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Idayatul Khasanah (190701009). Differences in Optimism in Students of SMA NU 2 Gresik Reviewed by Gender. This study aims to determine the Differences in Optimism in Students of SMA NU 2 Gresik Reviewed from Gender. This study uses a quantitative approach, with a comparative method. Respondents in this study were students of SMA NU 2 Gresik. The sampling technique with nonprobability sampling using accidental sampling technique. A total of 110 respondents. The scale validity test uses content validity. Reliability test uses Alpha Cornbach. This study uses an optimism scale with a reliability of 0,885. Data analysis uses a different test, namely the independent sample t-test. The results of the hypothesis test show that the hypothesis of this study (Hₐ) is rejected because the Sig. (2-tailed) value is 0.076> 0.05. So, there is no significant difference in optimism in gender. The unproven hypothesis in this study can be caused by various factors that influence students' overall optimism. These factors include socio-economic conditions, the culture that applies in the student's environment, the area of residence (village or city), and social interaction patterns that are formed in schools and families.

This study is interested in uncovering the extent to which parental roles, such as emotional support, involvement in learning activities, and provision of learning facilities, can influence students' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as creating a conducive learning environment at home. By taking MAN 2 Mojokerto as the object of research, it is hoped that the results of this study can provide a clearer picture of the dynamics of interaction between family and school in shaping student character and achievement.The formulation of the problem obtained by the author is how the influence of the role of parents on student learning motivation at MAN 2 Mojokerto, and how the influence of the role of parents on the student learning environment at MAN 2 Mojokerto. From the formulation of the problem, the author's goal is to determine the effect of the role of parents on the motivation and learning environment of students.The results showed: significantly there is a positive and significant relationship between the role of parents on student motivation and learning environment, and significantly there is an influence between the role of parents on student motivation and learning environment. This is evidenced by the results of simple regression analysis based on the simple regression test results showing a value of 0.001. Based on the decision-making guidelines if the significance value is <0.05, it means that variable X has an effect on variable Y. The conclusion is 0.001> 0.05, which means that variable X has a significant effect on variable Y. Based on the hypothesis, H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected.    

This study aims to improve the numeracy skills of early childhood through the use of number card games. Numeracy is one of the basic competencies that is important to develop as a foundation for future mathematics skills. The method used in this study is game-based learning, where children are involved in interactive and fun number card playing activities. The subjects of this study were children aged 5-7 years at RA Al Busyro Ngimbang. The results of the study showed that the use of number card games can significantly improve children's numeracy skills, especially in the aspects of number recognition, addition, and simple subtraction. This game helps children understand basic mathematical concepts more naturally and without pressure, because the learning process is carried out in a fun and informal atmosphere. In addition, number card games can also increase children's motivation in learning mathematics, improve social skills through interaction with peers, and improve concentration and focus during the learning process. The conclusion of this study shows that number card games can be used as an effective learning strategy to improve the numeracy skills of early childhood. It is recommended for educators and parents to utilize this method in order to develop children's mathematical abilities more optimally.

This research is motivated by the problem of communication in economic transactions in the Aru Islands District, which is recruited by a multi-ethnic community with a variety of regional languages. Although Indonesian has great potential as a national communication tool, its use in local economic activities is still limited, thus hampering the smooth interaction between traders and buyers. This communication inefficiency has an impact on the negotiation process and local economic competitiveness. This study aims to instill the role of Indonesian in facilitating economic transactions, identify barriers to use, and develop strategies to improve Indonesian language skills in the community. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with a phenomenological method. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and document studies, with informants selected using purposive sampling techniques to obtain data relevant to the local economic context. Expected results include an understanding of the contribution of Indonesian in increasing the effectiveness of transactions, revealing communication challenges, and strategies for improving contextual and applicable language literacy. These findings can provide practical contributions to local governments, educational institutions, and business actors in developing language training programs that support economic activities. From a theoretical perspective, this research enriches the study of the relationship between language and economic development, especially in multilingual areas such as the Aru Islands.

This study aims to examine the strengthening of collaborative learning strategies in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) to develop students' social intelligence. Collaborative learning is considered an effective approach to improving social skills and interactions among students, which are crucial in character development based on Islamic values. Through a literature review, this research analyzes various references discussing the basic concepts, implementation, and role of collaborative strategies in building social intelligence according to Islamic teachings. The findings indicate that collaborative learning strategies enhance students' communication skills, empathy, and social responsibility, while also reinforcing religious values in social life. However, the success of its implementation is influenced by supporting factors such as teacher support, learning facilities, as well as challenges like disparities in students' abilities and limited time. This research is expected to contribute to the development of collaborative-based learning methods in religious education in Indonesia.

Problems faced by partners related to the role of cadres in attaching P4K stickers at the Babirik Health Center include the lack of community understanding of the importance of the health information provided. Although cadres have tried to attach stickers in strategic locations, community response is often minimal, so that the information is not effective in raising awareness. In addition, cadres also face challenges of limited time and resources, which prevent them from conducting further socialization. The solutions carried out are educating cadres to conduct pregnant women screening; documenting high-risk pregnant women; educating high-risk pregnant women on knowledge; attaching P4K stickers in the homes of high-risk pregnant women. The conclusion from the results of community service activities related to the role of cadres in attaching P4K stickers at the Babirik Health Center shows that this initiative has succeeded in increasing community awareness of maternal and child health. Through the attachment of stickers in strategic locations and the active involvement of cadres, important information about health services becomes more easily accessible and understood by the community. More intensive interaction between cadres and the community shows an increase in requests for information and participation in health programs.

This study aims to explore the factors that affect the effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in improving student learning outcomes. PBL is a learning method based on real problem solving that requires students to think critically and work collaboratively. Although PBL has been proven effective in a variety of contexts, its implementation in developing countries and in various disciplines still faces challenges. The factors tested in this study included student characteristics (such as motivation and critical thinking skills), facilitator quality, environmental support (including educational facilities, technology, and policies), and subject matter characteristics. Through a literature analysis and case studies in several educational institutions, this study found that the effectiveness of PBL is highly dependent on the interaction between these factors. The characteristics of active and independent students, well-trained facilitators, and adequate environmental support can promote the achievement of better learning outcomes. Meanwhile, subject matter that is relevant and in accordance with the needs of students also plays a big role in the success of the implementation of PBL. This study provides recommendations for educators and policymakers to consider these factors in designing and implementing PBL in the educational environment.  

The geopolitical relations between China and Afghanistan have undergone significant transformations in recent years, shaped by regional dynamics, security imperatives, economic cooperation, and strategic interests. As a neighboring country with extensive global influence, China has adopted a pragmatic approach toward Afghanistan, seeking to balance its economic investments with security considerations. This study explores the historical trajectory of Sino-Afghan relations, identifies the key factors influencing their bilateral interactions, and examines Afghanistan’s strategic importance within the broader regional ambitions of China—particularly in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It also briefly investigates China's role in Afghanistan’s political landscape following 2001 and analyzes its evolving stance after the Taliban's return to power in 2021. Furthermore, the research highlights the economic, security, and diplomatic dimensions of the two countries’ relationship and evaluates how Beijing’s strategic calculations in Afghanistan align with its broader regional objectives—especially concerning security stability (counterterrorism) and economic expansion. From a geopolitical standpoint, this paper offers insights into the long-term implications of China’s engagement with Afghanistan and its broader impact on the regional power dynamics, using a descriptive-analytical methodology.

In the digital era, the ability to utilize social networks and digital platforms to gain financial education and make financial decisions in accordance with sharia principles is increasingly essential. This study aims to analyze the influence of social capital and digital literacy on Islamic financial literacy among Generation Z. A quantitative approach was employed, with primary data collected from 209 respondents through purposive sampling, consisting of Generation Z individuals residing in Yogyakarta. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis with the Structural Equation Modeling approach based on Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), utilizing the SmartPLS 3.0 software. Construct reliability testing, discriminant validity, and hypothesis testing were carried out to evaluate the relationships between variables. The results indicate that social capital and digital literacy have a positive and significant effect on Islamic financial literacy. Digital literacy enhances individuals’ access to Islamic financial information through digital media, while social capital strengthens knowledge sharing and trust within communities. These findings highlight the importance of leveraging digital technology and reinforcing community-based approaches to improve Islamic financial literacy. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the interaction between social capital, digital literacy, and Islamic financial literacy in the digital age and offers strategic insights for educational institutions and financial service providers to promote sharia-based financial literacy.

Cancer is a chronic disease that poses a major challenge to global health, with increasing mortality rates. Although conventional chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment, this approach has limitations, including non-selectivity leading to severe side effects. Therefore, the development of longer-term cancer therapies, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, is of great importance. Medicinal chemistry plays a role in the discovery of bioactive compounds, including xanthones from Garcinia mangostana, which exhibit anticancer activity. This article reviews the contribution of medicinal chemistry to cancer therapy through the analysis of molecular signaling pathways and ligand-target interactions, as well as the use of computational techniques in drug design. With this approach, it is expected to improve the effectiveness of therapy and the quality of life of cancer patients.

This community service activity (PKM) aims to improve the ability of teachers and students at SMP, SMA, and SMK in Negeri Weet to use the socrative platform or application as a medium for digital learning and assessment. The method used in this activity is the service learning method, which is divided into material presentation, interactive discussions, simulations, and training on using the Socrative application. In using this application in the classroom, teachers can provide quizzes directly to students, as it can be accessed using computers or students' mobile phones. This application not only helps students learn but also makes it easier for teachers to provide assessments. Using this application in the classroom also provides benefits, such as building good interactions between teachers, students, and classmates. This is supported by several features that facilitate teachers and students, including quick questions, space race, and exit ticket, polling, and discussion. Thus, activities in the learning space become more lively and enjoyable. This PKM activity involved 23 participants, consisting of 7 teachers and 16 students representing the three schools. The results of the activity show that teachers and students were very enthusiastic and active in following the material presentation sessions, discussions, simulations, and training. This activity had a positive impact on improving teachers' and students' abilities in using digital learning technology and assessment.

This study examines the effect of ESG disclosure on firm value and the moderating role of competitive advantage in energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2020–2023. Using a quantitative approach with purposive sampling and multiple linear regression analysis, the results show that ESG disclosure has a positive and significant effect on firm value. However, when competitive advantage is introduced as a moderating variable, the direct effect of ESG becomes insignificant, while the interaction between ESG disclosure and competitive advantage shows a positive and significant impact on firm value. These findings imply that ESG practices alone may not be sufficient to enhance firm value unless accompanied by a strong competitive position. The study highlights the importance of integrating ESG strategies with the company’s core competencies to maximize value creation, particularly in highly competitive industries like energy.

The preparation of this scientific paper aims to analyze economic, social, environmental, and ecological issues that arise as a result of the interaction between mining activities and the existence of natural resources. This study employs a normative legal research method. Based on the findings, the mining activities of PT. IWIP in North Maluku Province have positive impacts that can support economic development. However, the adverse effects on the environment tend to be more significant. This is evidenced by water, air, and soil pollution caused by PT. IWIP’s mining operations in Central Halmahera Regency. According to the author, this is a very serious issue. The government’s ambition to make Indonesia a leading producer of nickel-based products has endangered the lives of residents in Central Halmahera living near nickel mining areas. These communities are forced to sacrifice their livelihoods, and even their health has been affected. Moreover, there is no accountability from PT. Indonesia Weda Bay Industrial Park regarding the environmental impacts, which are influenced by the new regulations that have been enacted. Article 88 of Law Number 6 of 2023, which ratifies Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation, removes the provision that previously did not require proof of fault. This change makes it more difficult for affected communities to prove the environmental pollution that has occurred.

This study aims to examine the importance of using cultural language as a communication style for students in the digital era at MTsN 1 Kota Serang. The rapid development of digital technology affects the way they communicate, including among students. The use of language that is not in accordance with cultural rules is often found in online interactions, which has the potential to damage cultural values and social norms. Therefore, it is important to instill an understanding of the importance of cultural language as part of students' identity and character. This study uses a qualitative approach with interview and observation methods to explore the views of students, teachers, and parents regarding the application of cultural language in digital communication. The results of the study show that although students are accustomed to using digital technology, they still need to be given a deeper understanding of the use of language that is in accordance with local culture and applicable norms. It is hoped that the results of this study can be the basis for designing a cultural language education program in the curriculum, as well as increasing students' awareness of the importance of communicating politely and ethically in the digital world. This study also provides recommendations for schools in facilitating cultural language learning as part of student character formation.

This analysis aims to draw attention to the necessity of improving military-civilian interactions in order to promote peace in Borno State. The information used in the paper was taken from literary works of literature. The results demonstrate the critical necessity for good ties between the military and people in order to establish mutually beneficial partnerships that could result in peace during this period of insurgency in Borno State, Nigeria.  The primary focus of modern civil-military relations is how civilian leadership manages the armed forces in democracies. Therefore, the elements that influenced the connection between Nigeria's military institution and civilian leadership (2012–2021) were evaluated in this study. The study made the assumption that, since the establishment of the elected civilian government in May 1999, Nigeria's civil-military relations have been significantly shaped by the nature of the interactions between the military and civilian leaderships, the function of civil society, and the external environment. Among the factors found are the knowledge of civilian leadership, the military's readiness to follow orders from civilian leadership, the legal and policy frameworks that governed these leaderships, the functions of international actors, particularly advanced democracies, and civil society. The following results were obtained by using the qualitative content analysis method for data collection and evaluation: The Nigerian military was easier to control thanks to the civilian leadership's understanding of military issues; civil society's role as an advocate for liberal, democratic civil-military relations was very limited; the military's willingness to submit to established authority determined civilian control ability and the role of the international community in terms of its expectations and assistance in the region reform of the security sector fueled the potential for civilian command of the armed forces. 

This essay examines Nigeria's leadership dilemma and civil-military relations in the twenty-first century. The connections between the civilian authority (CAU) and non-governmental civilian organizations are known as civil-military relations (CMR) organizations (NGCG) against the military. However, peacebuilding is a strategy for fostering reconciliation and capacity building that aims to stop conflict or its resumption. The study looks at South West Nigeria's peacebuilding and civil-military relations from 2011 to 2018. The documentary research approach was used for this study, while content analysis was used to examine the work's content. Data for the research project was gathered through observation and documentary investigations. Agency theory is the theory used in this investigation. The results showed that: the military voluntarily accepts their subordinate status to the civilian authority or his representatives because of a constitutional provision that allows for their subordination to civilian authority; Additional results indicate that there was a bad peace between the military and non-governmental civilian groups because of the disputes between the two groups, which were centered on mass harassment and intimidation. The National Assembly should pass legislation requiring only former military personnel to serve as ministers of defense and police, respectively, according to the study's recommendations. Once more, the National Assembly should establish the Independent Monitoring Operation on Military (IMOM) from among non-governmental civilian organizations to keep an eye on troops' movements and actions. It should also have the authority to reprimand and sanction soldiers.

Digital transformation through Internet of Things (IoT) in warehouse management represents a paradigmatic revolution in contemporary logistics systems. This research comprehensively explores the complexity of IoT implementation, analyzing critical factors influencing digital transformation in storage systems. Utilizing a systematic literature review methodology, the research unveils multidimensional dynamics involving complex interactions between advanced technology, organizational structures, and human resources. Findings indicate that successful IoT implementation requires a holistic approach that transcends mere technological adoption, demanding a fundamental reconstruction of business ecosystems. Key factors include top management support, sustainable infrastructure investment, human resource competency development, and innovation culture creation. The research affirms that digital transformation is not simply a technological project, but a complex strategic journey requiring long-term commitment and sustainable adaptive capabilities. Research implications provide profound insights for academics and practitioners in designing effective digital transformation strategies in warehouse management.

Inclusive schools are schools that accept students with certain special needs and implement a learning system by uniting students with special needs and normal students in one class. At SDIT Baitussalam, one of the inclusive schools in Prambanan, four totally deaf students have different learning abilities than normal students. This study aims to identify challenges, teaching strategies, and supporting factors for the success of English teaching strategies for deaf students in inclusive classes. This study used a qualitative descriptive method by interviewing three English subject teachers who had taught deaf students in inclusive classes. The results of the study found four main challenges in teaching, namely limited speaking ability, limited use of sign language, differences in cognitive development, and student learning motivation. In addition, there are six strategies applied in teaching English in inclusive classes, namely choral response, peer tutoring, visual representation and concrete objects, technology optimization, implementation of social interaction, and utilization of practice exercises. The success of implementing these strategies is supported by four main factors, namely support from educators and education personnel, parental support, availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure, and support from friends and the surrounding environment. This research can help teachers find the right strategy for teaching English in inclusive classes, especially for deaf students, so that learning can take place more effectively and inclusively.

The family is the first and foremost environment that provides children with social and linguistic experiences. Parents and other family members serve as the child's first language model, significantly influencing their language development in the future. This literature study aims to analyze the impact of the family environment on the language skills of elementary school students. The study employs a literature review method by referencing previous research journals relevant to the topic.Through journal searches, five relevant studies were identified. The majority of these studies applied a descriptive method design with a qualitative approach, while some also incorporated ex-post facto quantitative methods. Despite variations in research findings, all studies consistently indicate that the family environment plays a crucial role in shaping children's language skills. Factors such as parental involvement, the frequency of verbal interactions at home, and the availability of reading materials contribute significantly to children's linguistic development. Additionally, supportive family environments, where parents actively engage in conversations and storytelling, positively impact children's vocabulary acquisition and reading abilities.Based on the literature review results, it can be concluded that the family environment influences children's language skills. While the findings of each study may differ, they share a common conclusion regarding the significance of family interactions in shaping children's reading and communication abilities. These findings highlight the importance of fostering a language-rich home environment to support children's linguistic growth. Future research is suggested to further explore strategies that enhance parental involvement in children's language development.

Christology studies have various aspects, including historical, theological, social and cultural aspects in understanding the person and work of Jesus Christ. Christology does not only focus on Church doctrine, but also studies the meaning of Jesus in a broader context, including relationships with other religions, social struggles, and liberation. This research is a qualitative research using a literature study method. Research as an effort to examine comprehensively through Christology in various contexts that penetrate social, cultural and religious interactions, as well as through traditional dogmatic understanding.