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The reciprocal tariff policy has a significant impact on a number of countries, including Indonesia. In this scheme, Indonesian non-oil and gas products are subject to a tariff of 32% when entering the US market. Such a high tariff places Indonesian exporters in a less competitive position compared to other countries that have more favorable trade arrangements with the United States. This condition becomes more complex when viewed in the broader context of the US-EU trade war, which creates uncertainty and turbulence in the global economy. Indonesian exports are affected both directly and indirectly. Indirect impacts can be seen from disruptions to the global supply chain, the slowdown in the world economy, and decreased global demand. As global production networks become increasingly interconnected, any disruption in major economies will ultimately suppress demand for Indonesian export commodities. This means that even if Indonesian products are not directly targeted, the ripple effects of global trade tensions will still hinder Indonesia’s export performance. For instance, reduced consumption in Europe and the US due to rising product prices and inflation will diminish market opportunities for Indonesian goods.On the other hand, direct impacts arise because several Indonesian products have been explicitly subjected to tariffs by the US government. These include textiles and textile products (TPT), electronics and their components, footwear, furniture, and palm oil (crude palm oil/CPO). Such tariffs significantly reduce Indonesia’s competitiveness in the US market, potentially leading to decreased export volumes, lower revenues for domestic industries, and job losses in export-oriented sectors. Furthermore, the policy also makes European products much more expensive in the US market, which worsens the global supply chain, increases logistics costs, triggers inflation, and escalates uncertainty in international trade.

This study aims to analyze the effect of revenue on the ornamental fish business at PT. Indotama Putra Wahana. Revenue in this context refers to all income obtained by the company, both from export activities and from sales through online platforms such as Tokopedia. Business growth is defined as the increase in net profit, reflecting the sustainability and development of the company in running its operations. Therefore, it is important to analyze the contribution of income from both sources to the company’s success and growth. The data used in this study includes export revenue over the past six months and revenue from Tokopedia over the past four months. Net profit is calculated by subtracting total income from monthly operational costs. This study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis processed using SPSS software to obtain more accurate results. The research findings show that the ANOVA test resulted in an F value of 38.429 with a significance value of 0.007, indicating that both export revenue and Tokopedia revenue significantly affect business growth simultaneously. This suggests that both types of income play an important role in driving the company's growth. Additionally, the t-test shows that export revenue has a greater impact on business growth compared to Tokopedia revenue. The regression coefficient for export revenue is 0.987, while for Tokopedia revenue, it is 0.536. Overall, this study reveals that export revenue has a greater impact on the growth and sustainability of the ornamental fish business at PT. Indotama Putra Wahana. These findings provide deeper insight for the company to focus on export strategies to enhance net profit and ensure the sustainability of its business.

This study aims to explore the strategic role of e-commerce in increasing the export of handicraft products by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia, with a case study on CV. Palm Craft in Kediri. In the context of globalization and digitalization, e-commerce is an important means for MSMEs to reach the international market, especially in the midst of the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic that limit conventional export activities. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The main focus of this study is how CV. Palem Craft utilizes various digital platforms such as social media (Instagram, Facebook), marketplaces (Tokopedia, Shopee), and global platforms (Amazon, Etsy) to expand market access, build product branding, and increase the selling value of local handicrafts. The results of the study show that the strategic use of e-commerce has helped companies overcome export barriers such as limited distribution networks, logistics constraints, and lack of international promotion. In addition, e-commerce also allows CVs. Palem Craft to build direct relationships with global consumers, get faster feedback, and make product adjustments according to market needs. This research also identifies supporting factors such as digital literacy, product quality, and production capacity as crucial aspects in the success of e-commerce strategies.  The implications of this study provide relevant insights for other MSMEs that want to develop exports through the use of digital technology. Continuous support from the government and related institutions is needed in terms of training, access to capital, and digital export facilitation so that Indonesian MSMEs can compete in the global market in a sustainable manner.  

Batam City is a national strategic area that has played a significant role in Indonesia's economic growth since the 1970s. Through its Free Trade Zone (FTZ) policy, Batam has successfully attracted significant investment and developed into an export-oriented trading center. However, the implementation of regional autonomy has created institutional dualism between the Batam City Government and the Batam Business Entity (BP Batam), resulting in overlapping authority, regulatory uncertainty, and a decline in regional economic competitiveness. This study aims to analyze regional development policy strategies that align with the vision of the Batam City Long-Term Regional Development Plan (RPJPD) 2025–2045. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through document studies, secondary data, and interviews with key stakeholders. The results indicate that institutional restructuring is an urgent need to eliminate overlapping authority between the central and regional governments. In addition, harmonization of central and regional regulations, strengthening infrastructure, and improving the quality of human resources are strategic steps in Batam's transition from an FTZ to a Special Economic Zone (KEK). To achieve Batam's successful development in the future, inclusive multi-stakeholder collaboration and governance that adapts to global dynamics are needed. A policy strategy based on synergy, regulatory efficiency, and resource readiness is believed to be able to support the achievement of sustainable economic transformation in accordance with the region's long-term vision.

The palm oil industry is a vital component of Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, particularly in rural and plantation-based regions where economic alternatives are limited. However, the sector is increasingly challenged by global sustainability concerns, particularly the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which poses a threat to Indonesia’s palm oil exports due to its strict environmental standards and traceability requirements. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review to explore the role of innovation and legal protection in strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. Specifically, it investigates how the development of superior plant varieties and the application of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework contribute to long-term industry resilience. The findings indicate that superior varieties such as DxP Topaz, DxP PTPN V, and Lonsum DxP have been instrumental in boosting productivity, reducing the need for land expansion, enhancing oil yield per hectare, and improving overall resource efficiency. Moreover, legal protection through PVP not only secures exclusive rights for breeders but also incentivizes further agricultural innovation and prevents the unauthorized use and duplication of valuable genetic resources. In light of international regulatory pressures, strengthening the national PVP system, promoting the registration of local superior varieties, and integrating legal instruments with research and development are essential. These efforts can safeguard Indonesia’s genetic sovereignty and support sustainable practices in compliance with international environmental standards. Ultimately, aligning agricultural innovation with a robust legal framework is key to maintaining the industry’s market access, environmental credibility, and long-term sustainability.

Lobster is one of Indonesia's marine resources that has high economic value and is very important for the country's economy, but excessive lobster fishing and smuggling of lobster seeds have caused a decrease in the productivity of marine resources and significant state losses, so effective law enforcement efforts are needed to protect Indonesia's marine resources from these illegal acts. The problem in this study is how the law is enforced by the West Tanjung Jabung Police against the crime of smuggling lobster seeds (Study of Case Register Decision Number: 144 / Pid.Sus / 2023 / Pn Klt ), and what factors are the causes. The research method used is normative juridical, a type of legal research that focuses on the analysis and interpretation of legal norms that apply in a legal system. The study shows that the three defendants in the crime of smuggling lobster seeds were sentenced to 2 years in prison and a fine of IDR 5,000,000 based on Article 27 number 26 Article 92 of Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation. The factors causing this crime include internal factors (economic and education) and external factors (politics, environment, and lack of security). Suggestions from the study are: Reviewing the lobster seed export policy. Improving coordination between law enforcement officers and community participation. Improving the capacity and competence of law enforcement personnel.  

The study aims to evaluate the flow of material in the handling process and the quality control measures implemented throughout the production stages. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing primary data collected through direct observation, interviews, and secondary data from relevant literature. The findings indicate that the IQF method significantly preserves the quality and freshness of the shrimp, ensuring compliance with international export standards. The study also identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) related to the company's operations, highlighting the importance of maintaining high-quality raw materials and efficient production processes. Recommendations for improving quality control practices and enhancing operational efficiency are provided, emphasizing the need for continuous training and investment in modern technology.

For Indonesia, exports have a strategic role as a supporter of the national economy. In addition to being a source of foreign exchange, exports also support job creation, expand the domestic market, and strengthen the domestic industrial structure. One of the root problems that hinders Indonesia's export competitiveness is the low level of innovation in the production and processing sectors. The literature study method or literature review is an analysis technique used to gain a comprehensive understanding of a particular topic by studying and evaluating existing literature, such as journals, books, reports, and other sources relevant to the research topic. In the literature study on the Role of Innovation in Increasing Export Competitiveness. the role of technological innovation in exports is increasingly important considering the structural challenges faced so far, such as low added value of export products, minimal adoption of technology, and weak integration between industry, research, and government policy. Technological innovation plays a strategic role in increasing Indonesia's export competitiveness in the global market.

Aceh’s economy has long been dominated by the oil and gas sector, particularly LNG Arun exports, which contributed more than 40% of regional GDP (GRDP) in the early observation period. However, declining production after 2014 drastically reduced its share to below 20%, and in recent years, to only around 10–12%. This study aims to analyze the contribution of oil and gas (migas) and non-oil and gas (nonmigas) exports to Aceh’s economy and to assess the potential of export diversification as a sustainable development strategy. The research employs a quantitative approach using secondary time series data from 2007–2021 obtained from BPS, Bank Indonesia, and other official sources. Data were analyzed descriptively and through simple econometric models, including OLS regression and cointegration tests. The findings reveal that oil and gas exports are significant in the short term but have weakened in the long term. In contrast, non-oil and gas exports, although relatively small, exhibit stable growth and demonstrate a long-term relationship with GRDP. These results underscore the importance of diversifying exports towards nonmigas commodities, particularly coffee, cocoa, rubber, and fisheries. The practical implication is the urgent need for Aceh’s development strategy to shift from oil and gas dependence towards globally competitive nonmigas industrialization

This study discusses the impact of plastic waste imports from the Netherlands on environmental security in Indonesia. The practice of cross-border waste trade has become a sensitive issue in international relations, especially when developing countries such as Indonesia receive an abundance of waste from developed countries. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through documentation and literature studies. The analysis focuses on regulations, dynamics of the recycling industry, and the ecological impact of incoming waste. The results show that most of the imported plastic waste cannot be processed safely and contains hazardous contaminants such as microplastics and heavy metals. This waste pollutes the soil, rivers, and seas, and enters the food chain through marine fish consumed by the community, thus threatening food security and public health. The state's response, although it has included re-export steps and policy revisions, is still weak in terms of supervision and law enforcement. In conclusion, plastic waste imports are a form of non-traditional threat to Indonesia's environmental security that requires stronger structural, diplomatic, and institutional responses.

The furniture industry in Bukir Village, Pasuruan City, is one of the leading small and medium-sized industries (SMIs) that contributes significantly to local economic growth and employment. This study aims to analyze the potential of the furniture industry based on the empowerment of local workers, identify its contribution to the regional economy, and evaluate the level of employment in this sector. The research method employs a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through literature review and structured interviews. The results show that the furniture industry in Bukir Village has grown rapidly since 1980 with the support of the East Java Provincial Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) for Wood. Currently, there are 40 active businesses that can absorb 800-1,200 local workers, equivalent to 85% of the total workforce in the village. This industry uses a made-to-order production system with teak and sonokeling wood as raw materials and has expanded into the export market to Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries. This study recommends strengthening marketing digitalization, improving human resource skills, and intensifying government support to enhance the competitiveness of the Bukir furniture industry. 

The European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), officially adopted by the European Union in 2023, has gained various responses from exporters, mainly due to quite demanding perception on regulation. This study focuses on the smallholder group (cooperatives and farmers), as among most impacted parties considering the financial constraints, knowledge limitation, and technical capacity. The main emphasis focuses on the challenges to comply EUDR’s documentation requirements, which include land use maps, sustainability certificates, land ownership documents, geolocation maps, proof of coffee land ownership, and the Supply Chain Traceability Report. This study aims to explore in depth the opportunities, barriers, and handling strategies adopted by exporting cooperatives. Primary data were collected through structured interviews with five cooperative representatives from various regions of Indonesia and analyzed using a thematic analysis method, referring to three main components of the Dynamic Capabilities Theory: Sensing, Seizing, and Reconfiguring. The outcome of this research presents internal and external strategic recommendations for cooperatives to prepare for the official implementation of the EUDR.

Trade wars and protectionism have again become major issues in global economic dynamics, especially since trade tensions between the United States and China began in 2018. This research aims to analyze tariff policy as part of a protectionist strategy in the context of the political economy of bilateral trade relations. Using a qualitative approach with case studies and document analysis, data were obtained from policy reports, scientific journals, and trade statistics. The results show that tariff policies are often not purely based on economic considerations, but are also influenced by domestic political interests, industry group pressure, and global negotiation strategies. On the other hand, these policies have a significant impact on the structure of bilateral trade relations, trade volume, and global supply chains. Indonesia as a partner country is also affected, both directly through changes in export-import values, and indirectly through supply and investment disruptions. Policy implications show the importance of developing countries' preparedness in anticipating changes in global trade policies and encouraging the formulation of adaptive and competitive national strategies. This study provides recommendations for policymakers to balance national interests with global dynamics.

White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is an introduced species cultivated in Indonesia and plays an important role in increasing national shrimp production and exports. However, infectious diseases such as Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) pose a serious threat to the shrimp farming industry. These two diseases cause a decrease in shrimp growth and production performance. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) diagnostic technique is an effective method for detecting EHP and AHPND infections, because the results are fast and accurate. This research was carried out at the Juanda Fish Quarantine Laboratory, Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine Center (BKHIT) East Java from July 1 to August 29 2024. This research aims to find out examination techniques and examination results for Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) during the examination process at BKHIT East Java. The test method used is a descriptive method by collecting primary and secondary data. The EHP examination at BKHIT East Java uses the single step PCR method, while the AHPND examination uses the Nested PCR method which consists of extraction, amplification, electrophoresis and visualization of the results. Based on the results of examinations during the activity, 4 samples were declared positive for EHP and no samples were declared positive for AHPND out of 51 samples of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Reciprocal tariff changes imposed by the United States on its trading partner countries including Indonesia, create changes in export and import tariffs in Indonesia which result in a significant impact on the Indonesian economy, which has an impact on export and import sectors such as oil and gas, then non-oil and gas which includes processing industries, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining as well as consumer goods, raw / auxiliary materials, and capital goods. This research aims to analyze the impact of exports and imports in the country of Indonesia due to the reciprocal tax rate policy implemented by the United States. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of content analysis, which involves collecting data from news articles, research reports, and relevant academic publications. The results showed that the imposition of reciprocal tariffs imposed by the United States against Indonesia caused an increase in imports from 2017 to 2020 by 1.38% in the consumer goods sector. On the other hand, the export side decreased in the oil and gas sector from 2017 to 2020 by 2.37% which resulted in disruption of economic stability in the global supply chain that created inflation, and increased imports in Indonesia resulted in competing local product prices with imported products so that many Indonesian manufacturing companies reduced production and terminated employment. From this research, it is expected that Indonesia will be able to maximize the opportunities that exist from the changes and challenges of global trade.

Economic globalization is a process that significantly impacts the structure and values within Islamic political economy. Market integration, trade liberalization, and cross-border capital flows have created an increasingly competitive and capitalistic global economic order. On one hand, globalization provides opportunities for developing countries, including Indonesia, to access new technologies, expand export markets, and increase foreign investment. However, on the other hand, globalization also poses serious challenges for Islamic political economy, particularly due to the dominance of capitalist principles that contradict the fundamental values of Islamic economics, such as justice ('adl), balance (tawazun), and the prohibition of riba and gharar. Additionally, internal challenges such as low community literacy, a lack of innovation in Sharia-compliant financial products, and insufficient policy support further hinder the development of the Islamic economy. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method based on literature studies to analyze the impact of globalization on Islamic political economy. The findings indicate that adaptive strategies, innovation enhancement, regulatory strengthening, and the improvement of literacy and research are necessary for Islamic political economy to play a strategic role in addressing the challenges of globalization. Thus, it is hoped that Islamic political economy can contribute to the realization of a more just and sustainable global economic order.

This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to evaluate the implementation of development strategies in the palm oil industry in facing the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The palm oil industry is a nationally strategic sector that plays a crucial role in Indonesia’s economy, both in terms of exports and employment absorption. In the digital era, technological transformation has become a necessity for industry players to improve efficiency, transparency, and global competitiveness. This study examines various adaptive strategies that have been developed, such as the application of digital technologies in the supply chain, integration of information systems in production processes, and the strengthening of human resources through technology-based training. The analysis is conducted through a literature review of recent academic works, government policies, and industrial reports. The findings indicate that the implementation of digitalization strategies still faces challenges, such as limited technological infrastructure, disparities in digital literacy, and regulations that are not yet fully supportive. These results provide a comprehensive picture of the readiness and direction of the palm oil industry’s development in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era to achieve long-term sustainability and efficiency.

In the first quarter of 2025, the Indonesian rupiah experienced a significant depreciation, weakening from approximately IDR 15,800 per USD in January to IDR 17,200 per USD by the end of March 2025. This study aims to identify and analyze the external and domestic factors contributing to the rupiah’s decline during this period. External pressure mainly stemmed from the U.S. Federal Reserve’s hawkish stance—maintaining its benchmark interest rate at 5.25%–5.50% which triggered capital outflows from emerging markets. Additionally, global geopolitical uncertainty, including tensions in Eastern Europe and trade frictions between the U.S. and China, raised the global risk premium and strengthened the U.S. dollar against the rupiah. On the domestic side, Indonesia’s trade deficit widened to USD 3.2 billion in Q1 2025 due to rising energy import demand amid surging global oil prices. Furthermore, the state budget deficit increased to IDR 104.2 trillion by March 2025 up 20% year on year undermining investor confidence. Using a qualitative descriptive method through content analysis of reports from Bank Indonesia, BPS trade statistics, and relevant media sources, this study finds that the combination of elevated U.S. interest rates, geopolitical tensions, trade imbalances, and fiscal deficits accelerated the depreciation of the rupiah. Policy recommendations include targeted foreign exchange intervention by Bank Indonesia, monetary tightening in line with global trends, fiscal consolidation to reduce the budget deficit, and export diversification to mitigate external shocks.

The purpose of this study is to analyze fish processing innovations in the context of blue economy in various regions of Indonesia. The method used in this study is an article review research method with a qualitative descriptive approach using 5 relevant scientific article sources from accredited journals. The research analysis method uses qualitative descriptive analysis. The results show that fish processing innovations through modern technologies such as freeze drying, controlled fermentation, and bioactive-based processing have provided significant economic added value. Various regions in Indonesia have developed innovative products such as high-protein fish flour, export-quality surimi, and functional fermented fish products that support blue economy principles through sustainable utilization of marine resources.

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is a food safety management system designed to identify, analyze, and control physical, chemical, and biological hazards throughout the food production process. In the context of Small, and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia, HACCP implementation is essential to ensure food safety, improve product quality, and enhance access to modern and export markets. This study is a literature review that analyzes 14 scientific articles published between 2000 and 2025, sourced from Scholar and Sinta databases. The analysis focused on abstract keywords to identify key concepts, findings, and research gaps regarding HACCP implementation in SMEs food businesses. The review findings indicate that HACCP offers positive impacts such as improved production efficiency, extended shelf life, and reduced contamination risks. The establishment of Critical Control Points (CCPs) in stages like grinding, packaging, and storage has proven effective in preventing potential hazards. However, several challenges hinder effective implementation, particularly in SMEs. Common obstacles include limited human resources, lack of technical knowledge, inadequate basic sanitation infrastructure, and weak documentation and monitoring systems. Several studies also emphasize that successful HACCP implementation relies heavily on intensive mentoring and strong support from government bodies, academia, and business partners. Therefore, a collaborative and strategic approach is essential to optimize HACCP implementation within the SMEs sector, contributing to an inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable national food safety system.