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Objective: Autoimmune diseases are complex disorders that arise when the immune system loses tolerance to self-antigens, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. To understand disease pathogenesis and to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, animal models are widely used in autoimmune research. This review aims to analyze various types of animal models employed in studies of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and multiple sclerosis (MS), with a particular focus on reproducibility and clinical applicability. Methods: This study was conducted through the selection and analysis of scientific literature published over the last ten years (2015–2025), using specific keywords including “clinical application,” “autoimmunity,” “animal models,” “humanized mice,” “lupus,” “rheumatoid arthritis,” “reproducibility,” and “translational research.” Literature searches were performed in major databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Results: Spontaneous models, such as NOD and MRL/lpr mice, exhibit close resemblance to human disease pathogenesis but are influenced by strain variability and environmental factors. Induced models, including collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), allow greater control over disease onset but do not fully capture the clinical complexity observed in humans. Humanized models demonstrate high translational relevance; however, their use is constrained by high costs and technical limitations. Conclusion: No single animal model is universally ideal for studying autoimmune diseases. Model selection should be based on biological relevance, reproducibility of outcomes, and the potential for clinical translation in autoimmune disease research.

The advancement of social media platforms, especially TikTok, has drastically changed the behavioral patterns and lifestyles of Generation Z. One psychological impact of intensive social media use is Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), which is the worry of missing out on news, trends, or viral social activities. This study aims to reveal how FoMO affects the lifestyle of Generation Z active on TikTok, focusing on aspects of mental health, shopping habits, and the balance of social interactions. This research uses a literature study approach with a qualitative descriptive method, through in-depth analysis of 21 scientific articles published between 2019 and 2025. The findings show that FoMO is associated with increased anxiety, depression, personal dissatisfaction, and excessive social media use among Generation Z. Furthermore, FoMO also drives impulsive consumption patterns and purchases triggered by online trends as well as the desire for social approval. On the other hand, internal factors such as self-confidence and self-control ability have proven to reduce the level of FoMO and its negative effects. This study concludes that FoMO is a complex phenomenon that impacts the mental health and lifestyle of Generation Z, thus requiring measures such as increasing digital literacy, strengthening self-control, and using social media wisely to reduce the negative impacts of FoMO in the long term.

Millennials aged 25 to 40 are currently the largest consumer group. Their dynamic lifestyles and social demands make them highly consumptive. The ease of obtaining credit, such as loans and credit cards, through advances in financial technology (FinTech) has further accelerated this trend. Unfortunately, exposure to social media that portrays a consumptive lifestyle encourages many of them to follow trends and buy non-essential items. The lack of financial literacy among young Indonesians often makes them unaware of the consequences of debt, which ultimately erodes the financial independence that is so badly needed in this era. This study aims to prove the relationship between Financial Technology, Lifestyle, and Self-Control that influence Debt Behavior. In addition, it is seen that men and women have different levels of self-control, and this is input for researchers to add gender as a moderating variable in their research. The research method used is a mixed method, more precisely a Sequential Explanatory Design, in which quantitative data is collected and analyzed, then combined with qualitative data to explain or enhance quantitative findings. Primary data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with experts, while secondary data was collected from articles and other reference data. The population used was the community in the city of Jakarta. The sample was collected using accidental sampling techniques, and the statistical test tool used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software.

The objective of this study is to formulate new propositions on school management based on the findings obtained from the two schools under investigation, namely: (1) school planning in improving teacher performance at State Islamic Senior High School 1 Trenggalek and State Senior High School 1 Trenggalek; (2) the implementation of school management in improving teacher performance at State Islamic Senior High School 1 Trenggalek and State Senior High School 1 Trenggalek; and (3) school supervision in improving teacher performance at State Islamic Senior High School 1 Trenggalek and State Senior High School 1 Trenggalek. This research employed a case study approach with a qualitative research design. The researcher’s presence in the schools served as the primary instrument, supported by non-human instruments as complementary tools. Data sources consisted of primary data in the form of words and actions observed from principals, vice principals, teachers, and administrative staff, as well as secondary data in the form of school documents. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña model, which comprises data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The data analysis techniques applied were (1) single-case analysis conducted separately in each school and (2) cross-case analysis conducted by comparing and synthesizing data across cases. The research findings indicate that: (1) school planning to improve teacher performance carried out by principals included (a) adherence to the school’s vision, mission, and objectives; (b) consideration of the results of the School Self-Evaluation (EDS) through SWOT analysis to enhance teacher performance; and (c) the formulation of school activity plans collaboratively with the school committee; (2) the implementation of school management to improve teacher performance by principals involved (a) mobilizing and motivating all members of the school community and utilizing all available school resources; (b) controlling and supervising the implementation of school activities; (c) securing support for school activities from parents/guardians, the school committee, and the community; (d) fulfilling teachers’ needs; (e) proportional distribution of tasks and clear job descriptions aligned with teachers’ competencies; (f) enhancement of teacher competencies; and (g) fostering a culture of mutual cooperation, care, and respect among school members to improve teacher performance.

At the age range of 11–12 years, children enter the final phase of primary school which is marked by rapid development in various aspects, including cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral, all of which are interrelated in the educational process. The development of elementary school-age children is the main foundation for the formation of personality, intelligence, and social-moral skills in the future. This study aims to analyze and describe the developmental analysis of aspects (cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral) in children aged 11–12 years. This study uses a qualitative and descriptive approach, where data is collected through observation, interviews and documentation to understand behavior in depth. The results of the case study on the subject of Syifa Khairunnisa show that the development of these four aspects is well internalized in daily life. Syifa's cognitive development can be seen from her ability to understand material through repetition, awareness to adjust the way of learning when difficult, and the ability to explain lessons to friends in simple language. Psychomotor development is seen in good coordination of movements (e.g. in sports), fine motor skills, and self-control. In the aspect of Social Development, Syifa shows the ability to interact positively, work together, and choose peaceful ways to resolve differences of opinion. Lastly, Syifa's moral development is reflected in the attitude of caring, honesty, responsibility, obedience to school regulations, and the practice of religious values. Overall, this case study confirms that the development of children at the end of primary school is a holistic process that requires integrated support from the school environment and family.

Type 2 diabetes is a persistent medical condition with an increasing incidence that requires long-term treatment. One of the decisive factors in blood glucose control Patient self-awareness is a key variable examined in this study. The research was conducted to assess the relationship between self-awareness and blood glucose levels among individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Tuban Community Health Center area. A correlational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was utilized. The study involved a population of 135 patients, with a sample of 101 respondents selected using simple random sampling.Research data collection was conducted using a self-awareness questionnaire and a blood glucose observation sheet. Data analysis was performed using a chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results of the analysis showed a p-value of 0.002 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant association between self-awareness and blood glucose levels. Based on these results, the study findings generally indicate that greater self-awareness typically allows for more optimal control of blood glucose levels.  

The rapid development of digital technology has significantly increased public access to online activities, including online gambling, which has emerged as a serious social problem in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the impact of online gambling on the mental health and social behavior of young people. This research employed a descriptive method with a survey approach. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to young respondents who had experience or exposure to online gambling activities. The findings indicate that involvement in online gambling has a significant impact on mental health disorders such as stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. In addition, online gambling contributes to a decline in social interaction quality, increased family conflict, social withdrawal, and reduced productivity. Behavioral changes such as impulsivity and decreased self-control were also identified among respondents. These results demonstrate that online gambling not only affects individuals psychologically but also disrupts social relationships and family harmony. Therefore, comprehensive preventive efforts are needed through digital literacy enhancement, family involvement, and psychological support services to protect young people from the negative consequences of online gambling.

This study aims to analyze the effect of social media advertising exposure and digital financial literacy on consumptive behavior, with self-control as a mediating variable among 11th grade high school students in Kotabumi Selatan District. This quantitative study involved 267 respondents from five public and private high schools selected using proportional sampling techniques. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that exposure to social media advertising has a significant positive effect on consumptive behavior, indicating that higher advertising exposure increases students’ tendency toward excessive consumption. However, advertising exposure does not have a significant effect on self-control. Digital financial literacy has a significant positive effect on self-control, but does not directly influence consumptive behavior. Furthermore, self-control has a significant negative effect on consumptive behavior and plays a mediating role in the relationship between digital financial literacy and consumptive behavior. These findings confirm that strengthening digital financial literacy is crucial for improving adolescents’ self-control and reducing consumptive behavior in the digital era.

This study aims to explore the dynamics of psychological empowerment among women entrepreneurs by examining how they construct entrepreneurial identity, develop competence, cultivate independence, and generate social impact through their business activities. The background of this research stems from the need for women in micro and small enterprises to receive support that extends beyond technical skill development, emphasizing psychological aspects such as self-belief, personal control, and decision-making capacity. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, this study involved three women entrepreneurs selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews to capture the participants’ subjective experiences in managing their businesses. The findings reveal four central themes: entrepreneurial identity shaped by personal values and lived experiences, competence that evolves through continuous learning and problem-solving, independence reflected in decision-making and business management, and social impact manifested in the creation of economic opportunities and contributions to the surrounding community. These results illustrate that psychological empowerment among women entrepreneurs is a dynamic process formed through the interaction of personal experiences, entrepreneurial practices, and community support. The study emphasizes the importance of empowerment programs that integrate psychological strengthening alongside technical training, with communities serving as vital spaces for collective learning and mutual support. Recommendations highlight the need for holistic empowerment models that consider the sociocultural context of women entrepreneurs and foster sustainable growth in both personal and business capacities.  

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a steadily increasing prevalence in Indonesia. This condition not only affects physical health but also requires patients to make significant lifestyle changes to maintain stable blood glucose levels. Efforts to adopt a healthy lifestyle such as regulating diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress are often met with various challenges. In this context, family support plays a crucial role in helping patients adapt and remain consistent in self-management. This study aims to describe the experiences of type 2 diabetes patients in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and the forms of family support they receive. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used, involving three participants undergoing outpatient treatment at RSUD Sultan Iskandar Muda Nagan Raya. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed thematically. The findings show that patients face challenges in maintaining dietary control, consistent exercise, and emotional balance. However, family support such as reminding patients to take medication, providing healthy meals, and offering emotional motivation serves as a key factor that strengthens patients’ commitment to a healthy lifestyle. The study concludes that the success of diabetes management is highly influenced by active family involvement. Therefore, educational and health intervention programs should integrate families as essential partners in supporting patients with diabetes.

This study discusses the role of prayer in shaping character and daily ethics as one of the main pillars of Islamic teachings. Prayer is not merely a ritual act of worship but also serves as a means of spiritual and moral education and shapes the overall personality of Muslims. This study uses a literature review method by examining various sources such as books, journals, and scientific articles relevant to Google Scholar from 2020 to 2025, sourced from 20 Indonesian-language journals and 5 English-language journals. Based on this background, prayer plays an important role in instilling values of discipline, responsibility, sincerity, patience, and self-reflection, which contribute to the formation of an individual's character and integrity. In addition, prayer also serves as the foundation of social ethics by fostering honesty, justice, empathy, politeness, and solidarity in social interactions. There is also congregational prayer, which, when performed, can strengthen the values of togetherness, brotherhood, and social concern, which are the foundations of a harmonious social life. Research shows that consistent and solemn prayer practices can control desires, prevent immoral and evil deeds, and provide mental and spiritual balance for the practitioner. Thus, prayer is an important instrument in the moral and spiritual development of Muslims and is relevant in facing modern challenges such as stress and social ethical degradation.

Family management plays a pivotal role in establishing equilibrium between emotional dynamics and communication among family members. The family environment constitutes the primary context in which children learn to interact, communicate, and develop their character. Parental communication patterns, along with their capacity for emotional regulation, serve as critical determinants of a supportive home atmosphere conducive to children’s developmental and educational outcomes. This study aims to examine the influence of communication management and emotional management within the family on the development of children’s emotional intelligence and their overall academic success. This research employs a literature review approach by critically analyzing various sources, including scholarly journals, books, and relevant empirical studies. The findings indicate that effective communication management characterized by openness, empathy, and mutual respect strengthens parent child emotional bonds, enhances learning motivation, and improves academic achievement. Furthermore, sound emotional management enables parents to regulate stress and model appropriate self-control, thereby fostering a harmonious and productive learning environment within the household.

In the contemporary era,many people have yet to fully comprehend or internalize the spiritual and social dimensions of prayer (shalat). As a result, shalat is often carried out merely as a routine obligation without deep reflection on its true purpose. In fact, shalat plays a significant role in shaping personal character and social behavior. This study employs a literature review approach by examining various sources, including books, academic journals, and educational articles that discuss the concept and significance of shalat as an act of worship. The findings indicate that a profound understanding of the inner meanings of shalat can foster self-awareness, self-control, and discipline. These values strongly contribute to the development of moral and ethical character. Furthermore, shalat reflects collective religiosity through its practices and procedures, symbolizing spiritual purification, reverence for God, and awareness of human limitations. Congregational prayer further emphasizes principles of unity, brotherhood, and equality, regardless of social status or background. In addition, shalat functions as a moral safeguard that prevents individuals from engaging in immoral and harmful actions. Therefore, shalat plays a crucial role not only in strengthening spiritual devotion but also in maintaining personal integrity and social harmony.

This study aims to analyze students’ perceptions of public speaking training in improving self-confidence at Madrasah Al Hidayah Betoyokauman. The research is motivated by the low level of students’ self-confidence when speaking in public, which is often characterized by nervousness, fear, and reluctance to express opinions. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach to explore students’ subjective experiences and interpretations after participating in public speaking training. The research activities were conducted on Thursday, January 8, 2026, through material presentations and direct public speaking practice, including roles such as master of ceremony, presentations, speeches, and stand-up comedy. Data were collected using a student perception questionnaire to capture students’ views and experiences regarding changes in self-confidence after the training. The results indicate that students generally have positive perceptions of the public speaking training and experience an improvement in self-confidence, as reflected in increased speaking courage, better control of nervousness, and stronger belief in their own abilities. The training not only enhances students’ speaking skills but also serves as a medium for developing students’ soft skills. This study implies that public speaking training can be implemented as a supportive program to improve students’ self-confidence and communication skills in the madrasah environment.

Attention span and cognitive focus in young minds these days are increasingly structured by the growing influence of digital distractions. Drawing from the ideas of Foucault and Nietzsche, this paper examines how technology molds behavior and, at the same time, is used as a tool of control through power relations. This digitally fosters a form of nihilism, the sense life has no purpose. By using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines the surveying and in-depth interviewing of students and instructors about how technology influences attention, learning, and academic performance. Results indicate that while technology brings many benefits, it also provides significant challenges-most notably via social media and smartphone distractions. These distractions reduce attention spans, decrease deep learning, and contribute to cognitive overload. This study therefore calls for the integration of technology into education in a balanced way, highlighting digital literacy, mindful use, and distraction-reduction strategies. In the process, self-awareness, self-regulation, and responsible use will allow people to use its benefits rather than fall into disengagement and cynicism. Technology should serve as a tool for learning and growth-not a barrier to focus and intellectual development.

Adolescents are a vulnerable group to digital sexual violence, including sextortion, which involves sexual extortion through threats to distribute sexually explicit content. Low levels of self-control may increase adolescents’ vulnerability to such risks. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of psychoeducation in enhancing self-control understanding as a preventive effort against sextortion among adolescents. A quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test–post-test design was employed. The participants consisted of 36 students aged 15–17 years from a public senior high school in Samarinda. The psychoeducational intervention was delivered through interactive lectures, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and educational video screenings. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. The results of the analysis showed a statistically significant difference (Z = −2.201; p = 0.028 (p < 0.05)). This indicates that there was a difference in adolescents’ self-control before and after the psychoeducation intervention. The post-test mean score (M = 8.39) was higher than the pre-test mean score (M = 8.00). These findings suggest that psychoeducation was effective in improving adolescents’ understanding of self-control as a preventive effort against sextortion. Self-control psychoeducation can therefore be considered a relevant preventive approach to be implemented in school settings.

Divorce is the legal and religious termination of a husband-wife relationship. This severance of the relationship can have psychological consequences, making children more susceptible to depression. These psychological impacts include deep sadness, resulting in depression, feelings of loss, shame, anger, disappointment, denial, self-acceptance, and feelings of blame toward the parents. These psychological impacts are naturally the result of the support, emotional support, and presence of the parents before, during, and after the divorce. This study employed a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, conducted through semi-structured interviews. The aim is to raise awareness among readers that divorce not only impacts the husband and wife but also the psychological impact on children, which is often considered unimportant. However, the mental health of children after divorce is a crucial issue that requires attention. This is where the role of parents is crucial in shaping their character and psychological development. This study concludes that children who are victims of divorce tend to seek out activities outside the home, as the integrity of their home is no longer there. Children experience sadness and loss most acutely. Furthermore, children are more wary of future relationships due to a loss of trust in the meaning of romantic relationships. Low self-acceptance also makes it difficult for children to control their emotions.

The purpose of this community service (PkM) is to provide training on Emotional Management for PKK mothers to increase their understanding of the importance of self-compassion related to emotions so that they can maintain their physical and mental health. This Emotional Management Training is a practical method in managing emotions, such as relaxation techniques, effective communication, and solving daily problems experienced by individuals when interacting with their environment, both family and social environments. PKK mothers RT.02/RW.05, Gemah sub-district, Pedurungan district, are mostly housewives. Emotional management is very necessary so that it does not last long, which in the end can affect the mother's mental health, so that the impact becomes even greater. To prevent these things from happening continuously, the PkM team of the psychology faculty provides assistance to the mothers by holding Emotional Management training which aims to maintain the mothers' mental health from pressures that arise both in the environment and from home. This input made the PkM team want to help find solutions regarding the development of self-skills for mothers through Emotional Management Training. The team's outreach to these mothers resulted in a 40% increase in their understanding of emotional management. By improving these mothers' skills, it is hoped that they will find it easier to control their emotions, focus, and better understand themselves and their surroundings, enabling them to overcome the challenges and obstacles they encounter in their daily lives.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of affective learning strategies in Akidah Akhlak subjects to enhance students' self-control at MTs Muhammadiyah 02 Purbalingga. Affective learning strategies focus on character development through the inculcation of religious values such as patience, honesty, and discipline, aimed at helping students manage their emotions, thoughts, and behavior in daily life. The research employed a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with Akidah Akhlak teachers, the principal, and students, as well as classroom observation. Data analysis was conducted using thematic coding to identify patterns in the implementation of affective learning strategies and their impact on students' self-control. The findings indicate that the implementation of affective learning strategies is carried out through five main stages: receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization. Each stage involves structured approaches, such as using inspirational stories from the Qur'an and Hadith, group discussions, value reflections, and case study simulations. These strategies successfully enhanced students' self-control, particularly in emotional regulation, wise decision-making, and consistent behavior aligned with Islamic values. This study concludes that affective learning strategies play a vital role in improving students' self-control. Systematic and collaborative implementation can assist madrasahs in producing a generation that is faithful, knowledgeable, and morally upright, in line with the vision of Islam.

Listening skills are fundamental in English language learning because they are the main gateway to language proficiency. However, students often face obstacles such as differences in accents, the speed of native speakers, and limited vocabulary. This study aims to describe the use of the Spotify application as a learning medium to improve students' listening skills. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The research subjects were third-semester students of the English Education Study Program at UIN Sumatera Utara (UINSU) in class TBI 2. Data were collected through questionnaires covering content usage patterns, duration, and application feature utilization. The results showed that: Students actively use Spotify (music and podcasts) as a source of authentic language input independently. Using Spotify has a positive impact on vocabulary comprehension, pronunciation, intonation, and conversation comprehension skills. The playback speed feature helps students control the audio speed according to their ability level, making the learning process more flexible and personalized. Consistent listening duration (15–30 minutes) is effective in supporting the development of listening skills without causing cognitive fatigue.