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The use of cosmetics, especially day creams, is increasing along with the high public interest in facial skin care. However, day cream products are still found to potentially contain hydroquinone, a skin whitening agent whose use is restricted because it can cause harmful side effects on skin health. This study aims to identify the presence and determine the levels of hydroquinone in day cream products circulating in District X, Sukoharjo Regency, and to assess their compliance with the regulations of the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM). This study was a descriptive analytical study using a purposive sampling technique. A total of 15 day cream products were analyzed, consisting of 8 BPOM-registered products and 7 products not registered with BPOM. Qualitative analysis was conducted using color reaction tests with FeCl₃, Benedict’s, and o-phenanthroline reagents. Furthermore, quantitative analysis was performed using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method to accurately and specifically confirm the presence and determine the levels of hydroquinone. The results showed that the color reaction test has limitations in specifically identifying hydroquinone. HPLC confirmation revealed the presence of hydroquinone in several day cream samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.024% to 0.150%. These findings indicate the need for stricter monitoring of day cream distribution to ensure the safety of cosmetic products for the wider public.

Tooth extraction is a procedure to remove a tooth from its alveolar bone socket. The causes for tooth extraction include caries, periodontitis, fractures, impacted teeth, the need for orthodontic treatment, and persistent primary teeth. Post-extraction bleeding is the most common complication that occurs. Hemostasis is a mechanism to stop bleeding from blood vessels to prevent excessive blood loss when an injury occurs, ensuring that blood continues to flow smoothly. In stopping bleeding, there are three processes involved: vasoconstriction (the narrowing of blood vessels), platelet activity, and the activity of blood clotting factors. Bleeding time is the time interval from when blood exits the blood vessel until the bleeding stops. The normal range for bleeding time is 1 to 3 minutes. Balakacida leaves contain active compounds including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolics. To determine the effect of Balakacida leaf extract (Chromolaena odorata) as a hemostatic agent following tooth extraction in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study uses an experimental method with a Post-Test Only Control Group Design. The samples used in this research are male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2–3 months, weighing between 200–250 grams. The research data were processed and analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test. The results showed that treatments at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% were able to significantly accelerate bleeding time compared to the control group. The administration of Balakacida leaf extract is effective as a hemostatic agent following tooth extraction in Wistar rats.  

This study investigates the effect of adding onion peel extract as a corrosion inhibitor on the corrosion rate and hardness of radiator pipes. The research employed an experimental method with inhibitor concentrations of 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm. Corrosion rate testing was conducted using electrochemical methods, while hardness was measured using the Vickers method. The findings reveal that the addition of onion peel extract at a concentration of 300 ppm significantly reduced the corrosion rate to 0.081 mmpy, achieving an inhibition efficiency of 56.45%. Furthermore, the same concentration enhanced the surface hardness of radiator pipes to 255.403 Kgf/mm². These results demonstrate that onion peel extract has strong potential as an eco-friendly organic corrosion inhibitor. Its dual function in reducing corrosion and improving mechanical properties highlights its applicability in radiator pipe protection and sustainable engineering practices. The study contributes to the development of natural inhibitors as alternatives to synthetic chemicals, aligning with environmental preservation efforts and advancing green technology in material protection.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is commonly experienced by female adolescents and may interfere with daily activities and academic concentration. Non-pharmacological interventions such as listening to the murottal of Surah Ar-Rahman and the use of lemon aromatherapy have been reported to provide relaxation and analgesic effects. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of their combined use remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of combined therapy using Murottal Surah Ar-Rahman and lemon aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea pain levels among female adolescents at SMA Negeri 10 Semarang. Method: This study was conducted at SMA Negeri 10 Semarang using a Quasi-Experimental design with a Pretest–Posttest Group approach. The population consisted of 188 students who met the inclusion criteria. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula, resulting in 40 respondents selected through purposive sampling. A normality test was performed prior to analysis, and the bivariate analysis utilized the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Result: The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between pain levels before and after the intervention. These findings demonstrate that the combination of Murottal Surah Ar-Rahman and lemon aromatherapy is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea pain among female adolescents at SMA Negeri 10 Semarang. Conclusion: The combined therapy of Murottal Surah Ar-Rahman and lemon aromatherapy is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea pain levels among female adolescents.  

Exercise is a planned physical activity that not only contributes to physical fitness but also plays a significant role in maintaining and improving mental health. This study aims to explore the relationship between physical exercise and mental well-being among adolescents and university students with diverse backgrounds of physical activity. The research employs a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with five informants, consisting of university students who engage in recreational exercise, recreational runners, middle- and long-distance runners, and a sprinter. Data collection was conducted in several public sports spaces in the city of Bandung, focusing on participants’ subjective experiences related to their psychological conditions before and after engaging in exercise. The findings indicate that all participants perceive exercise as an effective means of emotional regulation. Physical activity is consistently associated with improved mood, reduced stress, enhanced sleep quality, stable energy levels, and increased academic concentration and focus. In addition, exercise contributes to the development of self-confidence, self-efficacy, and self-control through structured routines. The social aspects of exercise, such as support from peers, communities, and coaches, were shown to strengthen the sustainability of physical activity while also providing essential emotional support for mental health. However, among competitive athletes, performance-related pressure was identified as a factor that may negatively affect psychological well-being, although this effect can be moderated by adequate social support. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize that exercise functions as an adaptive coping mechanism operating through biological, psychological, and social pathways, and highlight the importance of consistency and balance in physical activity to achieve optimal mental health benefits.  

Background: Hyperuricemia represents a medical condition marked by elevated concentrations of uric acid within the bloodstream, potentially triggering gout alongside various metabolic disorders. Central obesity has been identified as a contributing factor to rising uric acid concentrations, measurable through waist circumference assessment. Methods: An analytic observational design utilizing a cross-sectional approach was employed in this investigation, encompassing 100 male participants characterized by sedentary lifestyles who were employed as office workers in Medan City, North Sumatra Province. Waist circumference measurements were obtained using a flexible measuring tape, while uric acid concentrations were determined through Point of Care Test (POCT) devices. Statistical evaluation was conducted via the Chi-Square test, applying a significance threshold of 0.05. Results: Among all participants, 64 individuals (64%) exhibited waist circumference measurements indicative of central obesity, whereas 56 individuals (56%) demonstrated hyperuricemic conditions. Statistical evaluation revealed a significant association between waist circumference measurements and uric acid concentrations, evidenced by a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A meaningful correlation exists between waist circumference and uric acid concentrations among males engaged in sedentary occupations.

The Integration of technology in the education sector is a crucial strategy for addressing the challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This study aims to develop and examine the effectiveness of "Physical Changes of the Earth’s Environment" learning media by utilizing the interactive features of the ClassPoint platform and Edpuzzle videos in 5th-grade elementary school. The method employed is library research with a qualitative-descriptive approach, conducted through content analysis of various relevant scientific literatures from the last five years. The research findings indicate that the synergy between ClassPoint and Edpuzzle is capable of transforming abstract science materials into more concrete and engaging content for students. ClassPoint plays a role in creating a participatory digital classroom through various real-time interaction formats, while Edpuzzle reorients video-viewing activities into an active learning process through embedded question features that stimulate critical thinking. Overall, the use of these interactive media has positive implications for the escalation of active participation, concentration, and the depth of students' conceptual understanding. This study concludes that the development of ClassPoint and Edpuzzle-based learning innovations is an effective and relevant strategic step in improving the quality standards of science education in elementary schools.

Prolactinoma is the most common functional pituitary adenoma, particularly in adolescent females, and is typically characterized by amenorrhea and galactorrhea resulting from hyperprolactinemia. However, in certain cases, serum prolactin levels may appear normal due to the hook effect, an immunoassay measurement error caused by extremely high prolactin concentrations that interfere with antigen–antibody complex formation. We report the case of a 17-year-old female presenting with a five-month history of galactorrhea, accompanied by breast pain, headache, and primary amenorrhea. Brain MRI revealed a pituitary mass measuring 1.4 × 0.8 × 0.5 cm, suspicious for prolactinoma, while serum prolactin was within the normal range (17.33 ng/mL). The discrepancy between clinical manifestations, lesion size, and laboratory findings raised suspicion of the hook effect. The patient was treated with dopamine agonists, bromocriptine and cabergoline, and referred for multidisciplinary management involving endocrinology, neurosurgery, and obstetrics–gynecology. Despite the absence of prolactin dilution testing, MRI findings supported the diagnosis of prolactinoma, and the patient demonstrated a favorable clinical response to therapy. This case highlights the importance of recognizing laboratory variability, performing comprehensive hormonal evaluation, and considering prolactin dilution assays when clinical and laboratory findings are discordant, particularly in adolescent patients with suggestive symptoms.

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a form of evaluation that demands the physical and mental readiness of nursing students. Academic pressure, the demands of clinical performance, and the fear of failure can trigger anxiety, potentially disrupting sleep patterns. Poor sleep patterns can impact nursing students' concentration, memory, and academic performance.  This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study were students of the Faculty of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Semarang who were taking the OSCE exam. The sample size was 119 respondents, taken using a proportionate random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) questionnaire to measure anxiety levels and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep patterns. Data analysis was carried out univariately and bivariately using the Spearman Rank statistical test. The results showed that most respondents were 20 years old (83.2%) and female (82.4%). Most students experienced mild anxiety (43.7%) and had good sleep quality (58.8%). The Spearman Rank test results showed a correlation value (r) = 0.898 with a p-value = 0.000 (p <0.05), which means there is a very strong and significant relationship between students' anxiety levels and sleep patterns in facing the OSCE exam.  There is a very strong and significant relationship between students' anxiety levels and sleep patterns during the OSCE.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and serious mental health disorder for mothers after givingbirth, which is a public mental health problem because it not only has a direct impact on the baby, but also on the family. The most common symptoms of PPD are overwhelming sadness, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, moodiness, an inability to experience joy with the baby, serve anxienty, loss of appetite, poor concentration and memory, sleep disturbances, prolonged fatigue, and suicidal ideation (American Psychological Association, 2013). The design used in this study was quantitative by measuring the prevalence of postpartum depression in postpartum mothers using the EPDS form. The research was conducted at Gandapura Community Health Center, this location wa used as the research site because it had not been exposed at all regarding the use of the EPDS form as part of the initial assessment of midwifery services. A population is all elements that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a study. The population in this study was all postpartum mothers who gave birth in the obstetrics ward. The sample criteria in this study are divided into two, namely inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Conclusion: Postpartum guidance provided to mothers influences the risk of postpartum depression. Postpartum women who receive assistance are less likely to experience postpartum depression, and mothe who do not receive assistance are depression.

Operational quality in the oil and gas sector strongly depends on the accuracy of monitoring instruments, such as oxygen analyzers. This study aims to validate the performance of an oxygen analyzer using the Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) procedure conducted by PT JGC Indonesia. The testing methodology involves the use of reference gases at different concentration levels, including nitrogen as the zero gas, to evaluate the linearity and consistency of the analyzer output within the 4-20 mA signal range. In addition, the tests are performed to verify the conformity of the instrument response with the datasheet specifications and applicable FAT procedures. The results show that the analyzer provides accurate measurement data with low deviation and a responsive alarm system under critical conditions. These findings confirm that the instrument meets the required technical standards. Based on the validation results, the oxygen analyzer is considered ready for installation and suitable for operation to support process safety in oil and gas facilities. This achievement confirms that a rigorous validation process is key to ensuring peace and operational safety in the oil and gas industry.

Learning concentration is an important factor in supporting students’ academic success, particularly in Biology study programs that require high levels of accuracy and analytical skills. Learning concentration is influenced by various factors, including sleep quality and dietary patterns. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and dietary patterns and the level of learning concentration among Biology students of class T.BIO1/2022 at Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara. This study employed an analytic observational approach with a cross sectional design. The research sample consisted of 23 students selected using a total sampling technique. The research instruments included questionnaires on sleep quality, dietary patterns, and learning concentration. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and using cross tabulation. The results showed that students with good sleep quality and regular dietary patterns tended to have higher levels of learning concentration compared to those with poor sleep quality and irregular dietary patterns. Therefore, sleep quality and dietary patterns are important factors that need to be considered to support students’ learning concentration.  

Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and polyphenols, which have antibacterial potential. This study aimed to formulate soursop leaf extract into a gel dosage form and to evaluate its antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This research was conducted as an experimental laboratory study. Soursop leaf extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent and then formulated into gel preparations with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Physical evaluation of the gel preparations included organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method on Nutrient Agar medium. The results showed that all gel formulations met the physical requirements for topical preparations. The antibacterial activity test demonstrated that the soursop leaf extract gel inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the 15% concentration producing the largest inhibition zone of 10 mm compared to other concentrations. In conclusion, soursop leaf extract gel has potential to be developed as a topical antibacterial agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Corn milk yogurt is a fermented product that has a low protein content. One of the efforts to increase the protein content of corn milk yogurt is by adding spirulina and soy protein isolate as a source of high protein. The objectives of this research are 1) to study the formulation of high protein corn milk yogurt with the addition of spirulina and soy protein isolate; 2) to study the characteristics of corn milk yogurt. Corn yogurt with the addition of spirulina (0.08, 0.12 and 0.16%) and soy protein isolate (4.5, 8.5 and 12.5%) were tested for physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Results revealed Corn yogurt addition with of 0.08-0.16% spirulina and 4.5 - 12.5% soy protein isolates have protein content of 1.94 - 7.04%, water content of 76.0-81.1%, fat content of 0.66 – 1.17%, 14.5-16.6% of carbohydrate content, viscosity of 328.3-1128.7 mPas, total solids 16.01-17.93oBrix, pH of 3.41-3.67, lactic acid bacteria of 51 x 107 CFU/ml – 76 x107 CFU/ml.  Corn yogurt has sensory characteristics including yogurt taste of 2.60-3.68, green color of 2.42-3.82, yellow color of 1.45-2.53, corn flavor 2.27-2.60, beany flavor 2.70-3.17, spirulina flavor 2.23-3.08, viscosity 2.62-3.82 and preference of 2.25-2.9. The best formulation for making corn yogurt is a combination treatment with 8.5% soy protein isolate concentration and 0.12% spirulina with a protein content of 5.41%. While yogurt is preferred, this formula still needs some fine tuning to eliminate the fishy scent caused by the spirulina

Breakfast and sleep quality are important factors that can influence students’ concentration and academic achievement. This study aims to analyze the relationship between breakfast consumption levels and sleep quality with the learning achievement of students at SMP Negeri 31 Medan. This research used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of all 192 eighth-grade students, with a sample of 88 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Breakfast intake was measured using a 3x24-hour food recall (breakfast time only), sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, while learning achievement was obtained from semester exam scores in Indonesian Language and Mathematics subjects. Data analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed a significant relationship between breakfast intake and learning achievement in Indonesian Language (p=0.003) and Mathematics (p=0.000). Sleep quality was also proven to be associated with learning achievement in Indonesian Language (p=0.001) and Mathematics (p=0.000). The conclusion of this study is that having breakfast with adequate nutritional intake and maintaining good sleep quality contribute positively to improving students’ learning achievement.

The rapid and significant development of technology in the world has made online games a very popular form of entertainment among teenagers and students. Easy access to online games through gadgets has led to an increase in the number of teenagers playing online games. This condition has both positive and negative impacts on education, particularly on students' interest in learning. This study aims to analyze in depth the influence of online games on the lives and learning achievements of teenagers based on previous articles. We chose a literature study method for this research, and the data sources were obtained from articles relevant to the discussion. The data collection technique was carried out by reading and examining important information from the articles used. The results of the study show that online games have both positive and negative impacts on teenagers. The positive impacts can be seen in games that are educational and relevant to learning, as they can increase motivation, curiosity, and skills in teenagers. However, if played excessively and without supervision, online games tend to reduce concentration, decrease study time, and impact academic achievement, psychological well-being, and the health of adolescents. Therefore, the role of parents and teachers is crucial in controlling, guiding, and monitoring the use of online games so that adolescents can use them wisely and support the learning process wherever they are.

Work fatigue is one of the occupational health problems that may affect productivity, concentration, and increase the risk of workplace accidents. Security officers at Ferry Mulia Raja Napitupulu Port, Balige, are at high risk of experiencing fatigue due to shift work systems, physical and mental workload, and poor sleep quality. This study aims to identify factors associated with work fatigue among security officers. A quantitative method with a cross-sectional design was applied. The sample consisted of 45 security officers selected using total sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires on individual characteristics, nutritional status, sleep quality, workload, and environmental temperature, and analyzed using bivariate tests. The results revealed significant relationships between age, nutritional status, sleep quality, workload, and temperature with work fatigue levels (p<0.05). It can be concluded that both individual and work environment factors contribute to fatigue among security officers. The study recommends that port management pay more attention to shift arrangements, rest patterns, and occupational health interventions to reduce fatigue risk and enhance officers’ productivity.

This study examines the implications of the micro-shopping phenomenon and omnichannel integration for market structure and competitive dynamics in Indonesia’s retail sector from an industrial organization perspective. The transformation of modern retail is characterized by a shift toward small-value, high-frequency transactions alongside increasing integration between physical stores and digital channels. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this study utilizes secondary data on market shares and the number of retail outlets operated by major firms during the 2022–2024 period. Market structure is assessed through market share distribution, outlet ownership ratios, the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4), and the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). The results indicate that Indonesia’s retail market exhibits a highly concentrated, network-based oligopolistic structure. The dominance of large retail firms is reflected not only in their substantial market shares but also in their dense outlet networks, which enable the aggregation of dispersed micro-shopping transactions. Furthermore, omnichannel integration reinforces these structural advantages by enhancing logistical coordination and distribution efficiency. Overall, the findings suggest an increasing tendency toward market consolidation and a declining competitive space for small and traditional retailers, highlighting important implications for competition policy and the long-term sustainability of retail market structure.

The decline in seed quality due to storage beyond the shelf life is a major problem in rice cultivation. One effort that can be made to improve seed viability is through invigoration techniques using natural ingredients, such as bean sprout extract (Phaseolus radiatus), which contains growth hormones. This study aims to analyze the effect of bean sprout extract on the viability of Ciherang rice seeds that have exceeded their shelf life and to determine the best treatment. The study was conducted from August to November 2024 at the Biology Laboratory of the UPTD Seed Center, Supervision and Certification of Agricultural Seeds of Gorontalo Province. The study used a two-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with bean sprout age (3, 5, and 7 days after sowing) and bean sprout extract concentration (20 g/L, 40 g/L, and 60 g/L) as factors, with four replications. The parameters observed included germination rate, maximum growth potential, and sprout length. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT post-hoc test at a 5% level. The results showed that bean sprout extract had a significant effect on all observed parameters. The treatment of 5-day-old bean sprouts with a concentration of 20 g/L gave the best results with a germination rate of 95.5%, maximum growth potential of 98.5%, and the highest sprout length. Sprout extract has the potential to be used as a natural alternative to improve the quality of rice seeds that have passed their storage period.

The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly accelerated the growth of technology startups while simultaneously increasing market concentration among dominant digital platforms. This condition has intensified the implementation of anti-monopoly policies as a regulatory instrument to maintain fair competition. Amid the ongoing global economic crisis extending into 2025, debates have emerged regarding whether anti-monopoly policies foster or hinder innovation among technology startups. This study aims to examine the impact of anti-monopoly policies on technology startup innovation within the context of the global economic crisis. The research adopts a qualitative approach using a narrative literature review and policy analysis. The data are derived from academic journal articles, scholarly books, and official reports issued by international organizations and competition authorities published within the last five years. The analysis is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method by synthesizing key findings related to anti-monopoly policy, technological innovation, digital market dynamics, and global economic conditions. The findings indicate that anti-monopoly policies can create a more equitable competitive environment for technology startups by limiting market dominance and abusive practices by large firms. However, during periods of global economic crisis, the effectiveness of such policies largely depends on regulatory design, consistency of enforcement, and the state’s capacity to balance competition protection with innovation incentives. Overly restrictive policies may suppress investment and startup growth, whereas adaptive and market-responsive regulations can enhance the resilience of technology startup innovation. This study contributes theoretical and policy insights for developing competition law frameworks that are more responsive to the challenges of the digital economy and global economic uncertainty.