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Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) face unique challenges in building attachment relationships, due to ASD children experiencing impairments in communication, social interaction, and emotional regulation. This study aims to identify effective intervention strategies to improve the quality of attachment between parents and children with ASD through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The review findings indicate that several interventions have proven effective in enhancing attachment between parents or primary caregivers and children with ASD, including the following interventions: DIR/Floortime, Focused Playtime Intervention (FPI), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Circle of Security (COS), Positive Behavior Support (PBS), play training, massage therapy, and psychoeducation. The results of these interventions show that changes occur before and after the intervention, including strengthening two-way communication, increasing parental sensitivity, and improving the child's emotional responses. These findings have practical implications for parents, educators, and therapists in designing attachment-based approaches to support the social and emotional development of children with ASD. Responsive and supportive designing attachment-based approaches to support the social and emotional development of children with ASD. Responsive and supportive relationship-based interventions can build secure attachments between children with ASD and their parents and serve as an important reference in attachment-based parenting and therapy practices.

The Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) is a strategic initiative by the Indonesian government to address the long-standing issues of malnutrition and stunting, which have significantly hindered human resource (HR) development in Indonesia. The program aims to improve children's nutrition and reduce stunting by providing free nutritious meals, particularly in areas with limited access to healthy food. This study aims to analyze the legal framework of MBG, its effectiveness in achieving its goals, and its impact on national development. Using a qualitative approach, the study analyzes the implementation of MBG through document analysis, interviews with relevant stakeholders, and field observations. The findings highlight challenges within the program, including imbalanced food distribution, inadequate infrastructure in remote areas, and suboptimal food quality control, which resulted in several food poisoning incidents in 2025. Nevertheless, the program has a positive economic impact by empowering micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) involved in food supply. The study suggests strengthening the monitoring system, improving budget management, and better coordination between government sectors and communities to maximize the success of MBG. It also emphasizes the importance of nutrition education campaigns to support the program's goals. Overall, MBG is a crucial step toward creating a healthier and more productive generation, supporting the achievement of Indonesia's Golden Generation by 2045..

Many symptoms appear as signs of moral decline such as free association, violence, crime, and other deviant and reprehensible behavior. Some of the impacts that have been seen include the lack of children's ability to communicate, wanting everything instant without having to know the process, having an egotistical character and many more. This then needs to be realized that it is the responsibility of parents, educators, society, even the nation and state to protect children, especially in the field of morals and character. Here, teachers have a major role in shaping students' character through role models, cooperation between teachers, and positive behavioral habits. In shaping the character of students who are moral, this study identifies effective curriculum management strategies, such as the development of relevant syllabuses, the use of interactive teaching methods, and ongoing teacher training. In addition, this journal emphasizes the importance of collaboration between stakeholders, including teachers, supervisors, parents, and communities, as well as the use of information technology to improve the quality of Islamic religious education. And the implementation of effective strategies for Islamic Education teachers instills leadership character, honesty, and noble morals in students. So it can be concluded that the environment and rapid technological developments have a high influence on students' character, thus causing a decline in students' character, especially in terms of morals and ethics.

Early Childhood Education (PAUD) or Kindergarten (TK) is an important level of education in building the foundations for children's overall development, covering aspects of religious and moral values, physical-motor skills, cognitive skills, language, social-emotional skills, and the arts. The development of PAUD/TK currently shows a positive trend, as seen in the increasing public awareness, number of institutions, and participation of children aged 4–6 years. However, challenges still arise, such as limited facilities and infrastructure, variations in educator competence, differences in access to services between regions, and the need for stimulation at home. Competition among early childhood education institutions is quite fierce, driving innovation in learning quality, teacher competence, facilities, and flagship programs. In this context, marketing management plays a strategic role in building the institution's image, conveying information about educational services, identifying community needs, and increasing the institution's competitiveness in an ethical and sustainable manner. TK Muslimat NU Pakembaran, as a religious-based PAUD institution, plays an important role in developing children's development and instilling Islamic values. Although the marketing strategy is still simple and predominantly based on a familial approach and word-of-mouth promotion, these efforts are effective in building community trust and loyalty. In the future, strengthening a more systematic marketing management can increase competitiveness, expand the reach of information, and support the sustainability of the institution in providing quality, religious, and character-building early childhood education services.

Nutritional problems among children under five remain a public health concern in Indonesia, including in the working area of Semitau Public Health Center, Kapuas Hulu Regency. Nutritional status is an important indicator in assessing child growth and development. Nutritional disorders such as undernutrition, severe undernutrition, and stunting may have long-term impacts on health, cognitive development, and productivity. Therefore, regular monitoring of nutritional status is necessary to determine the nutritional profile of children under five in the Semitau Public Health Center area. Objective: This study aimed to describe the nutritional status of children under five based on Weight-for-Age (W/A), Height-for-Age (H/A), and Weight-for-Height (W/H) indicators, as well as to describe the characteristics of mothers and children. Methods: This study used a descriptive method with a retrospective approach. Data were obtained from the recap of child weighing results in March 2025 in the working area of Semitau Public Health Center. The study population consisted of 395 children aged 0–59 months, with 351 children meeting the inclusion criteria selected using total sampling technique. Data were analyzed univariately to obtain the frequency distribution of nutritional status. Results: Based on W/A, 77% of children had normal nutritional status, 13.5% were undernourished, 6.1% were severely undernourished, and 1.0% were overweight. Based on H/A, 62.1% were normal, 20.8% were stunted, 11.5% were severely stunted, and 1.8% were tall. Based on W/H, 76.4% had normal nutritional status, 7.9% were undernourished, 2.0% were severely undernourished, 3.1% were overweight, and 2.6% were obese. Conclusion: The majority of children under five in the Semitau Public Health Center area had normal nutritional status. However, the stunting prevalence of 32.3% remains high according to WHO classification. Strengthening nutritional monitoring through integrated health posts and providing parental education on balanced nutrition are recommended.

This study aims to analyze the influence of digital marketing through Instagram on purchasing decisions at UMKM Jamu Bu Bekti in Karawang Regency. The research uses a quantitative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to consumers who have seen or purchased the products. The data analysis technique applied is regression analysis to examine the relationship between marketing content and promotional variables on consumer purchasing decisions.The results show that marketing content shared on Instagram does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions. However, the content is considered quite attractive, informative, and helpful in providing product information to consumers. On the other hand, promotion has a positive and significant impact on increasing consumer interest and encouraging purchasing decisions. This indicates that consumers are more responsive to promotional strategies such as discounts, bonuses, or special offers rather than relying solely on content quality.These findings suggest that promotional strategies play a crucial role in digital marketing, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, business owners are advised to focus more on creating attractive, creative, and targeted promotional activities on social media to boost sales. This study is expected to contribute to the development of more effective, efficient, and sustainable digital marketing strategies for SMEs in the future.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of infant massage on growth and development among infants attending Puskesmas Bongo II. Infant massage is recognized as a form of sensory stimulation that enhances neural function, improves blood circulation, and strengthens maternal–infant bonding, thereby potentially supporting optimal physical growth and developmental progress. This research employed an analytic cross-sectional design involving infants aged 0–12 months, with a total sample of 50 infants selected using purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion criteria. Information regarding infant massage practices was collected through structured maternal interviews and categorized into routine massage (≥3 times per week) and non-routine massage. Infant growth was assessed using the weight-for-age (W/A) indicator based on WHO growth standards, while development was measured using the Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire (KPSP). Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The results showed that infants who received routine massage demonstrated significantly better growth status and developmental outcomes compared to those who did not receive massage routinely. These findings suggest that infant massage is a simple, safe, and practical intervention that can be recommended to support growth and development and may be integrated into maternal and child health services at Puskesmas Bongo II.

This study explores the dynamics of children’s character formation within Christian families in the digital era from the perspective of church parents. Employing a descriptive light mixed-methods design, the study integrates survey data and semi-structured interviews to obtain both quantitative and qualitative insights. The findings indicate that digital media has become an integral and unavoidable part of family life, making children’s character formation highly dependent on parental guidance, reflective communication, and consistent faith-based education at home. Parents face various challenges related to time constraints, limited digital literacy, and the increasing exposure of children to external values that may not align with Christian teachings. At the same time, many parents actively utilize technology as a supportive and accessible tool for spiritual learning and moral development. The study concludes that character formation is shaped not merely by technology itself but more significantly by the quality of family relationships and parental role modeling grounded in Christian values. Therefore, the findings recommend strengthening faith-based digital literacy among parents and enhancing church–family collaboration to foster more holistic, balanced, and sustainable character development in children.

ABSTRACT Family dynamics such as prolonged conflicts, the existence of domestic violence, divorce, and the absence of one parent figure in the family, have become international issues. Children are often victims of parental problems. Parents often vent their emotions to their children in the form of verbal and non-verbal violence. There are still many parents who think that educating children with violence is a way to discipline children. In this study, the approach method applied is a normative juridical approach by examining data obtained from books, journals, the internet, laws and regulations, or scientific papers related to this writing. Based on the results of the study, we know that by 2025, Indonesia will have recorded 2,416 cases of violence committed by parents, based on data that occurred during the official SIMFONI-PPA period.  Children have the right to be able to live a prosperous life and be guaranteed their growth and development in the future. But in practice, parents are still very irresponsible for it. In overcoming these problems, the Indonesian government and the international community have made efforts with regulations and institutions related to the protection of children's rights. Therefore, it can be concluded that this study emphasizes the importance of improving the protection of children's rights in family dynamics based on the framework of Indonesian and International Law.   Keywords: family dynamics, protection of children's rights, challenges and obstacles.

Fine motor skills in preschool children begin to develop, where they can use their fingers to write, draw, and so on. The developmental stages of each child are the same, namely the maturation of motor organs. At this age, it is seen as a very important phase because an individual experiences very rapid development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of finger painting and origami activities on the fine motor development of children aged 4-6 years at Cikal Depok Kindergarten in 2025. The research method used in this study was a Quasy experiment design with one group pre-test-posttest. Data analysis was obtained using a non-parametric test of marginal homogeneity with a p-value of 0.007 <0.05, meaning there is an effect of the combination of finger painting and origami activities on the fine motor development of children aged 4-6 years at Cikal Depok Kindergarten in 2025. The conclusion is that finger painting and origami can provide a stimulus for the motor development of children aged 4-6 years. Suggestion: Children's developmental stages can be stimulated with various other teaching aids, finger painting and origami are effective teaching aids.

Undernutrition among children under five remains a significant public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Ogan Ilir District. This condition can adversely affect growth, cognitive development, and immune function. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with undernutrition among children under five in the working area of Seri Tanjung Public Health Center, Ogan Ilir District, in 2025. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 95 children under five were selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected through structured interviews using a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of weight-for-age (W/A), then analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that economic status (p=0.012; OR=3.25; 95%CI=1.29–8.20), environmental sanitation (p=0.021; OR=2.98; 95%CI=1.18–7.53), infectious diseases (p=0.004; OR=3.85; 95%CI=1.55–9.58), and maternal health history (p=0.037; OR=2.67; 95%CI=1.06–6.74) were significantly associated with undernutrition. The strongest influencing factor was infectious diseases. This study recommends strengthening infection prevention efforts, improving environmental sanitation, providing nutrition education for families, and monitoring maternal health during pregnancy to reduce the prevalence of undernutrition among children under five.

The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed social interaction and learning processes in rural communities. Uncontrolled smartphone usage has led to low digital literacy and heightened risks of social media misuse among children and adolescents. This community service program, through the Community Service Program (KKN), aimed to improve digital literacy and establish a Learning Center (Pondok Belajar) as an educational space within the village. The methods included observation, socialization, digital literacy training, and academic mentoring for children. The results demonstrated an increase in community awareness regarding the responsible use of smartphones and enhanced learning motivation among children through the Learning Center activities. This program illustrates that the synergy between digital education and learning support can be a concrete step toward building a smart and competitive village in the digital era. The initiative highlights the importance of combining technology education with community-based programs to foster a more informed and empowered population in rural areas.

Stunting is one of the chronic nutritional problems that remains a major challenge in health development in Indonesia. This condition not only affects children’s physical growth but also influences cognitive development, productivity, and the quality of human resources in the future. The government has developed various policies to accelerate the reduction of stunting through specific and sensitive intervention approaches implemented in an integrated manner across sectors. Semarang, as one of the urban areas in Indonesia, has also implemented these policies through various health, nutrition, sanitation, and community empowerment programs. This study aims to analyze the policies of specific and sensitive interventions in addressing stunting in Semarang and to identify factors influencing the effectiveness of their implementation. This research uses a qualitative approach with a policy study method through document analysis, observation, and interviews with relevant stakeholders such as the health office, community health centers, and other local government agencies. Data analysis was conducted descriptively by examining program integration, inter-agency coordination, and community participation in policy implementation. The results show that the implementation of specific and sensitive intervention policies in Semarang has been carried out through various programs such as maternal and child nutrition services, improved access to sanitation, health education, and family empowerment. However, several challenges remain, including suboptimal cross-sector coordination, limited resources, and varying levels of public understanding regarding stunting prevention. Therefore, strengthening policy governance, improving synergy among institutions, and enhancing community participation are necessary to ensure that efforts to accelerate stunting reduction can be implemented more effectively and sustainably.

Bullying is a social problem that still frequently occurs in elementary school settings and may negatively affect children’s psychological development. Improving knowledge from an early age is one of the preventive efforts to reduce bullying behavior. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the educational snakes and ladders game as a learning medium in improving students’ knowledge about bullying at SD Negeri 3 Wonorejo, Karanganyar. This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 23 fourth- and fifth-grade students. The instrument was a questionnaire assessing knowledge of bullying. The results showed an increase in the students’ average knowledge scores after the intervention using the Snakes and Ladders game. This medium was proven to deliver educational messages in an interesting, enjoyable, and effective way, while also encouraging positive interaction among students during the learning process. The educational snakes and ladders game can therefore be used as an alternative educational medium for bullying prevention in elementary schools.

Bullying is a social problem that still frequently occurs in elementary school settings and may negatively affect children’s psychological development. Improving knowledge from an early age is one of the preventive efforts to reduce bullying behavior. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the educational snakes and ladders game as a learning medium in improving students’ knowledge about bullying at SD Negeri 3 Wonorejo, Karanganyar. This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 23 fourth- and fifth-grade students. The instrument was a questionnaire assessing knowledge of bullying. The results showed an increase in the students’ average knowledge scores after the intervention using the Snakes and Ladders game. This medium was proven to deliver educational messages in an interesting, enjoyable, and effective way, while also encouraging positive interaction among students during the learning process. The educational snakes and ladders game can therefore be used as an alternative educational medium for bullying prevention in elementary schools.

The digital era demands a fundamental transformation in the role of early childhood educators, shifting from passive technology consumers to active architects of digital literacy. However, the dominance of technocentric views often acts as a substantial psychological and pedagogical barrier for teachers in regional areas. This collaborative community service project aims to reconstruct the paradigm of 50 kindergarten teachers in Bulukumba Regency by integrating "unplugged coding" logic and deep learning into play-based learning. Utilizing a Product-Based Intensive Training method with a "Logic over Laptop" strategy, the program focused on deconstructing technology-related stigmas and reconstructing teachers' ability to transform abstract concepts into safe, concrete media for children. Data analysis revealed a significant shift in teacher paradigms; while the majority were initially in the "less successful" category, 100% of participants reached positive categories (successful and very successful) post-intervention. Statistically, the program's effectiveness was evidenced by a dramatic increase in mean scores from 18.04 to 31.24 (p < 0.05) and an N-Gain score of 0.778, classified as highly effective. Furthermore, the partner satisfaction index reached 4.82 (very satisfied), confirming that the tri-campus collaboration model (STAI Al-Gazali, UNM, and Unismuh) is highly relevant to the implementation of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum. This project concludes that strengthening digital literacy through non-digital algorithmic reasoning effectively dismantles technical barriers for teachers while ensuring the safety of child development in the digital age.

Stunting remains a major nutritional problem in Indonesia, impacting the quality of children's growth and development, both in the short and long term. This impact not only affects physical growth but also affects children's endurance and future productivity. Although the national prevalence of stunting shows a downward trend, cases of stunting are still found in various regions, including Banyusari Village, Tegalrejo District. The stunting problem in this region is closely related to parents' low understanding of fulfilling balanced nutrition, especially protein intake, which plays a crucial role in the growth and development of toddlers. This community service activity aims to increase parents' knowledge and awareness in stunting prevention efforts through applicable nutrition education. The activity was carried out by students of the Community Service Program (KKN) of Tidar University. The method used was a socialization method of presenting material on stunting prevention combined with fun cooking practices as a learning medium for serving balanced nutritious meals. In addition, this activity was also accompanied by the provision of Supplementary Food (PMT). The results of the activity showed that participants participated enthusiastically and were able to understand the material presented. The educational approach of fun cooking has been deemed effective in increasing parents' understanding of balanced nutrition and encouraging a shift in mindset from the "just to get full" paradigm to ensuring quality nutrition. This activity is expected to become a practical and sustainable alternative for nutrition education in supporting community-based stunting prevention efforts.    

Dental caries is a health problem that can occur across all age groups, with children being particularly vulnerable. This study aimed to investigate the association between fluoride concentrations in dug well water and tooth-brushing practices with the incidence of dental caries among children aged 6–10 years in RT 5, Waplau Village. A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design was applied. The study involved 64 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, supported by chi-square statistical testing. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between fluoride levels and dental caries (p = 0.013; p < 0.05). Additionally, tooth-brushing habits were significantly associated with the occurrence of dental caries in children (p = 0.001; p < 0.05). In summary, the fluoride content in the well water used by respondents was within acceptable limits, and tooth-brushing behavior contributed to the development of dental caries among children in RT 5, Waplau Village.

Digestive health in children plays a vital role in their overall growth and development. Diarrhea remains the most frequent illness occurring among children. The use of probiotics can both treat and prevent this condition. Kombucha is a fermented beverage that can function as a probiotic source. The objective of this activity was to educate members of the PKK (Family Welfare Movement) regarding probiotics and to practice making probiotics at home. The methodology employed a combination of counseling, demonstrations, and hands-on practice. The results of this activity showed an increase in knowledge among all participants concerning probiotics. Participants were enthusiastic and eager during the direct practice of brewing kombucha. Overall, this activity provided a positive impact on the PKK members, with the hope that it can be maintained sustainably to establish the home as the primary foundation for health.

This study aims to explore parental involvement in the assessment process for children with autism and to understand their experiences, roles, and challenges. The study used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design involving three parents of children with autism who had undergone assessment by professionals. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed five main themes: parents' initial awareness of their child's developmental differences, their role in providing developmental information, emotional experiences during the assessment process, the benefits of the assessment in improving understanding of the child's needs, and challenges faced during the process. The findings indicate that parental involvement significantly contributes to enriching assessment information and improving understanding of the child's condition, despite facing various barriers such as limited knowledge, time, cost, and emotional aspects. This study concludes that a family-centered approach is crucial in the assessment process. Therefore, stronger collaboration between professionals and parents is needed to support the optimal development of children with autism.