enforcement institutions.

This study examines the legal aspects of land lease agreements for Madura grocery stalls based on Article 1548 of the Indonesian Civil Code. A normative juridical method is employed, focusing on statutory regulations and literature review. The primary focus is to identify essential elements in the lease agreement, such as the leased object, mutual consent, and payment obligations. The research also highlights breach of contract issues and emphasizes the importance of legal guarantees in lease relationships. Case studies and recent regulations support the findings, ultimately contributing to legal certainty in land lease practices within the MSME sector.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein normally produced during fetal development, but presence of tissue damage and inflammation, its levels increase and this may be linked to  Carcinoembryonic antigen in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. This study aims to assess the  level  of Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Forty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. After the subjects were  identified and recruited into the study, they were taken to the laboratory where their vital signs was taken and 10 milliliters (10 ml) of venous blood was drawn from consenting participants and placed in a lithium heparin sample bottles analyzed for Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels  by fluorescence immunoassay. Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The present study showed that there was statistically significant increase in the level of Brain injury marker (CEA) was observed in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women, indicating various underlying pathophysiological processes such as Brain injury in preeclampsia.

The pillars of marriage as a requirement for the validity of a marriage, include fundamental elements that must be present in the marriage contract process. The four major schools of thought in Islam, namely Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi'i, and Hambali, have different views even though the basic principles of the pillars of marriage are generally different. This difference arises due to differences in the ijtihad method and the social context faced by each school of thought, although all are based on the Qur'an, Hadith, and ijma' (consensus of scholars) which have been widely accepted in Muslim society. This study focuses on a comparison of the pillars of marriage according to the four main schools of thought in Islam. The research method used is library research. Based on this study, the results obtained are that the pillars of marriageaccording to 4 schools of thought are: first, the Hanafiyah school consists of ijab and qabul. Second, the Malikiyyah school consists of the woman's guardian, dowry, the husband is not in ihram, the wife is not in ihram and is not in the 'iddah period, and shigat. Third, the Syafi'iyyah Madzhab consists of a husband, wife, guardian, two witnesses, and sighat. Fourth, the Hanabilah Madzhab consists of husband and wife, consent and qabul.

The predictive role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of human pregnancy is of particular interest, as oxidative stress is increased in normotensive pregnant women through systemic inflammatory response, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). This study involved 40 consenting pregnant women recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Data obtained were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM, with a P-value of ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased from 3.75 ± 0.42 U/L in normotensive women to 4.53 ± 0.59 U/L in preeclamptic women. However, this increase was not statistically significant (p<0.05; 0.2903). Catalase activity decreased from 114 ± 8.07 U/L in normotensive women to 84.02 ± 21.58 U/L in preeclamptic women, but this decrease was also not statistically significant (p<0.05; 0.1909). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased from 40.82 ± 1.23 U/L in normotensive women to 71.90 ± 5.61 U/L in preeclamptic women. This increase was statistically significant (p<0.05; <0.0001). Glutathione peroxidase (GSH) decreased from 66.74 ± 10.35 U/L in normotensive women to 50.63 ± 8.96 U/L in preeclamptic women, but this decrease was not statistically significant (p<0.05; 0.2466). These findings suggest the potential predictive roles of these biomarkers in identifying and monitoring preeclampsia.

This study aims to analyse informed consent, legal protection and health workers in the Regional General Hospital of West Papua Province. The research method used is a quantitative approach. The data analysis used was descriptive analysis and verification analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The descriptive method focuses on describing and analysing the research results and the verification method is used to test the relationship between variables. The sample consisted of 35 respondents who were taken using saturated sampling technique. The results of descriptive analysis showed that in the variables of informed consent, legal protection, and health workers were in the category of very unaware of the insights of health workers in the application of informed consent in emergency medical cases, and there were still some shortcomings that must be considered to be corrected. The results of this study indicate that statistically the results of verification tests with multiple linear regression analysis models show that the informed consent variable has a significant effect on health workers with a coefficient value of 0.542 and a p-value of 0.044. Legal protection also has a significant effect on health workers with a coefficient value of 1.755 and a p-value of 0.000. Meanwhile, informed consent, legal protection showed a significant effect simultaneously on health workers with an F value of 14,079 and a p-value of 0.000.

Ijab is a contract that is conveyed (pronounced) by the wife or guardian either at the beginning or at the end. Meanwhile, kabul is a statement of approval for the ijab that has been determined. The pronunciation used in the marriage contract should be able to show the intention of marriage, both in terms of material and substance. In this case, there is a difference of opinion among scholars. For this reason, according to the author, it is necessary to conduct a study on this. The method used by the author is normative juridical. Imam Hanafi and Imam Maliki argue that all redactions that indicate the intention of marriage can be used, then Imam Maliki adds a condition, namely accompanied by the mention of dowry. Meanwhile, according to Imam Shafi'i and Imam Hambali, the validity of marriage is only by the word nikah or marriage and derivatives of these two words.

Sexual harassment is a behavior with sexual connotations that is done without the consent of the intended person, including various forms such as physical, verbal, and non-verbal. In Indonesia, verbal sexual harassment such as catcalling is common but less recognized by society. Catcalling, which is often directed at women, is often considered trivial and not seen as a form of criminal offense. In fact, this act can have a serious psychological and emotional impact on the victim. Although there is still a lack of understanding about the Sexual Violence Law, it is hoped that this law can provide legal protection for victims. The Criminal Code (KUHP) also regulates crimes of decency, but non-physical sexual harassment has not been specifically regulated, making law enforcement difficult. The problem of lack of legal awareness and the lack of regulations related to verbal sexual harassment are the main obstacles in providing protection to victims. From the above problems, the formulation of the problem to be sought is how the implementation of the law against the perpetrators of catcalling and whether the criminal law in Indonesia has been good enough in dealing with the criminal act of catcalling as a form of sexual harassment. This research was conducted using qualitative methods and inductive research, and research using deductive methods, and using an empirical juridical approach.