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Al-Mashun Grand Mosque Medan, the design of this mosque is a representation of Malay cultural and religious symbolism in Islamic architecture in Indonesia. This mosque was founded in 1906, this mosque is a complex and multifaceted topic. The architectural design of this mosque is not only visually aesthetic, but also represents the spiritual and traditional values ​​of the local community. Analyze cultural symbolism in structures, ornaments, and decorations how each chosen detail contains philosophical and religious meaning. Islamic geometric decoration symbols in the form of calligraphic flowers, and floral shapes are used to bring religious principles and universal harmony to life. Local elements such as wood and natural stone add an authentic element. Elements of cultural symbolism, it can be understood how detailed the exterior and interior design is with the identity of the local people of North Sumatra, with this article to sharpen the understanding of cultural symbolism in the design.

Local religious traditions play a crucial role in maintaining spirituality, cultural identity, and social cohesion within communities, particularly in rural areas that continue to uphold traditional values. This study aims to examine in depth the influence of the Puja Bhakti Keliling tradition on the level of participation of Buddhist devotees in various religious activities in Sumogawe Village. The study employs a quantitative approach with an associative design, involving 60 purposively selected respondents, and the data were analyzed using simple linear regression. The findings indicate that this tradition contributes significantly to the active engagement of the devotees, with an R² value of 0.634 and a regression coefficient of 0.756, confirming its positive effect. Dimensions of togetherness, social interaction, and spiritual meaning were identified as the main factors driving active participation. The results also reveal low participation in Dhamma learning sessions, highlighting the need for innovation in educational methods and more engaging learning approaches within lay communities. The Puja Bhakti Keliling tradition has proven to serve as a spiritual, social, and educational medium that holistically supports community resilience and the sustainability of religious practices. This study recommends strengthening this traditional model through intergenerational support, innovative participatory learning methods, and contextual approaches that align with community needs.

This study explores the effectiveness of restorative and civil governance models in resolving environmental disputes at the local government level. As environmental conflicts become more complex and widespread, traditional legal approaches often fail to provide quick, sustainable solutions. Restorative governance models, which prioritize community involvement, collaboration, and the restoration of relationships, offer a promising alternative to adversarial legal proceedings. The research combines policy analysis and semi-structured interviews with local government officials, mediators, and community representatives to assess the implementation and outcomes of these models in real-world contexts. Findings indicate that restorative practices, when integrated with civil governance mechanisms, significantly reduce dispute resolution times (a 40% improvement) and enhance community satisfaction compared to traditional litigation processes. These models foster a more inclusive and cooperative environment, ensuring that all stakeholders, including local communities, are actively involved in decision-making processes. However, challenges such as legal framework rigidity, political pressures, and resource limitations still impede the widespread adoption of restorative practices. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating restorative approaches into local environmental policies, advocating for legal reforms and enhanced resource allocation to support these methods. Limitations of the study include its regional focus and the need for broader, longitudinal research to assess the scalability of restorative and civil governance models across different geographic contexts and environmental issues.

This research explores the application of literary formulas in Brandon Sanderson’s novel Mistborn: The Final Empire. The research aims to identify the specific narrative formulas employed within the novel’s structure and to map the pattern by which these formulas are integrated to create its compelling narrative. Using a qualitative approach, the study applies Cawelti’s literary formulas and Vogler’s stages of the journey to analyze key scenes, dialogues, passages, and plot events. Data collection involved close reading and detailed note-taking. The findings show that Mistborn integrates three formulas: adventure, mystery, and romance, into the narrative. By mapping the protagonist’s journey onto Vogler’s twelve stages, the study shows a clear pattern where the adventure formula drives the main plot, the mystery intellectually engages the reader, and the romance provides emotional depth. These findings help explain the narrative appeal of the novel and offer a useful framework for understanding how fantasy stories are structurally composed. The study demonstrates how traditional storytelling formulas can be used to create rich and engaging narratives in modern fantasy literature.

Women in traditional societies often face complex challenges, particularly within patriarchal social systems. In Batak Toba culture, women are frequently placed in subordinate positions and regarded merely as complements within the household. However, social realities reveal a different dynamic, where women are able to emerge as key actors in sustaining family economies while also preserving cultural identity. This study aims to examine the resilience of female ulos weavers in Siraja Hutagalung Village from a socio-theological perspective. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with five main informants who work as ulos weavers, while secondary data came from literature studies related to women’s resilience issues. The analysis refers to resilience theory and gender role theory. The findings show that female ulos weavers hold a central role in family life. Their weaving is not only a cultural product but also symbolizes spiritual strength, loyalty, and independence. Thus, women’s resilience is not merely a social reality but also a tangible expression of spirituality embedded in daily life.

Background: Maritime engineering has traditionally relied on reactive and preventive maintenance strategies, often leading to operational inefficiencies, unplanned downtime, and excessive costs. With the rise of smart ship technologies, predictive maintenance (PdM) has emerged as a data-driven solution, leveraging sensor-based monitoring and real-time diagnostics to optimize ship maintenance. However, its integration into maritime education remains underexplored, particularly in training vessels used for vocational learning. Original Value: This research contributes new insights into the feasibility, effectiveness, and educational relevance of predictive maintenance in maritime vocational training. Unlike previous studies that focus on commercial ship applications, this study examines PdM within the context of training vessels at Poltekpel SULUT, bridging the gap between academic training and industry expectations. Objectives: The study seeks to answer: How does predictive maintenance improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability of naval auxiliary systems in training vessels? Methodology: A qualitative approach was employed, integrating sensor-based performance analysis, structured interviews, and questionnaire surveys involving cadets, instructors, and industry professionals. Data were analyzed through thematic categorization, cross-group comparisons, and narrative synthesis. Results: PdM demonstrated high effectiveness in reducing downtime (92/100), optimizing maintenance efficiency (91/100), and aligning with industry practices (89/100). However, challenges in sensor accuracy (85/100) and training integration were identified. Conclusions: The findings highlight the necessity of incorporating predictive maintenance into maritime training curricula to equip future engineers with the skills required for Industry 4.0 maintenance solutions, ensuring better operational efficiency and sustainability in the maritime sector.

The musical work “Syurga di Telapak Kaki Ibu” is a rearrangement of the Malay song composed by S. Effendi in 1990 and popularized by Aishah. This work highlights moral and religious values about honoring mothers. The purpose of this study is to describe the creative process of rearranging “Syurga di Telapak Kaki Ibu” using the rentak langgam format characteristic of Malay music. A descriptive–qualitative approach with a work-study method was employed. Data were collected through observation, literature review, and the composer’s five-month practice. The results show a new arrangement featuring a mournful melody, flowing harmonies, and the application of ornamentation techniques such as cengkok and grenek on melodic instruments (gambus oud, sape, bamboo flute, violin, accordion). The arrangement is structured in intro, verse, interlude, verse, interlude, and coda to create more varied emotional nuances while preserving the original essence of the song. This work is expected to strengthen the existence of classic Malay songs in the era of modern music and serve as a reference for students and traditional music practitioners in creating innovative works based on cultural heritage.

Traditional and modern leadership are two approaches with distinct characteristics and advantages. Traditional leadership is rooted in culture, customs, and values passed down through generations, where the leader's legitimacy is often based on lineage, social status, or collective recognition within the community. This model emphasizes hierarchy, authority, and stability to maintain group harmony. However, in a constantly changing era, the traditional approach is often deemed less flexible as it tends to be static and resistant to adaptation. In contrast, modern leadership emerges in response to the needs of more dynamic and complex societies and organizations. Modern leaders prioritize competence, innovation, and member empowerment, emphasizing effective communication and the ability to adapt to change. Both approaches hold unique relevance in different contexts. Integrating the positive values of traditional and modern leadership can create a more holistic model of leadership aligned with contemporary demands.

Background: Traditional naval maintenance strategies rely on centralized supply chains and pre-manufactured spare parts, leading to long repair downtimes and logistical inefficiencies, particularly for vessels operating in remote maritime regions. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) offers a disruptive alternative by enabling on-demand production of spare parts, reducing dependence on external suppliers, and enhancing fleet self-sufficiency. However, material durability, operational feasibility, and cost-effectiveness remain underexplored for naval applications. Original Value: This research advances the study of AM in naval engineering, assessing its practical viability beyond theoretical potential. Unlike previous studies focusing on commercial maritime applications, this study evaluates 3D printing’s impact on naval fleet readiness, supply chain resilience, and sustainability. Objectives: The study investigates how 3D printing can optimize naval maintenance efficiency, specifically analyzing its feasibility, material performance, cost implications, and logistical advantages. Methodology: A qualitative-empirical approach was used, combining material performance testing, expert interviews, and operational case studies to evaluate mechanical durability, economic feasibility, and AM integration challenges. Results: Findings indicate that AM reduces repair downtime by 40%, lowers part procurement costs by 30–50%, and enhances supply chain resilience. However, material limitations and infrastructure readiness remain key adoption challenges. Conclusions: Hybrid AM adoption—where 3D printing supplements rather than replaces traditional manufacturing—offers the most practical near-term approach for naval fleets. Strategic investment in material research, onboard AM training, and fabrication infrastructure will enhance fleet efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and future-proof maritime maintenance strategies.

Employee turnover in Jakarta’s star-rated hotels remains high in the post-pandemic period, ranging from 11–38% annually, which significantly affects service quality and industry competitiveness. This phenomenon is driven by a combination of job insecurity due to massive layoffs, job stress from excessive workload and long working hours, and a mismatch between young employees’ career expectations and traditional HR practices. Millennials and Gen-Z tend to prioritize self-development, meaningful work, and work–life balance, making them more mobile and open to new opportunities. This study aims to identify the dominant factors influencing turnover, explore the perceptions of HR managers and frontline staff regarding the policy–practice gap, and formulate relevant HR strategies for the post-pandemic context. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving in-depth semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation review, analyzed using Miles, Huberman & Saldaña’s interactive model. Data validity was ensured through triangulation, member checking, and peer debriefing. Findings reveal a significant gap between HR policies and their implementation, weakening retention strategies. The study proposes integrated strategies including consistent employer branding, adaptive and transparent compensation, needs-based digital training, fair work flexibility, and competency-based career mapping. The main contribution lies in formulating a combinatorial HR model that provides a practical retention roadmap while enriching the hospitality HRM literature in Indonesia.

Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, is a citrus plant widely distributed in Southeast Asia including Indonesia, Thailand, India, and China. Its leaves are traditionally used as food flavoring and herbal medicine due to their distinctive aroma and therapeutic potential. This study was conducted to identify the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in kaffir lime leaves through qualitative phytochemical screening. Fresh leaves were extracted and tested using standard phytochemical methods with specific reagents to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. The screening process was carried out through colorimetric reactions that indicate the presence of specific metabolite groups. The results showed that kaffir lime leaves positively contain several classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids (brownish-black precipitate with Bouchardat reagent), flavonoids (red color with Mg and concentrated HCl), saponins (stable foam formation after shaking with HCl), steroids (green color with acetic anhydride), terpenoids (reddish-purple color with concentrated H2SO4), and tannins (greenish-black color with FeCl3). The findings confirm that kaffir lime leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that may contribute to pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. These results support the traditional use of kaffir lime leaves as natural medicine and highlight their potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds for further pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development. This study provides preliminary scientific evidence and encourages more detailed quantitative and isolation studies on the active components of Citrus hystrix.

Leaves of Etlingera walang (Blume) RMSm have been empirically used in traditional medicine to relieve stomach disorders and are known to contain secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Salmonella typhi infection can cause typhoid fever with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, while Candida tropicalis is a fungus that can infect the gastrointestinal tract and lead to digestive disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves against S. typhi and C. tropicalis. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using the disk diffusion method at extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol and ketoconazole as positive controls, and DMSO as the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. However, the results showed that the extract did not produce inhibition zones against either test microorganism. Extract evaluation indicated a moisture content of 12.23%, total ash 13.39% (above the standard), acid-insoluble ash 1.25%, total plate count 1.8 × 10 ⁴ , and mold and yeast count 1.0 × 10 ³. The findings suggest that although the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves contains secondary metabolites and is traditionally used for stomach ailments, it does not exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. typhi or C. tropicalis.

Mozzarella cheese is traditionally made using rennet, an enzyme derived from the stomach lining of ruminant animals that plays a key role in coagulating milk. While effective, rennet has certain limitations such as its limited availability, relatively high cost, and concerns among vegetarians and certain religious groups regarding its animal origin. As a result, alternative coagulants that are easier to obtain, plant-based, and more environmentally friendly have gained interest. One such natural ingredient is lemon juice, which contains citric acid and can mimic the coagulation effect of rennet. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of lemon juice as a rennet substitute in the production of mozzarella cheese, specifically when applied in a food product like cheese-stuffed potato balls. The research involved organoleptic testing by 30 panelists to evaluate five sensory aspects: color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptance. Several formulations were tested, and the sample containing 20 ml of lemon juice, 2 grams of citric acid, and an additional herb mix (Sample C) was rated the highest in preference across most parameters. The findings suggest that lemon juice is a viable alternative to rennet in mozzarella cheese making, particularly for small-scale or home-based production. It not only delivers acceptable sensory qualities but is also more accessible and affordable. Moreover, using lemon juice supports the development of more sustainable and vegetarian-friendly food options. In conclusion, lemon juice can successfully replace animal-based rennet, making mozzarella cheese production more inclusive, cost-effective, and environmentally conscious.

The Da’wah Institution of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), as part of Indonesia's largest Islamic organization, faces challenges in adapting to social dynamics, the digital revolution, and the rise of radicalism. In an increasingly diverse and fast-changing society, NU must develop da’wah strategies that are not only moderate and contextual but also adaptable to contemporary shifts. This study aims to explore how NU's social construction of da’wah is structured epistemologically, ontologically, and strategically to strengthen Islam’s role as rahmatan lil 'alamin, promoting social harmony and national unity. The research adopts a multisite case study approach at the Da’wah Institution of the NU Executive Board, employing qualitative methods through document analysis and in-depth interviews. The findings indicate that NU’s da’wah social construction integrates three main dimensions. Epistemologically, NU’s da’wah is grounded in authentic and contextual knowledge, allowing the dissemination of Islamic values in a peaceful, moderate, and inclusive way. Ontologically, the Da’wah Institution acts not only as a formal structure but as a representation of Islam Nusantara, reinforcing Islamic and national identity within a unified da’wah narrative. Strategically, NU’s da’wah is designed to adapt to shifting social, cultural, and technological landscapes by emphasizing participatory methods, utilizing digital media, and incorporating local cultural elements. These three dimensions work together to form a da’wah model that is responsive to contemporary challenges while deeply rooted in the Ahlussunnah wal Jama’ah tradition.

This study examines community empowerment in the development of Ulos Ragi Hotang in Desa Meat, Kecamatan Tampahan, Kabupaten Toba. Ulos Ragi Hotang is a cultural heritage of Batak Toba, rich in philosophical and historical meaning, with great potential as a creative economy product. The focus of this research is on the forms and strategies of community empowerment to preserve cultural heritage, increase economic added value, and support Desa Meat as a cultural tourism destination. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through observation, in-depth interviews with local weavers, traditional leaders, Pokdarwis managers, and the Tourism Department, as well as field documentation. The results show that empowerment is carried out through the improvement of weaving skills, community-based weaving groups, and training in production and marketing. Empowerment strategies include traditional marketing, digital promotion, strengthening tourism village institutions, product branding development, and involving the younger generation. Supporting factors include local cultural wealth and government support, while challenges include low digital literacy and limited market access. This study concludes that local community empowerment plays a significant role in the preservation of Ulos Ragi Hotang and creates sustainable creative economic opportunities, while also strengthening the cultural identity of Batak Toba.

This study was motivated by the need to improve the quality of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) learning so that it does not only focus on delivering material but also encourages students to actively build understanding through higher-order thinking processes. Traditional teacher-centered learning tends to limit students' analytical, evaluative, and creative abilities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the use of Active Learning in IRE and its relationship with the development of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). The method used was library research with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, which involved identifying, selecting, and synthesizing various relevant literature from the last ten years. The results of the study showed that Active Learning was implemented through various strategies such as problem-based learning, project-based learning, think-pair-share, the use of digital technology, and collaborative discussions. These strategies shift the focus of learning from the teacher to the students so that they can construct knowledge through dialogue, reflection, and problem solving. The findings also show that this approach has a direct influence on the development of HOTS, especially the ability to analyze religious issues, evaluate arguments based on arguments, and create contextual solutions in learning situations. In addition to improving cognitive abilities, Active Learning has an impact on increasing learning motivation, courage to ask questions, active involvement, and the quality of students' social interactions. The implications of this study confirm that PAI learning needs to integrate Active Learning strategies.

This study explores the development and implementation of an Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning medium to enhance students’ understanding of tajwid at Madrasah Aliyah. The background of this research stems from the limited effectiveness of conventional teaching methods and the relatively low interest of students in learning tajwid. AR-based learning was chosen because it provides a more interactive and contextualized learning experience that actively engages learners. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, which consists of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The participants were Madrasah Aliyah students selected as the experimental group. The findings reveal that the AR learning medium significantly improves students’ comprehension of tajwid rules compared to traditional learning approaches. Moreover, students reported high levels of satisfaction, noting that the media was engaging, user-friendly, and capable of visualizing abstract tajwid rules in a clear and accessible manner. In conclusion, integrating AR technology into Islamic education, particularly tajwid learning, holds great potential to improve learning quality while fostering students’ motivation to explore the subject more deeply.

The Community Service Program (KKN) is one of the important ways of serving the community in preserving local culture. This activity was carried out in Pangkat Village, Lembah Sorik Marapi Subdistrict, with the aim of safeguarding Gordang Sambilan as a symbol of Mandailing local wisdom. The program sought to raise awareness among the community, especially the younger generation, about the philosophical, spiritual, and social values embedded in Gordang Sambilan, while also encouraging the emergence of a new generation of traditional art performers. The method applied combined a participatory-collaborative approach with educational and cultural strategies, along with the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) model. The stages of the program included preparation, socialization, cultural performances, and basic training. The results showed increased community participation, strong enthusiasm among the younger generation to practice, and support from village officials and cultural leaders. This program demonstrates that active intergenerational involvement through direct practice can strengthen Mandailing cultural identity and open opportunities for the development of culture-based tourism.

The Fangowai and Fame’e Afo traditions are important parts of Nias traditional wedding ceremonies, rich in symbolic and social values. However, modernization, time efficiency, and economic pressures have influenced their implementation. This study aims to describe the social dynamics in the implementation of Fangowai and Fame’e Afo in three villages in Botomuzoi District: Hiligodu, Ononamolo Talafu, and Lasara, with a focus on changes in the form of the procession, causal factors, and the transformation of symbolic meaning. The approach used is descriptive qualitative through observation and in-depth interviews with community leaders. customs, society, and youth, as well as field documentation. Data were analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing, and their validity was tested through source triangulation. The results showed a simplification of the time and stages of the procession, a reduction in the number of traditional figures, and an adjustment of the number of sacrificial pigs to reflect economic capacity. Symbolic transformation also occurred with the addition of cigarettes to the Bola Nafo ceremony, but the meaning of betel as a symbol of respect and brotherhood was maintained. These changes reflect the adaptation of the Nias people to the modern social context without losing the core values of tradition.

This study investigates the use of experimental statistical analysis as an instructional approach to enhance students’ understanding of variable relationships in science learning. Many students tend to memorize experimental results without comprehending the underlying relationships between variables, resulting in limited analytical reasoning and superficial understanding. To address this issue, the present study explores how integrating basic statistical tools-such as mean, correlation, and regression-into experimental activities can strengthen conceptual comprehension, analytical reasoning, and scientific literacy. Grounded in constructivist and inquiry-based learning frameworks, the research emphasizes active engagement, where students participate in data collection, analysis, and interpretation to draw evidence-based conclusions. The study employed a quasi-experimental design involving science students divided into experimental and control groups. Both groups conducted similar laboratory experiments, but only the experimental group received explicit instruction in statistical analysis. Data were collected through pre-tests and post-tests to measure changes in students’ understanding of variable relationships. The results indicated a 25% improvement in the experimental group’s comprehension and reasoning ability compared to the control group. Students who applied statistical analysis demonstrated greater proficiency in interpreting data, identifying causal patterns, and connecting theoretical knowledge to experimental findings. In contrast, students taught through traditional narrative-based instruction showed minimal gains and relied heavily on memorization. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating statistical reasoning in promoting critical thinking, problem-solving, and scientific reasoning skills.