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This research examines law enforcement against immigration violations and the factors influencing the effectiveness of border crossing inspection at the Immigration Checkpoint (TPI) of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. Immigration inspection plays a vital role in safeguarding national sovereignty and monitoring cross-border human movement. Using a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that enforcement procedures include document verification, identification of violations, administrative actions, and deportation in accordance with Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Common violations found include misuse of stay permits, travel document forgery, unauthorized border crossers, and illegal activities by foreign nationals beyond visa provisions. However, implementation still faces challenges such as limited human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak inter-agency coordination. Several factors affect the effectiveness of inspections, including personnel quality, technological support, legal frameworks, infrastructure capacity, traveler volume, inter-agency cooperation, political and international relations factors, socio-cultural dynamics, financial and logistical support, as well as internal supervision and accountability systems. The research concludes that institutional capacity building, policy integration, regulatory harmonization, and strengthened internal supervision are essential to ensure optimal immigration control at TPI Tanjung Perak in facing global challenges.

The handling of children involved in narcotics crimes requires a restorative approach focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment. This study aims to examine the role of police investigators in applying restorative justice to child offenders in narcotics cases and to identify the obstacles encountered in its implementation. This research employs a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and Chief of Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021. The findings show that investigators play a strategic role in facilitating diversion, including conducting initial assessments, facilitating diversion deliberations, and coordinating with supporting institutions such as the Correctional Center (Bapas), National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and Social Services. However, implementation remains suboptimal due to internal constraints, including inadequate training and understanding among investigators, limited facilities such as child-friendly rooms and mediation spaces, regulatory disharmony between the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law and the Narcotics Law, weak inter-agency coordination, and lack of support from families and communities. Post-diversion monitoring is also ineffective. This study concludes that strengthening investigator capacity through specialized training, improving legal frameworks through regulatory harmonization, and enhancing inter-agency collaboration are essential to ensure restorative justice truly serves the best interests of children.

This research aims to analyze the application of material criminal law against perpetrators of sexual abuse crimes against children and examine the judge's considerations in sentencing in cases of sexual abuse against children committed by teachers. The study focuses on Court Decision Number 1649/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mks, where a Quran teacher was convicted of committing sexual abuse against several of his students. This normative legal research employs statutory and case approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including the Criminal Code (KUHP), Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, and the aforementioned court decision. The findings indicate that the application of material criminal law in this case has been in accordance with Article 82 paragraph (1), jo Article 76E of the Child Protection Law, where all elements of the crime were proven fulfilled. However, the judge's consideration in sentencing raises critical concerns regarding the application of aggravating factors. Under Article 82 paragraph (4) of the Child Protection Law, when sexual abuse is committed by educators, the punishment should be increased by one-third. The court sentenced the defendant to 6 years and 6 months imprisonment and a fine of Rp. 60,000,000, whereas according to the applicable law with aggravating factors, the sentence should have been 8 years and 8 months imprisonment. The study also identifies obstacles in handling such cases, including children's difficulty in revealing traumatic events, victims' fear and shame, limited witnesses, threats from perpetrators, and inadequate resources. The research recommends consistent application of sentence enhancement for perpetrators who are educators, improved inter-agency cooperation in handling child victims, enhanced school security measures, and comprehensive legal protection for child victims throughout the judicial process.  

Human trafficking constitutes a transnational crime that inflicts physical, psychological, and economic suffering upon its victims. This research aims to analyze the fulfillment of restitution rights for victims of human trafficking and examine preventive efforts from the immigration perspective. According to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, every victim has the right to restitution as compensation for losses suffered. However, implementation in practice still encounters numerous obstacles, including weak law enforcement, limited understanding among law enforcement officers, and insufficient technical regulations. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches to examine primary legal materials, including Law Number 21 of 2007, Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that legal protection for victims of human trafficking has not been optimal, with challenges including difficulties in proving immaterial losses, dual procedural systems between the Human Trafficking Law and Criminal Procedure Code, and weak coordination among law enforcement agencies. The Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) often cannot guarantee restitution payments as determined by judges. From the immigration perspective, the Directorate General of Immigration plays a strategic role in preventing human trafficking through travel document control, implementation of the Integrated Border Control Management (IBCM) system, education for prospective migrant workers, and cross-sectoral collaboration. However, challenges persist, including complex and evolving modus operandi, limited resources in remote border areas, and inter-agency coordination obstacles. The study concludes that synergy between institutions and improvements in education and regulation are required to ensure victims' restitution rights are fulfilled effectively.  

Children constitute a vulnerable group requiring protection from sexual crimes, including pedophilia. This research aims to examine criminal law provisions protecting child victims of pedophilia crimes in Indonesia and identify obstacles in their implementation. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that legal protection is comprehensively regulated through the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Child Protection Law (Law Number 35 of 2014), Law Number 17 of 2016, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE). These regulations provide a strong legal basis both in terms of principal criminal sanctions and additional sanctions such as chemical castration, electronic monitoring device installation, and perpetrator identity disclosure. The regulations also emphasize victims' rights to medical and psychological rehabilitation as well as identity protection. However, implementation faces several obstacles, including low case reporting rates due to stigma and taboo culture, evidentiary difficulties arising from victim trauma, weak inter-agency coordination, limited resources, and the emergence of digital pedophilia modi. Efforts to address these obstacles include strengthening law enforcement capacity, providing child-friendly justice systems, comprehensive rehabilitation services, public legal education, and synergy between government and non-government institutions in child protection.

The application of a uniform pattern in center-periphery relations is frequently entrapped in a rigidity of uniformity that neglects the sociological and historical complexities of Indonesian society. This study aims to analyze the juridical construction of asymmetric decentralization within the framework of the Pancasila Rule of Law, as well as its implications for the management of diversity and national integration. Employing a normative legal research method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this study reveals that asymmetric decentralization is not merely an administrative deviation, but rather an imperative manifestation of substantive justice and the politics of recognition towards regional particularities. Although this policy has been effective in mitigating disintegration potential in special regions such as Aceh and Papua, its implementation leaves residual issues regarding sharp disparities in authority, potential legal fragmentation, and inter-regional jealousy. This study concludes that the sustainability of special autonomy necessitates a governance reconstruction that is not solely oriented towards temporary political accommodation, but must be coherently integrated with Pancasila values. The theoretical implications of this study underscore the necessity for harmonization between national legal supremacy and the flexibility of regional autonomy to foster sustainable social cohesion within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

Corruption is an extraordinary crime that has multidimensional impacts on a country’s social, economic, and political life. In Indonesia, corruption cases not only cause financial losses to the state but also undermine public trust in the government and weaken the rule of law. This study examines the case of social assistance (bansos) corruption during the Covid-19 pandemic involving former Minister of Social Affairs, Juliari P. Batubara, who was proven to receive bribes from vendors providing social assistance amounting to tens of billions of rupiah. The study aims to understand the regulation of corruption under Indonesian law, the chronology of the bansos corruption case, and the criminal liability of the former Minister of Social Affairs. The analysis shows that this case not only caused financial losses to the state but also inflicted social suffering on the poor affected by the pandemic and reduced the government’s legitimacy. The prison sentence, fines, and obligation to pay state compensation imposed on Juliari affirm the principle of criminal accountability, while digital-based reform in social assistance distribution and multi-layered supervision serve as preventive measures to curb future corruption. This study emphasizes the importance of transparency, accountability, and strict law enforcement in combating corruption in Indonesia.

This research examines the effectiveness of narcotics crime investigation by the Narcotics Investigation Unit (Satuan Reserse Narkoba) from the perspective of Indonesia's Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and related legislation. The study also analyzes the juridical-normative obstacles encountered during investigation processes, along with potential solutions under Indonesian positive law. As an extraordinary crime, narcotics offenses require precise and legally sound investigation methods. However, investigative practices often face challenges due to inconsistencies between legal norms and field implementation, limited resources, and the absence of clear regulations on special investigative techniques such as wiretapping and controlled delivery. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including Law Number 8 of 1981 (KUHAP), Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that narcotics investigations are not yet optimal due to weak technical regulations, disharmonized laws between KUHAP and the Narcotics Law, overlapping authority between the Police and the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and a lack of protection for whistleblowers and witnesses. The legal gap in regulating special investigation methods creates uncertainty in evidence admissibility. Proposed solutions include regulatory reform through KUHAP revision, improving investigator competence through specialized training, utilizing modern technology, strengthening inter-agency coordination, and enhancing internal and external oversight mechanisms. Legal reform and institutional synergy are essential to enhancing the overall effectiveness of narcotics investigations in Indonesia.

This research aims to identify the personal branding strategy implemented by Nusaibah Jazuli, a PKS faction member of the South Tangerang City Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD), in building a positive image during the 2024 Election campaign. The advancement of social media has transformed how politicians build and manage their self-image, making a strong personal brand a crucial tool for young politicians to achieve credibility and differentiation amid fierce competition. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the study analyzes Nusaibah's approach using the Personal Branding Pyramid framework (determine who you are, determine what you do, position yourself, and manage your brand). The findings indicate that this strategy successfully built her reputation and credibility. This success is underpinned by the "Determine Who You Are" commitment, exemplified by donating her entire salary to community welfare. The "Determine What You Do" strategy is reinforced by tangible actions, including distributing 1,000 basic necessity packages and advocating for school bus services. Furthermore, she applied "Position Yourself" as a humble, people-oriented leader who is highly responsive to citizens' concerns, presenting herself as an equal to the community. Finally, "Manage Your Brand" involves consistent and continuous image maintenance. Overall, Nusaibah's ability to engage in relatable political communication successfully won public support and enhanced her reputation.

The Non-Cash Food Assistance Program (BPNT) is a government policy aimed at reducing the expenditure burden of poor households through the provision of food assistance in non-cash form. However, its implementation at the village level still faces various challenges. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the BPNT Program in Tolotio Village, Tibawa District, Gorontalo Regency, and to identify the factors influencing its implementation. This research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis involving village government officials, the Social Affairs Office, BPNT facilitators, and beneficiary communities. The results indicate that the implementation of BPNT in Tolotio Village is relatively effective in supporting food needs and enhancing the independence of Beneficiary Families (KPM). Nevertheless, several issues remain, including inaccurate targeting of beneficiaries, limited technological literacy, and insufficient transparency and updating of beneficiary data. The factors affecting program effectiveness include the availability of implementing resources, the support of physical facilities and technology, the effectiveness of communication among stakeholders, and the level of community acceptance and response. The findings imply the need for regular data updating, improved socialization, and strengthened coordination and supervision to ensure that the BPNT Program is implemented more fairly, accurately targeted, and sustainably.

The purpose of this study is to analyze digital transformation in notary services, namely the validity of electronic deeds and the responsibilities of notaries in the era of e-government. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach based on an analysis of relevant regulations, scientific literature, and other legal sources. Data was obtained through literature study and analyzed qualitatively and descriptively to assess the legal certainty and responsibility of notaries in preparing electronic deeds in the era of digital transformation in notarial practice. The results show that digital transformation in the notary field is an impact of information technology developments and e-government policies that change the notary's work processes, including administration, deed preparation, identity verification, and document storage. However, digitization must still comply with the principles of authenticity, legality, data security, and legal certainty in accordance with the characteristics of the notary's position as a public official. This study also found that the implementation of cyber notary in Indonesia still faces normative, technical, and ethical obstacles, such as the absence of comprehensive regulations, limited digital infrastructure, and the risk of identity abuse. Therefore, regulatory harmonization, capacity building for notaries, technology standardization, and effective supervision are needed so that the digitization of notary services can be implemented safely while maintaining the integrity of the profession.

Perkembangan teknologi digital yang semakin pesat mendorong perubahan besar dalam dunia pendidikan, sehingga pembelajaran abad ke-21 tidak hanya menekankan pemahaman materi, tetapi juga menuntut penguatan empat kompetensi inti atau 4C, yaitu berpikir kritis, kreativitas, komunikasi, dan kolaborasi. Integrasi teknologi menjadi kebutuhan penting untuk menciptakan pengalaman belajar yang lebih interaktif, adaptif, dan berpusat pada peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mensintesis temuan dari sebelas artikel ilmiah yang membahas implementasi teknologi dalam mengembangkan keterampilan 4C pada pembelajaran modern. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dengan menelaah fokus, desain, serta hasil penelitian dari setiap artikel, kemudian mengintegrasikannya melalui analisis tematik untuk memperoleh gambaran yang lebih menyeluruh. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai bentuk teknologi seperti platform pembelajaran digital, aplikasi mobile, media interaktif, kecerdasan buatan, serta perangkat kolaboratif mampu memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap peningkatan kemampuan peserta didik. Teknologi terbukti memperkuat kemampuan berpikir kritis melalui kegiatan analisis informasi dan pemecahan masalah berbasis digital; meningkatkan kreativitas melalui pembuatan konten multimedia dan eksplorasi ide; memperluas kemampuan komunikasi melalui diskusi virtual, presentasi digital, dan interaksi sinkron maupun asinkron; serta mendorong kolaborasi melalui proyek kelompok berbasis platform daring yang memudahkan koordinasi dan pembagian tugas. Secara keseluruhan, integrasi teknologi memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap pengembangan 4C, meskipun keberhasilannya tetap sangat dipengaruhi oleh kesiapan guru, dukungan sarana, serta desain pembelajaran yang tepat. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya peningkatan kompetensi digital pendidik dan penguatan lingkungan belajar berbasis teknologi agar keterampilan 4C dapat dioptimalkan dalam pembelajaran abad 21. Kata kunci: Pembelajaran Abad 21; Keterampilan 4C; Integrasi Teknologi; Pembelajaran Modern; Literasi Digital

Domestic violence (DV) is a hidden crime phenomenon with complex criminology, deeply rooted in the interaction between economic pressures and unequal social norms. Financial instability, such as unemployment and poverty, creates profound psychological stress on individuals, especially for perpetrators who fail to fulfill their breadwinner role, which is then expressed through aggressive behavior. Economic crises even causally increase stress, leading to physical or psychological violence. The dominant profile of perpetrators is men with low emotional control who are financially stressed and adhere to patriarchal ideology, while the majority of victims are women (housewives) who are vulnerable due to economic dependence and lack of access to resources, reinforcing the dynamics of economic violence as a systematic means of control. Optimizing response requires an integrated approach: strengthening law enforcement through sensitivity to non-physical violence and guaranteeing the protection of victims' assets, empowering victims economically through training and access to capital to foster independence, and transforming social norms through gender equality campaigns and deconstructing patriarchal culture that considers domestic violence a private matter.

According to Indonesian law, marriage is a legal act that has legal consequences for the personal status, assets, and rights and obligations of husband and wife. Therefore, marriage requires the free and conscious will of both prospective bride and groom as the basis for the birth of a valid legal relationship. This study examines the importance of getting to know your partner before getting married from a legal perspective, especially as a form of preventive legal protection in marriage law. This research uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach through literature study of statutory regulations, legal doctrine and relevant scientific literature. The research results show that although Indonesian positive law does not yet explicitly regulate the obligation to get to know one's partner before marriage, the objectives of the Marriage Law, the principle of consensualism, and pre-marital guidance policies reflect the importance of the prospective bride and groom's substantive readiness. This readiness is related to understanding the rights and obligations in marriage as well as the legal consequences that accompany them. Thus, getting to know partners before marriage has legal relevance as an effort to prevent disputes, divorce and family disputes, as well as strengthening legal protection for husbands, wives and children in the institution of marriage.  

Phishing constitutes a form of cybercrime that continues to proliferate alongside the rapid advancement of information technology, causing significant impacts on data security and financial losses. This study aims to analyse the forms of criminal liability applicable to phishing perpetrators under Indonesian criminal law and to identify the challenges and solutions in its enforcement. The research employs a normative juridical approach utilising literature review methodology. The findings demonstrate that criminal liability for phishing perpetrators can be established through provisions in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) as amended by Law Number 1 of 2024, the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP), and related regulations. However, law enforcement faces numerous obstacles, including inadequate specific legal regulations, limited digital forensic technology, low public legal literacy, and cross-border jurisdictional barriers. In judicial proceedings, evidentiary processes are frequently hindered by the complexity of electronic evidence and the limited technical understanding among law enforcement officers. This study recommends regulatory reform, capacity building for human resources, international cooperation, and public education to strengthen the effectiveness of law enforcement against phishing crimes.

The right to health is a fundamental human right that remains inherent to prisoners. This study aims to examine the legal protection of prisoners' right to health care as regulated in Law Number 22 of 2022 on Corrections, as well as its implementation in correctional institutions. The research uses a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings show that Law Number 22 of 2022 formally guarantees prisoners' access to health services, including mental health care and special protection for vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. Key provisions in Articles 10, 11, 12, and 14 establish the state's obligation to provide adequate health services equivalent to community standards. However, in practice, the realization of this right faces several obstacles including: (1) overcapacity of correctional facilities exceeding 180% of ideal capacity, (2) limited medical personnel with many institutions lacking permanent doctors, (3) inadequate health facilities and medicine supplies, (4) complicated referral procedures causing delays in emergency treatment, and (5) insufficient budget allocation. Strengthening technical regulations, improving infrastructure, enhancing cross-sectoral collaboration, and implementing effective oversight mechanisms are essential to ensure effective protection of prisoners' health rights as mandated by the constitution and international human rights standards.

This study aims to analyse the role of the Department of Manpower in providing protection to former Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) returning from abroad and to identify the challenges encountered in performing this function. This research employs a normative juridical approach using secondary data sources, including statutory regulations, scientific journals, and institutional reports from 2020 to 2025. The findings reveal that the Department of Manpower plays several key roles, including providing information and education, coordinating with related agencies, offering legal assistance, supporting social and economic reintegration, and monitoring non-procedural placements. These roles are firmly grounded in Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers and Government Regulation Number 59 of 2021. However, implementation remains constrained by inaccurate data, limited human resources and budget, weak institutional coordination, and suboptimal legal complaint services. Despite these challenges, efforts have been made through strengthening integrated services, staff training, public education, and the use of information technology. This study concludes that the protection of former migrant workers requires a holistic, participatory, and sustainable approach to ensure the fulfilment of their rights as mandated by law.

The phenomenon of marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and refugees represents a complex legal challenge due to the absence of specific regulations governing such relationships. This study examines the legal protection for Indonesian citizens who become victims of manipulative marriages by refugees, employing a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual methods. The research analyses primary legal materials, including the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 concerning the Handling of Refugees from Abroad. The findings reveal that Indonesian national law does not specifically regulate marriages between Indonesian citizens and refugees or asylum seekers, creating a significant legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) that renders such relationships vulnerable to abuse, violence, and legal uncertainty. Furthermore, the state's responsibility in protecting Indonesian citizen victims of manipulative marriages by refugees has not been optimally implemented, despite constitutional and juridical foundations requiring protection from all forms of violence, discrimination, and exploitation. The study recommends the formulation of specific regulations addressing marriages between Indonesian citizens and refugees, strengthening the role of victim protection institutions, and establishing inter-agency coordination systems, including international organisations such as UNHCR and IOM, to prevent abuse and strengthen law enforcement mechanisms.

Oral loan agreements remain a prevalent form of contract in Indonesian society, particularly within familial relationships, friendships, and informal financial transactions. This study aims to examine the legal standing of oral loan agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata/KUHPerdata) and to analyse the evidentiary mechanisms applicable in cases of default (wanprestasi). This research employs a normative juridical approach, utilising secondary data sources comprising legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that oral loan agreements are legally valid and binding provided they satisfy the requirements stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely mutual consent, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. However, the fundamental weakness of such agreements lies in the evidentiary challenges that arise during dispute resolution. In the absence of written documentation, proof of the agreement's existence and content must rely on alternative forms of evidence, including witness testimony, acknowledgement by the parties, bank transfer records, receipts, electronic communications, and circumstantial evidence as recognised under Article 1866 of the Civil Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The success of claims in default cases largely depends on the strength, consistency, and relevance of the evidence presented. This study concludes that while oral agreements possess full legal force, parties are strongly advised to document loan transactions in writing or secure supporting evidence to ensure greater legal certainty and facilitate effective dispute resolution.

Drug abuse constitutes a serious threat to public health, social stability, and national security. This study examines law enforcement mechanisms against drug abuse under Indonesian Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics and evaluates preventive measures implemented to combat this phenomenon. Employing a normative juridical approach through a comprehensive literature review, this research analyses the implementation of both penal and non-penal approaches in addressing narcotics-related offences. The findings reveal that law enforcement practices predominantly emphasise punitive measures, despite legislative provisions accommodating rehabilitation for drug users. The dual approach integrating criminal sanctions with social and health services remains suboptimal due to institutional constraints, limited rehabilitation facilities, inadequate training for law enforcement personnel, and weak inter-agency coordination. Preventive efforts through education, family empowerment, school-based programs, community engagement, and media campaigns have been implemented but continue to face challenges, including social stigma and insufficient public awareness. This study recommends strengthening restorative justice implementation, expanding rehabilitation service capacity, and enhancing cross-sectoral collaboration to build societal resilience against drug abuse while ensuring that users receive appropriate treatment rather than mere criminalisation.