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This study analyzes the effect of Integrated Reporting (IR) on the Cost of Equity (COE) by examining the moderating role of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) mechanisms in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020-2024 period. Governance quality is operationalized through two key mechanisms: institutional ownership and the proportion of independent board of commissioners. Employing Process Hayes Model 2 with bootstrap iterations of 5,000, and a final sample of 323 company-year observations after outlier removal, the study finds that Integrated Reporting does not exert a significant direct influence on Cost of Equity. However, the proportion of independent board of commissioners significantly moderates the negative relationship between Integrated Reporting and Cost of Equity, while institutional ownership fails to produce a significant moderating effect. Notably, under conditions of high institutional ownership paired with a low proportion of independent commissioners, Integrated Reporting paradoxically increases the Cost of Equity, underscoring the critical role of internal governance mechanisms in establishing the credibility of disclosed information. These findings confirm that the effectiveness of Integrated Reporting in reducing Cost of Equity is contingent upon the quality of the governance environment- particularly board independence. The study contributes to both theory and practice by demonstrating that the economic benefits of Integrated Reporting are realized only when accompanied by robust independent oversight structures.

The ICU is one of the largest clinical cost centers in hospitals due to its high demand for human resources, medical equipment, and operational costs. This situation emphasizes that intensive care unit efficiency is a multidimensional issue that cannot be assessed solely from a single aspect. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of the intensive care unit at Ciremai Hospital, Cirebon City, using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to determine resource optimization. Analytical quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study consisted of personnel in the ICU of Ciremai Hospital from 2023 to 2025, with total sampling applied. The input variables included the number of physicians, nurses, beds, monitors, and ventilators, while the output variables consisted of BOR, LOS, and recovered patients. The ICU input variables remained stable during the study period, while output variables fluctuated with a declining trend in BOR and LOS. The results of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) indicated that all study periods achieved an efficiency score of 1.00 (efficient), with a slack value of 0.00 across all input variables.

This study is motivated by the importance of work effectiveness as a key indicator of organizational success in facing an increasingly complex and competitive work environment. Work discipline is viewed as one of the critical factors that can support the achievement of optimal work effectiveness. This study aims to analyze the relationship between work discipline and work effectiveness and to identify the factors influencing them within an organizational context. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review, which involves examining various relevant scientific articles through the stages of identification, selection, evaluation, and data synthesis. The results of the study indicate that work discipline plays a significant role in enhancing work effectiveness through adherence to rules, punctuality, responsibility, and consistency in task execution. Furthermore, work effectiveness can also foster the development of discipline through structured work systems and clear operational standards. The relationship between these two variables is reciprocal and influenced by factors such as leadership, organizational culture, motivation, human resource competencies, and the utilization of technology. The implications of this research underscore the importance of integrating work discipline and organizational systems to sustainably enhance work effectiveness.

Using Non Performing Financing (NPF) as a moderating variable, this study looks at how profit sharing and profit margin financing affect the effectiveness and stability of Islamic banks in Indonesia. The primary topic discussed is how various Islamic financing arrangements affect the operational effectiveness and financial stability of banks, as well as whether credit risk enhances or diminishes these connections. This study aims to examine the direct impacts of financing modalities as well as the moderating influence of NPF on the performance of Islamic banks. Based on secondary data from eight Islamic banks in Indonesia between 2018-2024, this study employs a quantitative methodology using panel data regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The findings indicate that while profit margin financing has no discernible impact on efficiency, profit sharing financing has a favorable and considerable impact. Profit margin financing has a negative and negligible impact on stability, whereas profit sharing financing has a positive but negligible impact. Additionally, by changing the direction of influence, NPF significantly moderates the association between profit sharing financing and both efficiency and stability. However, it does not significantly moderate the effect of profit margin financing on efficiency, but it does on stability. In summary, the effectiveness of Islamic financing is heavily reliant on risk management, especially credit risk control, where NPF is a key factor in evaluating whether financing can improve stability and efficiency in Islamic banks.

The oil and gas industry requires efficient initial processing to separate reservoir fluids into oil, gas, and water phases. The Separator Unit is the main facility that plays a vital role in the surface facility production stage. This study aims to evaluate the type of separator used, identify control components, and understand the working principles and operational procedures of separators in the Main Production Facility (MPF) area. The methodology used is direct observation and literature studies during the implementation of practical work in July 2024 at PT. Citic Seram Energy Limited, Seram Non Bula Block, Maluku. The observation results show that the type of separator used is a Horizontal Three Phase Separator with tag codes 03-V-001A and 03-V-001B operating alternately. The separation process is carried out based on differences in fluid density utilizing gravity, supported by internal components such as deflector plates, mist extractors, weirs, and straightening vanes. Separator operation is maintained at an operating pressure of around 55 psig to ensure optimal separation efficiency and work safety. The conclusion of this study indicates that effective separator operation requires stable pressure and temperature control as well as routine maintenance to prevent sediment buildup and maintain product quality.

The rapid proliferation of learning analytics, business intelligence (BI), artificial intelligence (AI), and generative AI (GenAI) has significantly expanded universities’ ability to collect, integrate, analyze, and operationalize institutional data. However, despite advances in predictive analytics, dashboards, and AI-driven systems, the translation of analytical outputs into consistent and accountable institutional decision-making remains uneven. This systematic literature review synthesizes contemporary research on analytics-enabled decision-making in higher education with the aim of moving beyond dashboard-centric perspectives toward a socio-technical and computing-oriented understanding of how data are transformed into institutional actions and outcomes. Guided by the PRISMA framework, the review synthesizes evidence across four interconnected dimensions: data ecosystems and learning analytics foundations; analytics capability, BI adoption, and digital readiness; AI and advanced analytics for decision support; and human-in-the-loop (HITL) decision routines and institutional outcomes. The findings show that predictive performance and analytical sophistication alone do not guarantee decision value. Instead, effective analytics-enabled decision-making depends on interoperable data ecosystems, organizational analytics capability, governance mechanisms, explainability, and sustained human oversight. Based on these findings, this review contributes a computing-oriented decision-intelligence framework that conceptualizes analytics-enabled decision-making as an end-to-end socio-technical pipeline linking heterogeneous data acquisition, integration, feature construction, analytical modeling, explainability, human validation, governance, and feedback-based refinement. By integrating learning analytics, BI, AI, GenAI, and HITL mechanisms within a unified framework, the review clarifies how universities can move beyond dashboard-based reporting toward accountable, adaptive, and institutionally actionable decision-support infrastructures.

Mergers and acquisitions have served as a primary strategy for global banking consolidation over the past three decades, including in Indonesia, which is currently undergoing one of its most massive consolidation waves—one notable example being the emergence of Bank Syariah Indonesia. This article aims to provide a narrative review of the literature on the operational impacts of mergers on bank performance, with a particular focus on implications for the Indonesian context. Based on a systematic search of the Scopus database, 52 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025 were analyzed using a narrative thematic synthesis approach. Five main themes were identified: cost efficiency, service quality, risk management, human resource and cultural integration, and information systems and technology integration. The key findings indicate that although 73.1% of studies report post-merger improvements in cost efficiency, these benefits are highly contingent upon the quality of post-merger integration especially in the areas of human resources, organizational culture, and information technology with IT integration failure rates reaching as high as 75%. Domestic mergers consistently achieve efficiency gains more rapidly than cross-border mergers, whereas risk implications depend heavily on the type of merger and the quality of integration. Policy implications include the need for the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) to monitor post-merger integration quality, provide integration guidelines for smaller banks, take into account the specific characteristics of Islamic banks, and ensure a streamlined, non-burdensome licensing process. Further research particularly empirical studies on banking mergers in Indonesia—is urgently needed to test the generalizability of global findings to the local context.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed organizational landscapes and driven fundamental changes in leadership practices and strategic management. This article aims to critically examine AI-based leadership by highlighting its opportunities, risks, and implications for strategic management. The study employs a qualitative literature-based approach using an integrative literature review strategy. The data consist of secondary scholarly literature relevant to AI, leadership, governance, innovation, and strategic management, which were analyzed through qualitative thematic analysis and conceptual content analysis. The findings show that AI-based leadership creates opportunities in the form of improved decision quality, faster strategic analysis, operational efficiency, stronger innovation, and enhanced organizational agility. However, AI integration also presents risks, including algorithmic bias, limited decision transparency, technological dependency, accountability challenges, and ethical concerns. This study confirms that AI does not fully replace human leaders; rather, it fosters a hybrid leadership model that requires technical, adaptive, transformational, and ethical capabilities. The study implies that the effectiveness of AI-based leadership depends on responsible governance, organizational cultural readiness, and balanced human–machine collaboration in supporting strategic management.

This study aims to analyze the influence of work environment and work motivation on the performance of outsourced employees at PT Kinarya Selaras Piranti. Phenomena in the field show the challenges of supervisory dualism and operational constraints, such as a difficult reimbursement system, which is suspected to affect productivity. The research method used was a quantitative approach with a saturated sampling technique (census) of 87 respondents. Data were collected through a digital questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression through SPSS software. The results of the study showed that partially, the work environment had a positive and significant effect on employee performance (Sig. < 0.001). Similarly, work motivation has a positive and partially significant influence (Sig. < 0.001). Simultaneously, these two variables have a significant effect on performance with a determination coefficient value (R2) of 92.7%. This indicates that optimizing physical and non-physical conditions and meeting the psychological needs of employees are crucial factors in increasing work effectiveness in the outsourcing services sector.

Blasting is a critical method for overburden removal in open-pit coal mines, where fragmentation quality directly impacts loading efficiency and operational costs. This study aims to analyze the actual fragmentation resulting from overburden blasting at Pit 4 Middle of PT. Victor Dua Tiga Mega, Central Kalimantan, to predict fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model, and to evaluate the conformity of both results against the company standard (boulder size ≤144.6 cm or ≥50 cm for analysis). The research employed a quantitative comparative method. Primary data included blasting geometry and photographs of muck piles from 10 blasting events, which were analyzed using WipFrag software to obtain actual fragmentation distribution. Secondary data comprised rock characteristics and explosive properties for Kuz-Ram prediction input. The results showed significant variation in actual boulder percentage (≥50 cm), ranging from 6.19% to 32.91% with an average of 16.05% (medium category). Statistical analysis revealed a very weak negative correlation (r = -0.21) between powder factor (PF) and boulder percentage, indicating that PF is not the dominant factor within the consistent application range (0.21-0.23 kg/bcm). Comparison with Kuz-Ram predictions showed that the model consistently over-predicted coarse material, with an average difference of +25.21%, suggesting the need for rock factor (A) recalibration. It is concluded that the blasting results are inconsistent, strongly influenced by uncontrollable factors such as geological conditions. Recommendations include geometri evaluation, particularly burden and spacing, and calibration of the Kuz-Ram model for more accurate future predictions.

Health-related SMEs in Indonesia have significant opportunities to enter international markets, but many businesses still face limitations in digital capabilities, innovation, and readiness for external markets. This study aims to examine the influence of digital transformation on the success of health-related SMEs in going international, both directly and through business innovation as a mediator. The study employs a quantitative approach using a cross-sectional survey design involving 200 owners or key managers of SMEs in East Java, selected via purposive sampling. Data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that digital transformation has a positive influence on business innovation and the success of going international. Business innovation also has a positive effect on internationalisation success and mediates the relationship between digital transformation and external market success. These findings confirm that digitalisation should not merely be understood as an operational tool, but as a strategic capability that must be integrated with product, process, marketing, and business model innovation. The research implications emphasise the importance of strengthening digital capabilities and business innovation to enhance the global competitiveness of Indonesian health-related SMEs

This study aims to analyze the relationship between salaries, allowances, and employee productivity on company profitability. Human resources are an important factor in determining organizational success because employee quality and performance directly influence the achievement of company goals. Providing appropriate compensation, including salaries and allowances, can increase employee motivation, job satisfaction, and loyalty, thereby encouraging higher work productivity. High productivity reflects the company’s ability to utilize resources effectively and efficiently in order to produce optimal output. In addition, employee turnover is an important aspect that must be considered because it may affect operational stability and the company’s effectiveness in achieving business targets. Profitability is used as the main indicator to assess the company’s ability to generate profits from its operational activities. This study applies a quantitative method with an approach that examines the relationships among variables to obtain an overview of the influence of compensation and productivity on company profitability. The results of this study are expected to provide insights and recommendations for companies in managing human resources more effectively in order to improve financial performance sustainably.

Analysis of the business situation experienced by PT Spectrum Lintas Service indicates that the achievement of success in obtaining large-scale project contracts is greatly influenced by the technical image and confidence given by clients. This study aims to investigate the impact of Improving Technical Qualifications, Customer Relationship Management, and Procedural Governance Quality on the Achievement of Competitive Advantage at PT Spectrum Lintas Service. The study population consisted of a total of 141 customers. The data analysis approach used was the SPSS tool to test the research hypothesis through t-test and F-test. The results of the F-test showed a significance probability value of 0.000 smaller than 0.05. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that improving technical qualifications, customer relationship management, and procedural governance quality significantly contribute to the competitive advantage of PT. Spectrum Lintas Service. Improving technical qualifications has a negative but not substantial impact on competitive advantage, with a significance value of 0.110 greater than 0.05. Customer relationship management has an impact on competitive advantage with a significance value of 0.00, which is smaller than 0.05. The quality of the procedural system has a significant influence on competitive advantage.

Libraries play a crucial role in broadening the public's knowledge horizons by improving literacy skills. However, the reality at the Samaturu Library in Jambu Malea Village shows that manual management still dominates, leading to various administrative obstacles such as data irregularities, the risk of losing important information, and inefficiencies in tracking daily activities. This condition demands digital transformation to optimize public services at the village level comprehensively and sustainably. This research focuses on the development of a web-based library information system specifically designed to modernize administrative processes to be more systematic, fast, and organized. Built using the PHP programming language and MySQL database, this platform offers an intuitive interface for both staff and members. Its superior features include book data management, membership, activity agendas, announcements, and digitizing the borrowing and return process. Furthermore, the system is capable of automatically generating periodic reports to facilitate library performance evaluation. Based on the results of comprehensive testing using the Black Box Testing method, all system functionality was proven to operate optimally according to the required specifications. Direct user trials also showed very positive responses regarding aspects of ease of navigation and operational time efficiency. The implementation of this system is expected to improve the effectiveness of internal management, accelerate the quality of services to library users, and become a major catalyst in realizing superior digital literacy governance in rural areas.

The increasing complexity of competition in the healthcare industry requires hospitals to adopt adaptive and strategic management practices to enhance organizational competitiveness. This study aims to analyze the role of strategic management in improving hospital competitiveness through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. A total of 41 national and international scientific articles published between 2014 and 2025 were reviewed, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Sinta databases, following the PRISMA guidelines for literature selection. The synthesis of findings indicates that strategic management plays a significant role in strengthening hospital competitiveness through clear strategy formulation, consistent implementation, and continuous performance evaluation. Key factors contributing to competitive advantage include strategic leadership, adaptive organizational culture, effective human resource management, utilization of information technology, and integration between strategic planning and operational processes. The results emphasize that hospitals implementing strategic management comprehensively are better equipped to respond to environmental dynamics, improve service quality, and sustain competitive advantage in the long term. This study highlights the importance of strategic management as a foundational element in modern hospital governance and provides a conceptual basis for future empirical research in healthcare management.

The increasing complexity of competition in the healthcare industry requires hospitals to adopt adaptive and strategic management practices to enhance organizational competitiveness. This study aims to analyze the role of strategic management in improving hospital competitiveness through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. A total of 41 national and international scientific articles published between 2014 and 2025 were reviewed, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Sinta databases, following the PRISMA guidelines for literature selection. The synthesis of findings indicates that strategic management plays a significant role in strengthening hospital competitiveness through clear strategy formulation, consistent implementation, and continuous performance evaluation. Key factors contributing to competitive advantage include strategic leadership, adaptive organizational culture, effective human resource management, utilization of information technology, and integration between strategic planning and operational processes. The results emphasize that hospitals implementing strategic management comprehensively are better equipped to respond to environmental dynamics, improve service quality, and sustain competitive advantage in the long term. This study highlights the importance of strategic management as a foundational element in modern hospital governance and provides a conceptual basis for future empirical research in healthcare management.

This study aims to develop a Strategic Learning Enabler model by reconfiguring the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) units to enhance Generation Z student productivity in digital higher education. The research is motivated by the gap between digital transformation demands and the predominantly technical-operational role of ICT units. Using a quantitative explanatory design, this study examines the causal relationships among ICT role reconfiguration, adaptive learning systems, and student productivity. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to Generation Z students engaged in digital learning environments and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings indicate that Generation Z students exhibit high responsiveness to structured tasks but lack continuity in learning activities due to weak self-regulated learning. The study also reveals that adaptive learning systems significantly mediate the relationship between ICT transformation and student productivity. The proposed model emphasizes digital governance, learning analytics, and micro-tasking structures as key components in building sustainable academic productivity. This research contributes both theoretically and practically by offering an institutional framework for digital learning transformation in higher education.

Entering the third decade of the 21st century, the church faces the urgency of redefining its existence amidst the shift to a digital ecosystem. This research aims to analyze the synergy between church management and transformational leadership toward the effectiveness of leader multiplication in the Digital 4.0 era. Using a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach through library research, this study explores the integration of modern management theories and theological principles. The findings indicate that church management serves as a vital infrastructure providing operational stability, while transformational leadership acts as a catalyst for innovation and behavioral change in facing VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) conditions. The synergy between these two elements creates a “Digital Shepherding” model, where the digital space is transformed into a theological medium for character formation and spiritual transmission. The study concludes that the effectiveness of leader multiplication is determined by a shift from person-centered leadership to a system-inspired approach that integrates digital capabilities with biblical integrity. Strategic implications suggest that churches must adopt a digital mindset and establish digital leadership laboratories to ensure the sustainability of their mission among Generation Z.

This article examines the complex interactions between the military and civil society in regions affected by conflict, approached from a sociological-legal perspective. The study seeks to understand how military power influences civil society, the ways in which legal and social legitimacy are established, and how local communities respond to military presence and control. Employing a qualitative case-study methodology, the research utilized in-depth interviews with community members and military personnel, extensive field observations, and detailed analysis of relevant legal documents. The findings reveal that military power structures significantly impact civil rights, security, and social dynamics, with interactions ranging from cooperative engagement to open conflict. Furthermore, the legitimacy of military actions is closely linked to factors such as operational performance, transparency, accountability, and social acceptance by local populations. Based on these insights, the article argues for the importance of improving communication channels between military forces and communities, integrating formal legal frameworks with local norms and practices, and actively involving community members in security and governance programs. These measures are proposed as strategies to enhance the legitimacy of military operations, reduce conflict, and promote long-term social stability. The study contributes to the broader understanding of civil-military relations by highlighting the sociological and legal dimensions of military influence in conflict-affected areas.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Return on Asset (ROA), Current Ratio (CR), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Total Asset Turnover (TATO) on company value as measured by Price Book Value (PBV) in property and real estate sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019–2023 period. This research adopts a quantitative method with a causal associative approach. The data was obtained from the financial reports of eight companies that met the purposive sampling criteria. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS software. The results show that, partially, ROA and CR have a significant negative effect on PBV, while NPM does not have a significant effect on PBV, and TATO has a significant negative effect on PBV. Simultaneously, all four independent variables significantly affect PBV, with an R² value of 12.3%, indicating that most of the PBV variations are explained by other factors outside the research model. These findings provide insights for investors and company management regarding the importance of asset management and operational efficiency in enhancing firm market value.