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This study aims to obtain data on the music learning process using the Learning By Doing method with the melodica as a musical instrument for visually impaired sixth-grade students at SLB-A Pembina Tingkat Nasional (Special School for the Blind). Learning By Doing emphasizes the active involvement of students in the learning process. This is particularly relevant for visually impaired students, as they rely more heavily on their sense of hearing and touch to receive information. To gain a clear understanding of the stages of music learning using this method, the researcher employed a descriptive approach. Several data collection techniques were used, including interviews, observation of learning activities, document analysis, and field notes. The study was conducted over the course of one semester. The results of the research show that the implementation of the Learning By Doing method in music education involves three main stages: the planning stage (lesson plans and syllabus), the implementation stage (interactive learning and hands-on practice), and the evaluation stage. The application of Learning By Doing increased student engagement and understanding of basic musical tone concepts, and also supported their musical skills, auditory abilities, and experience in recognizing expression through sound. Thus, the Learning By Doing method is effective in teaching music to visually impaired students because it provides a concrete and meaningful learning experience.

This community service activity aims to introduce financial literacy from an early age to children in Siantar Narumonda Village through an interactive and educational tutoring program. Financial literacy is an important skill that must be instilled from an early age so that children are able to manage their finances wisely in the future. This activity uses a qualitative descriptive approach to describe the execution process systematically. The program was implemented by students of the Tarutung State Christian Institute as part of the Community Service and Service Lecture (KPPM), targeting 35 children aged 1–12 years. The program was implemented for one month and two weeks, three times a week. The material presented was in five main topics: the importance of financial literacy, tips for managing finances, saving, getting to know money and how to manage it, and getting to know banks and financial institutions. The delivery of the material was carried out through fun methods such as games, simulations, short stories, and group discussions. Evaluation was carried out through participant observation, question and answer sessions, and visual documentation. The results of the activity showed that the children experienced an increase in understanding of the basic concepts of financial literacy and began to apply positive habits in managing finances. This activity is also a means of meaningful learning for implementing students. With an interesting and structured approach, this activity provides significant educational and social impacts. Early financial literacy has proven effective in forming a generation that is financially intelligent and responsible in managing economic resources.

This study aims to examine the implementation of kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligence learning in early childhood. The background of this research is the importance of developing multiple intelligences in early childhood, especially kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligence which often receive less attention in formal learning. The research methods used include limited participatory observation, in-depth interviews with teachers, and documentation of children's work and lesson planning documents. The results of the research at TKIT Siti Khadijah show that the learning activities designed consistently support the development of children's multiple intelligences. A case study of a child named Abbil showed significant progress in visual-spatial intelligence through coloring activities, assembling lego blocks, and basic introduction to visual programming. In the kinesthetic aspect, Abbil showed good body coordination through morning exercises and traditional games such as engklek, as well as social-kinesthetic skills in group games. This study concludes that developing kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligence through a holistic and fun learning approach can help children reach their full potential.

One of the effective learning methods is the development of media and learning resources. The use of interesting and appropriate media for children in MI/SD is very important because children tend to learn through visuals and audio. Learning resources and learning media are very important to increase student motivation, make learning easier to understand, and make learning active and fun. Using a literature study methodology, this study investigates the ideas, roles, and importance of media and learning resources in the learning process. The results show how important the role of teachers is in selecting and developing learning media, as well as how important it is to manage a learning resource center to ensure high-quality basic education.

Each architectural style reflects the prevailing culture, technology, and social needs of its time, and is an important component of the building's image. Architectural style refers to the design characteristics, forms, elements, and aesthetics used to create a building. This research aims to find out the details of the architectural style and its implementation of the Pasujudan Ayodya Mosque building. The research method used is qualitative and data analysis includes observation through literature studies, visual documentation, and analysis of modern architectural theory and its application. The Pasujudan Mosque in Semarang applies the basic principles of art and architecture, referring to the arrangement of elements that harmonize with each other, balance, aesthetics, and materialization. Modern architecture influences the  design of the mosque, combining elements of modern architecture with traditional Islamic design.

This study aims to analyze the forms of learning difficulties experienced by students in understanding the path independence theorem in the Vector Calculus course. The focus of the research is a group of students who had previously presented this material in class. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing both open- and close-ended questions to explore conceptual understanding, difficulties in distinguishing between conservative and non-conservative fields, and challenges in solving application problems. The analysis revealed that although students reported having a fair grasp of the basic concepts, they still expressed uncertainty in understanding the relationship between path independence and the conditions for conservative fields. Difficulties were also found in spatial visualization and in connecting concepts with the fundamental theorem of calculus. In addition, students showed a preference for worked example problem sets and visual learning media as the most effective learning supports. These findings indicate the need for an interactive, contextual, and visually supported instructional approach to enhance students’ conceptual understanding and application skills related to this topic.

This research aims to investigate the obstacles faced by students in understanding vector field material in the Vector Calculus course. The basis of this study is the low understanding of students regarding abstract concepts in vector calculus, particularly related to vector fields, the del operator, gradients, and directional derivatives. The method applied in this research is qualitative, utilizing questionnaires distributed to three students from the fourth semester. The research findings indicate that students encounter major challenges in visualizing vector fields in three-dimensional space, understanding the differentiation process related to gradients, and associating directional derivatives with gradients. Several factors contributing to these difficulties include a lack of variation in practice problems and a minimal understanding of basic mathematical concepts. The results of this study highlight the need for a learning approach that focuses more on strengthening concepts, the use of visual media, as well as its application in real contexts so that students can build a deeper understanding of vector field material. The results of this study are expected to provide input for the development of more effective and beneficial vector calculus teaching methods.

This study aims to describe the strategies used by classroom teachers in addressing students who experience reading difficulties at Al-Hidayah Private Elementary School. Reading difficulties among elementary school students are a common issue and can seriously impact their academic achievement in the future. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that reading difficulties are caused by both internal factors, such as a lack of basic phonological skills, and external factors, such as an unsupportive learning environment. To address these challenges, teachers implement adaptive learning strategies, including individual guidance, the use of visual and audio media, and phonetic-based learning approaches. Additionally, collaboration with parents plays an important role in supporting students’ learning processes at home. These strategies significantly help students improve their reading skills and build self-confidence. The study concludes that overcoming reading difficulties requires synergy between teacher strategies, appropriate learning methods, and supportive environments, both at school and at home.  

This community service activity aims to provide introduction and basic training in 3D printing technology to the students of SMA Muhammadiyah 10 Sugio, Lamongan. As the Industrial Revolution 4.0 develops, digital manufacturing skills are an important competency that needs to be introduced from the secondary education level. However, there are still many schools that do not have access to this technology, both in terms of devices and understanding of human resources. Therefore, this activity is designed to provide hands-on experience to students through practice-based training. The implementation method includes the delivery of theoretical materials, demonstrations of the use of 3D printers, and the practice of designing and printing simple objects using Inventor design software. This training was attended by 60 students who showed high enthusiasm during the activity. The results of the evaluation showed a significant improvement in the understanding of the concept of 3D printing. In addition, from direct interviews, participants stated that this training was useful and relevant to future needs. This activity not only introduces new technologies to students, but also fosters creativity, design skills, and confidence in developing ideas visually and digitally. It is hoped that this training will be the first step to encourage the adoption of digital fabrication technology in the school environment, as well as an inspiration for other educational institutions to carry out similar activities in improving the technology literacy of the younger generation.

This observation aims to ensure that elementary school children at SDN 1 Kaduagung Timur in grade V know the material about the concept of the food chain. The method used is a qualitative method. Qualitative methods are research approaches that focus on collecting non-numerical data to understand social, cultural, or psychological phenomena in depth. This method uses techniques such as interviews, observations, and text analysis to gain insight into the meaning and experiences of individuals or groups. The results of the study revealed that most students had a good basic understanding of the concepts of producers, consumers, and decomposers, but there were still errors in ordering the food chain correctly. The conclusion of this observation shows the need for a more contextual and visual learning approach to improve student understanding.

Developing students' creativity at the elementary school level is an important part of shaping 21st century character and skills. One approach that can be taken is through hand training with cardboard and printed images. This student service activity aims to train the creativity of fourth grade students at SDN 3 Palangka through cardboard weaving training as an innovative learning medium. This activity is motivated by the need for more interesting, active, and enjoyable learning for students. The training is carried out through several stages, namely the compaction of basic weaving techniques, independent practice by students, and evaluation of the work produced. Students are given the freedom to be creative using pieces of used cardboard, with direct guidance from the implementation team and accompanying teachers. The results of the activity show that students are very enthusiastic about participating in this activity. They are able to produce various simple new forms with creative displays that can be used as visual aids in the learning process. In addition to producing work, this activity also forms positive student character such as cooperation, responsibility, perseverance, and courage in displaying work. This activity proves that skills-based training can be a solution to present more lively and meaningful learning. Therefore, this kind of activity is very relevant to be continued and developed as part of a sustainable school program.

The research aims to explore how Quizziz can be effective in improving the understanding of currency recognition in learners with disabilities. The research used a quantitative approach and an experimental method of one group pre-test post-test design to collect data on student learning outcomes. Data collection was done through written tests in the form of multiple choice, with analysis using parametric statistical techniques and Paired Sample T-Test test. The data findings showed that the average student pretest score was 66.0 and which then increased to 89.3 on the posttest, with an average difference of 23.3 points. The statistical test resulted in a significance value of p = 0.004, which is a value that shows the significance of the difference and increase in scores. The increase in the results obtained is an indication that when learning is carried out with gamification and visual-based media such as Quizizz is able to provide assistance in helping students understand the basic concepts of currency and increase learning motivation through an attractive and interactive display. Thus, it can be concluded that the Quizizz application can be a feasible alternative for use in learning, especially to increase the independence of students with disabilities in daily life through mastery of currency recognition material.

As business complexity and global competition intensify, the limitations of traditional cost accounting systems in providing relevant information for strategic decision-making become increasingly apparent. This has driven the adoption of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and subsequently Activity-Based Management (ABM), which have evolved as vital tools to accurately allocate costs based on activities and transform this information into value-enhancing and efficiency-improving strategies. This study aims to map the landscape, influence, and visibility of ABC and ABM publications through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. The research method involves a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) for data collection and screening from 488 publications (2023-2025) indexed in Scopus from Google Scholar, followed by data analysis and visualization of co-authorship and keyword co-occurrence networks. The analysis results show the dominance of core concepts such as "activity-based costing/management," "activity," "costing," and "management" as the foundation of research. Identified thematic clusters include the basic applications of ABC and its impact on performance, managerial aspects of ABM, efficiency, and the challenges and benefits of implementation. Temporal trends indicate a shift in the focus of recent research towards the strategic and managerial contributions of ABM/ABC in enhancing efficiency, supporting decision-making, and driving organizational performance. Density visualizations confirm research "hotspots" in these areas, while also highlighting potential research gaps for the future. The conclusion demonstrates the continuous relevance of ABC and ABM as adaptive cost and performance management tools, as well as the evolution of the discipline continually adapting to modern business's strategic needs, guiding researchers and practitioners for further exploration.

Community service represents a tangible contribution of higher education institutions in improving the quality of learning at the elementary level. This service activity was carried out collaboratively by lecturers and students at MI Miftahul Huda 2 Palangka Raya with the aim of enhancing the quality of IPAS (Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam dan Sosial) learning through the development of interactive teaching materials based on Canva. The program applied the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach, which emphasizes the empowerment of existing assets within the school community. The implementation involved mentoring sessions, technical guidance, and direct classroom application of the developed materials. Effectiveness was evaluated through pretests and posttests, showing an increase in students' understanding from an average pretest score of 55.19 to a posttest score of 77.04, with an average N-Gain of 0.47 (moderate category). Validation results from subject matter experts (96%), design experts (97%), and classroom teachers (89%) confirmed that the developed media were appropriate in terms of content, visual quality, and language use. In addition to improving learning outcomes, the use of technology-based teaching media also increased student motivation and teacher engagement during the learning process. The outcomes of this program not only provided direct benefits to the partner school but also demonstrated the potential for broader application as a participatory and sustainable model for digital innovation in basic education.

This study aims to analyze the types of student learning difficulties in solving mixed arithmetic operations based on the Newman Error Analysis (NEA) approach. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with literature study techniques on national scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025. The data were analyzed based on five categories of errors according to NEA, namely reading errors, comprehension errors, transformation errors, process skill errors, and coding errors. The results showed that students experienced all types of errors, with transformation and process skill errors as the most dominant types. Factors causing the errors include weak mathematical literacy, lack of understanding of basic concepts, low motivation to learn, and limited contextual and interactive learning strategies. The findings recommend the need for the use of NEA-based diagnostic approaches in mathematics learning as well as the integration of visual learning media to strengthen students' understanding of the concept of mixed arithmetic operations.

Character education that combines honesty education into an important component of basic learning. This study aims to explain how the use of e-comic media can improve students' honesty in Citizenship (PKn) subjects at public elementary schools 16 in Langsa City. Qualitative methods were used, with limited observation of the learning process. E-comic media was chosen because it can convey moral values ​​visually and attractively for students. The findings of the study indicate that comics can encourage students' interest in learning PKn while instilling honesty values ​​contextually. Students find it easier to understand the meaning of honesty in daily routines because the characters and stories in e-comics help them learn. In conclusion, e-comics can be used well as an educational tool to instill honesty in elementary school students.

Product photography training is one of the important strategies in increasing consumer appeal to MSME products. This activity was carried out with the aim of helping MSME Teh Poci Bu Minah in Wadungasih Village, Sidoarjo, in developing the visual quality of its products to be more attractive and competitive in the digital market. The methods used in the training include an introduction to the basics of product photography, lighting techniques, product arrangement, and the use of simple tools such as cellphone cameras. The results of the training showed a significant increase in participants' ability to produce more professional and attractive product photos. In addition, there was an increase in consumer interest based on engagement data on social media and an increase in sales after the publication of photos that had been improved in quality. This activity is expected to be an example of MSME empowerment through increasing digital and visual literacy.

This research looks into how well Duolingo and YouTube help people learn Japanese. A quantitative approach was taken, gathering information from 35 individuals through an online questionnaire. Participants were chosen based on whether they used Duolingo, YouTube, or both platforms. The questionnaire explored their past learning experiences, how they use these platforms, their preferences, how effective they think these tools are, and what challenges they encountered while learning. The findings reveal that most of the participants already had some background in Japanese and preferred online resources due to their accessibility, no cost, and fun features. Duolingo was liked for its organized, game-like approach, whereas YouTube was appreciated for its authentic, visual materials. A lot of people enjoyed learning at their own pace, finding listening and pronunciation to be useful strategies. Some individuals struggled with staying motivated and dealing with complicated grammar rules. To sum up, both Duolingo and YouTube are good resources for learning basic Japanese, especially for those studying on their own. However, they work best when used alongside other resources. It is suggested to combine digital tools with guidance from teachers for the best outcomes.

This study aims to examine in-depth and comprehensively the various obstacles faced by elementary school students in understanding the concept of fractions. Fractions represent one of the key components in basic mathematics education and often pose a significant challenge for many students. Through a structured literature review and in-depth analysis of empirical data, this research seeks to clearly describe the various difficulties students encounter when learning and understanding fractions. Additionally, this study investigates the underlying factors contributing to these difficulties and offers a number of creative and effective instructional strategy recommendations to help students overcome these barriers. The findings indicate that the primary challenges hindering students' understanding include several critical aspects: weak comprehension of basic fraction concepts, difficulty in representing fractions both visually and symbolically, struggles with performing arithmetic operations involving fractions, and challenges in relating fraction concepts to real-life situations. A thorough understanding of these challenges is expected to serve as a crucial foundation for improving the quality of mathematics instruction at the elementary school level.    

The purpose of this study was to determine how effective smart clothing is in improving students' understanding of basic energy concepts in grade 3 of SDN Kaliwates 2 Jember. Smart Clothing Media consists of clothing cards with different energy images that help students understand the material visually and kinesthetically through grouping activities and group discussions. This study was conducted through a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type used. Interviews, documentation, and observation are data collection methods. The results of the study indicate that the use of this media can increase students' interest in learning, students' active involvement in learning, and their understanding of the material. Smart Clothing Media is considered effective because it presents material in a concrete, interactive, and fun way, thus supporting the achievement of science learning objectives optimally.