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Education in elementary schools has the aim of helping students understand problems in everyday life. The national education system states that education aims to develop the potential of students to become human beings who have faith, noble character, health, knowledge and responsibility. In the context of mathematics education, the PMRI (Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education) approach is used to help students understand mathematical concepts through real experiences and the context of everyday life. The data grouping learning trajectory using the PMRI approach aims to help grade 1 elementary school students understand the concept of data grouping. The use of sorting and choosing props can also improve the learning outcomes of low grade students in sorting and selecting certain objects or concepts. The aim of this research is that it is hoped that students can learn more effectively through direct experience, visualization and physical movements involved in the sorting and choosing process. Data was collected through interviews and tests. Based on the results and discussion of the research that has been conducted, it can be concluded that the design of a data grouping learning trajectory for elementary school students using an Indonesian realistic mathematics education approach is theoretically able to provide a deeper understanding of data grouping for grade I elementary school students. With the principles in PMRI, students are given the opportunity to develop a conceptual understanding of data grouping with the help of the images provided.

The objective of this research is to investigate the potential impact of implementing the TPS cooperative learning model on enhancing the self-confidence and mathematics communication abilities of seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 5 Percut Sei Tuan. The specific focus will be on the Set content. This study used a class action research design, consisting of two distinct cycles. Each iteration comprises two meetings. The participants in this research consisted of 28 students from class VII-8 of SMP Negeri 5 Percut Sei Tuan. The primary focus of this study is to enhance students' self-confidence and mathematical communication abilities by using the TPS cooperative learning model on Set material at SMP Negeri 5 Percut Sei Tuan during the academic year 2022/2023. Based on the findings derived from the analysis of the data, it was observed that the mean score for students' initial self-confidence was 53.61. Additionally, the mean test score for students' initial communication skills was found to be 44.92. Among the participants, a total of 3 students (13.04%) demonstrated mastery in this area, while the remaining 20 students (86.95%) had not yet achieved mastery. The learning process in cycle I was conducted using the TPS model. As a result, the average score of student confidence increased to 62.14, while the average score of the mathematical communication ability test increased to 55.80. Out of the total number of students, 8 students (34.78%) reached the completion criteria, while 15 students (65.21%) did not reach the completion criteria. In the second cycle, there was an observed increase in student performance. The average score for student confidence was recorded as 76.29, while the average score for the mathematical communication ability test was 75.97. Out of the total number of students, 19 students (82.60%) achieved completeness in the test, while 4 students (17.40%) did not reach completeness. The self-confidence questionnaire and mathematical communication skills exam administered in cycle II yielded results indicating a satisfactory level of student proficiency. 

This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of the problem-based learning model (PBL) with a STEM approach on the mathematical problem solving ability of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 17 Medan. This research was conducted at SMP N 17 Medan T.A 2023/2024. The research method used is a quasi-experimental method. The sample of this study consisted of two classes, namely class VIII-3 as an experimental class taught with a PBL model with a STEM approach and class VIII-4 as a control class taught with conventional models. Based on descriptive statistics and categorization of research results, it was found that the mathematical problem solving ability of experimental class students was 67,74% of students in the high category, 32.26% of other students in the medium category, and no students in the low category. Meanwhile, in the control class, 15,63% of students were in the high level of problem solving ability, 53,13% were in the medium level and 31,24% of students were in the category low category. Thus it can be seen that the mathematical problem solving ability of grade students taught with PBL with a STEM approach is better than conventional learning models. Furthermore, with inferential statistical analysis for the t test, calculated t value = 2,42 and ttable = 1,999623, thus t calculated > t table means that the problem-solving ability of students taught with PBL with a STEM approach is not the same as students who use the learning  conventional model. With further analysis, Fcalculated = 5,6847 and F table = 3,998494482, then  calculated F > F table so it can be concluded that problem-based learning models with a STEM approach have a significant effect on students' mathematical problem solving abilities.

This research aims to analyze Algebra learning by applying the principles of PMRI (Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education) through the game of marbles at SD 3 Sidigede, especially in class 3. The research method used is using a qualitative approach, namely describing the process of playing the game and the benefits of playing marbles. The subjects in this research were grade 3 students at SD 3 Sidigede where the number of students in one class was 30 people consisting of 10 boys and 20 girls. The results of this research are that the ability to learn algebra in this class is good. Students can perform addition and subtraction operations on a pattern presented containing predetermined numbers. In this learning, the principles of PMRI (Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education) have been applied, namely in a marble game. Where the game of marbles can train students' motor skills, train their thinking skills, their ability to count, sharpen their social skills and can train children to control their emotions.

This research aims to improve students' mathematical reasoning abilities by using students' realistic mathematical approach to the material of plane figures, quadrilaterals, triangles. This type of research is classroom action research which consists of 2 cycles. The subjects of this research were students in class VII-8 of SMP Negeri 31 Medan, consisting of 32 students. The instruments used in this research were initial test sheets, mathematical reasoning ability test sheets and observation sheets. After the research was carried out for 2 cycles, the results of this research showed that there was an increase in student learning outcomes. This is indicated by the average value in cycle I being 78.78 to 87.28 in cycle II. Meanwhile, the percentage of classical completion increased from cycle I, namely 62.5% to 87.5% in cycle II, so it can be seen that this research has met the specified success indicators. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that: 1) the mathematical reasoning abilities of class VIII-1 students at SMPN 31 Medan increased after implementing a learning process with a realistic mathematical approach. 2) by applying a realistic mathematical approach to the learning process, students' mathematical reasoning abilities increase until they reach classical mastery.

This research aims: (1) the mathematical communication abilities of students using the think-talk-write (TTW) cooperative learning model are higher than the mathematical communication abilities of students using conventional learning models in class VIII SMP Negeri 19 Medan, (2) the process of completing answers is created by students in solving problems in the think-talk-write (TTW) cooperative learning model and conventional learning models. This type of research is quantitative research with a Quasi Experimental method. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 19 Medan. The sampling technique in this research used the Purposive Sampling technique, namely class VIII-5 as a class taught using the think-talk-write type cooperative learning model and class VIII-6 as a class taught with a conventional learning model. The data collection instruments were an observation sheet and a test sheet for students' mathematical communication skills in the form of 4 essay questions. Data analysis in this study used a t-Test with the Independent sample t-Test technique with the help of the SPSS 22 program. The results of the research showed that the average score for the class taught using the think-talk-write cooperative learning model was 80.1 and the class taught with a conventional learning model of 74.6. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the t-test, from the calculation results it was obtained that tcount was 2.501 and ttable 1.67469, the significance level was 0.016<0.05, then H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted, so it was concluded that students' mathematical communication skills used the cooperative learning model type. think-talk-write is higher than students' mathematical communication skills using conventional learning models. Based on the analysis of the process of students' answers to the mathematical communication skills test, students who received think-talk-write cooperative learning were better than students who received conventional learning.

This research aims to enhance the mathematical communication skills of students after implementing the Think Talk Write cooperative learning model. The study was conducted in the first semester of the 2023/2024 academic year in class XI MIA 3 at MAN 1 Medan. The subjects of this research were 39 students from class XI MIA 3 MAN 1 Medan. The object of this research was the mathematical communication skills of students by applying the Think Talk Write learning model. The research method used was classroom action research conducted over 2 cycles. The results of the students' mathematical communication skills test showed improvement from the initial test to the tests given in Cycle I and Cycle II. In the initial test, only 1 student (2.5%) achieved proficiency with an average score of 56, categorized as low. In Cycle I, there was a classical increase, with 10 students (25.6%) achieving proficiency with an average score of 67.9, categorized as moderate. In Cycle II, there was also a classical increase, with 33 students (84.6%) achieving proficiency with an average score of 86.9, categorized as high. It can be concluded that by implementing the Think Talk Write cooperative learning model, it is possible to improve the mathematical communication skills of class XI MIA 3 students at MAN 1 Medan.

Cognitive development in early childhood is a gradual process that requires active learning in the school environment. Teachers, as educational agents, play a crucial role in designing educative interactions and understanding the cognitive development of children. According to Jean Piaget's theory, cognitive development in children continues to evolve until it matches the thinking processes of adults. The Independent Kindergarten Education Foundation in Palembang accommodates children with diverse characteristics. To enhance children's focus and attention, the use of play media, especially picture number cards, is considered an effective learning strategy. This service aims to evaluate the impact of using picture number cards on the development of mathematical logic intelligence in children at the Independent Kindergarten. The service method involves planning, implementation, evaluation, and reporting. The sample consists of 12 children, with 6 in the control group and 5 in the experimental group. The results show a significant improvement in children's logic and mathematics learning activities after the implementation of picture number cards. The average posttest scores indicate an improvement from the pretest, particularly in the experimental group. During the service, children are directly and actively involved, making picture number cards a playful tool that facilitates learning. This service contributes positively to the development of mathematical logic intelligence in Taman Kanak-Mandiri Palembang. The learning strategy using picture number cards can be an effective alternative in providing enjoyable educational services that support children's development

This study aims to understand the impact of problem-based learning (PBL) on mathematical representation in students using Geogebra and model discovery learning in X SMAS Tamansiswa Singosari. It uses quasi-experimental research with purposive sampling and control group design. The results show that all data is normal and homogeneous, with a  value of 4.71>2.03. The study also reveals that the overall learning process for experimental students is better than that of control students.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain how efforts are made and enhance students' capacity for problem-solving following the application of the lesson study-based scientific approach and problem-based learning model. 38 students from SMP Negeri 4 Tebing Tinggi's VIII–5 class during the 2022–2023 academic year served as the research subjects. Classroom Action Research (PTK), which is this kind of research, is divided into two cycles. In pre-action, students take an initial test, and at the conclusion of each cycle, they take an exam on their problem-solving skills. The research findings are as follows: (1) If the teacher masters and effectively applies the PBL model and scientific approach based on lesson study, students' mathematical problem solving abilities can be improved, (2) Application of the PBL model can increase student learning completeness by 63.16% from 23.68% at the end of cycle I to 86.84% at the end of cycle II. (3) Students' mathematical problem solving abilities can be improved by 34.37% from 47.47% at the end of cycle I to 82.04% at the end of cycle II.

According to Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and learning process so that students actively develop their potential to have the spiritual power of religious rituals, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble morals, and the necessary skills. by himself, society, nation, and state. Learning media is a tool in the teaching and learning process that conveys messages and clarifies material to help the learning process. Observations carried out at SDN Sukamulya still used media such as pictures on paper or were only guided by the textbooks used. From these results, students had no interest in the learning process if they only used paper media. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of learning videos on interest in learning mathematics for class V at SDN Sukamulya. The research method used was an experiment with a quantitative approach design to determine how variable the results were. From the pretest results, it was 23.64%, and the posttest results increased to 25.76%.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain how fourth grade students at SDN Keleyan 2 are impacted in terms of their mathematical literacy by realistic math instruction grounded in Madurese ethnomathematics. This is a quantitative study using an experimental research design; a quasi-experimental design and a nonequivalent control group design are the types of research designs employed. 48 SDN Keleyan 2 class IV students served as samples. Classes experimental and control were employed in this study. In this study, tests of mathematical literacy and observation were used as data gathering methods. The data analysis includes an independent sample t-test for hypothesis testing, homogeneity testing, and a prerequisite test utilizing the normality test. Ho is rejected and Ha is approved based on the findings of the independent sample t-test data analysis, which showed that t-test = 7,757 > t-table = 2,012. As a result, it was determined that fourth grade pupils at SDN Keleyan 2 had significantly higher mathematical literacy levels when the model realistic mathematic education learning based on Madurese ethnomathematics was applied.

Low student learning outcomes are influenced by several things, one of which is the learning media used. Innovation in the use of learning media is needed to improve student learning outcomes, especially in mathematics subjects. This makes researchers interested in conducting a wordwall games-based learning media experiment at SMP Negeri 06 Bandung. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using wordwall learning media on improving student learning outcomes in mathematics subjects. The research method used is quantitative experiment with one group pretest-postest model with the population of class IX students of SMP Negeri 06 Bandung. The sampling technique uses cluster random sampling with the provision that students can access the browser as many as 18 students. Based on the N-Gain test, the average N-Gain value of 0.679056437 is included in the medium category and is quite effective. This shows that the use of Wordwall learning media has a significant impact on improving the mathematics learning outcomes of SMP Negeri 06 Bandung students.

Students’ understanding of concept can be measured and assessed using mathematical concept understanding test instruments. The instrument to be used must be prepared to meet the criteria for a good instrument. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the validity and reliability of students' conceptual understanding questions in learning assessments. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. Data was obtained through tests and interviews with mathematics subject teachers. The subjects in this research were class IX students at MTsN 2 Kerinci, totaling 22 students in 1 class. Based on the results of validity calculations using the Pearson Product Moment formula and t test, as well as calculations of question reliability using the Cronbach's Alpha formula, it was found that each question item was valid and reliable, so this test instrument can be used to measure students' ability to understand mathematical concepts.

This research is motivated by the implementation of the independent vocational school curriculum in the Jakarta area, especially East Jakarta, which has begun to be implemented in the 2022/2020 academic year. Teachers and students in this case still do not have an understanding and readiness regarding the system for implementing the independent curriculum in the learning process, because they are still influenced by The learning system in the 2013 curriculum has not been fully implemented well in schools, causing teachers and students to be overwhelmed in preparing and adapting to be able to carry out learning activities well. The aim of the research is to determine Mathematics and Student learning in the Implementation of the Merdeka Vocational School Curriculum in East Jakarta. This type of research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. This research was carried out at 2 vocational schools in East Jakarta with a total of 5 teachers as research informants. Data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. Based on the research results, it shows that the teachers' interviews show that students do not understand how to use the 2018 revised curriculum and the Merdeka curriculum itself.

The importance of using media in the mathematics learning process has become the main focus in increasing the effectiveness and attractiveness of learning. One interesting approach is the development of opportunity card-based learning media. This research aims to develop and release opportunity card media as a mathematics learning aid that can increase students' understanding of concepts and interest in learning. This media development is carried out through the stages of requirements, design analysis, development and evaluation. The research method used is development research using the Kemp model which includes several stages, such as needs analysis, planning, development, implementation and evaluation. Each stage has specific steps that help process developers design and organize learning materials more effectively. The research subjects involved class XII students at SMA Negeri 62 Jakarta. The research results showed that the opportunity card media developed received a positive response from students and teachers. Understanding of mathematical concepts increased significantly, and students' interest in learning also increased. and also provide an interesting learning experience and can increase student involvement in learning.

The importance of using media in the mathematics learning process has become the main focus in increasing the effectiveness and attractiveness of learning. One interesting approach is the development of opportunity card-based learning media. This research aims to develop and release opportunity card media as a mathematics learning aid that can increase students' understanding of concepts and interest in learning. This media development is carried out through the stages of requirements, design analysis, development and evaluation. The research method used is development research using the Kemp model which includes several stages, such as needs analysis, planning, development, implementation and evaluation. Each stage has specific steps that help process developers design and organize learning materials more effectively. The research subjects involved class XII students at SMA Negeri 62 Jakarta. The research results showed that the opportunity card media developed received a positive response from students and teachers. Understanding of mathematical concepts increased significantly, and students' interest in learning also increased. and also provide an interesting learning experience and can increase student involvement in learning.

High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) is a way of thinking for students at a higher cognitive level. This research aims to prove whether the implementation of HOTS-based learning has an impact in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics learning in elementary schools. The research method used is a literature review using the Google Scholar and Semantik Scholar databases for the 2020-2023 period. The HOTS-based learning model focuses on developing analyzing, evaluating and creating which refers to students' abilities in critical thinking. Based on the 8 selected articles, it shows that the implementation of HOTS learning in mathematics subjects can be implemented through learning models such as Game Based Learning or Digital Game Based Learning, teacher skills in implementing learning and developing assessments need to be considered. The application of HOTS learning is considered effective and able to improve students' critical thinking skills.

Understanding concepts is very important in learning mathematics, because with a thorough understanding, students can solve a problem and are able to apply this learning to the real world. This research aims to develop and test the validity of conceptual understanding ability questions on set question material in Class VIID MTsN 2 Kerinci. This type of research uses development research. The research subjects were class VII D students consisting of 26 students. The data collection techniques used were tests, interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that students have a very good understanding of concepts. It can be seen from the results of the analysis of the test question data that it can be seen that there are 8 students (22.9%) included in the category of having the ability to understand concepts very well, 5 students (14.3%) included in the category of having the ability understanding of the concept was good, 7 students (20.0%) were in the sufficient category, and 5 students (14.3%) were in the poor category. This means that overall there are 8 students out of 25 students who have the ability to understand concepts in the very good category. This shows that set material questions have a potential effect on students' ability to understand concepts.

This study was aimed to develop mobile learning media for students' learning interests at SMP Negeri 18 Medan which meet valid, practical and effective criteria. The research method used is the ADDIE development model which has 5 stages, namely: analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The subjects of this study were 35 students of class IX-2 at SMP Negeri 18 Medan. The results showed that: (1) the development of mobile learning media for students' interest in learning mathematics met very valid criteria with an average percentage of 86.91% based on validation by media experts and an average percentage for material of 83.25% based on validation by material experts; (2) the development of mobile learning media for students' interest in learning mathematics meets practical criteria with an average percentage of 80.47% based on student response questionnaires to learning media; (3) the development of mobile learning media for students' interest in learning mathematics meets the criteria of being effective with an average percentage of 74.68% based on a questionnaire on students' interest in learning mathematics. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the developed mobile learning media for students' interest in learning mathematics is feasible to use.