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This study examines the price elasticity of fresh cow’s milk on the demand for raw materials at Anisa Yoghurt Company using a demand theory approach. Milk is the main input in yoghurt production, making price fluctuations potentially influential on production decisions. The objective of this research is to analyze the responsiveness of raw milk demand to price changes and to identify the elasticity characteristics of milk demand in a small-scale food processing business. This study employs a quantitative case study method using primary data collected through weekly observations of milk prices and quantities purchased over a three-month period, from September to November. The analysis applies the midpoint elasticity formula to measure price elasticity of demand. The findings indicate that the demand for raw milk is consistently inelastic across the observed periods, as shown by elasticity values with absolute magnitudes less than one. Both price decreases and increases result in relatively small changes in the quantity demanded, indicating low sensitivity of demand to price fluctuations. These results suggest that raw milk is an essential production input, and purchasing decisions are driven more by production needs than by short-term price changes. The study implies that yoghurt producers should prioritize supply stability and production efficiency rather than adjusting purchase volumes in response to minor price changes. This research contributes empirical evidence on demand elasticity in dairy-based agro-industries, particularly at the small enterprise level.

Dropshipping is essentially a buying and selling process between a seller and a buyer using the internet. Dropshipping is a product sale that allows dropshippers to sell goods to customers using photos from suppliers or stores and then sell them to customers at a price determined by the dropshipper. The questions to be answered through this research are: a) How does the buying and selling process work using a dropship system? b) How does the buying and selling process work using a dropship system from a sharia economic perspective. The method used in this research includes descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data used are primary and secondary data obtained from verses of the Qur'an and the Hadith, books and journals, articles, and mass media, both print and electronic, related to the focus of the problem being studied in this research. The data analysis technique used in this research is the Miles and Huberman analysis model, using data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the Samsarah contract is a solution to dropship transactions. The original law is permissible or permissible if carried out in accordance with Islamic provisions.

Customer satisfaction is a central issue in marketing management, as it plays a crucial role in determining customer loyalty amid increasingly intense business competition. A comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing customer satisfaction is essential not only for academics in strengthening marketing theory but also for practitioners in designing effective service and product strategies. This article aims to address two research questions: (1) what are the dominant factors influencing customer satisfaction, and (2) how does customer satisfaction relate to customer loyalty? The study employed a qualitative literature review method. The data consisted of scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025, accessed through Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) using the keyword “customer satisfaction.” From an initial selection of 30 articles, 27 were identified as relevant, and 5 core articles were further analyzed. The findings reveal three main themes: product and service quality as the dominant determinants of customer satisfaction; price, brand image, and promotion as supporting factors; and customer trust as an important mediating variable in building loyalty. This study concludes that customer satisfaction serves as a strategic link between service quality and customer loyalty. Future research is encouraged to explore the roles of digitalization, customer experience, and sustainability in shaping long-term customer satisfaction.

This study aims to determine the influence of product, price, distribution channels, and promotion on customers’ purchasing decisions of Sweety baby diapers at PT Hansel Duta Niaga Pratama Batam. This research uses a quantitative approach. The population in this study consists of all customers who purchased Sweety baby diapers at PT Hansel Duta Niaga Pratama Batam. The sampling technique employed was purposive sampling, with a total of 105 respondents. The results indicate that, partially, the product and promotion variables have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, while price and distribution channels do not significantly influence purchasing decisions. Simultaneously, the variables of product, price, distribution channels, and promotion have a positive and significant effect on the purchasing decisions of Sweety baby diapers at PT Hansel Duta Niaga Pratama Batam. These findings are expected to serve as a useful reference for the company in developing more effective marketing strategies, particularly by focusing on improving product quality and promotional efforts to encourage consumer purchasing decisions.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Meta Ads, price, and product quality on the online purchase intention of digital products marketed through the Instagram account @cuantanpakamera. This study employs a quantitative approach. The population of this study consists of all 31,800 followers of the @cuantanpakamera Instagram account. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, involving 125 respondents. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 for Windows. The results indicate that Meta Ads, price, and product quality variables have a positive and significant effect on online purchase intention. Meta Ads was identified as the most dominant factor influencing online purchase intention. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.663 indicates that the independent variables are able to explain 66.3% of the variation in online purchase intention, while the remaining 33.7% is explained by other factors such as consumer trust, brand awareness, and so forth. This study emphasizes the importance of implementing effective digital advertising strategies and consistent product quality management to enhance consumer purchase intention in the era of social media-based marketing.

Selecting the right supplier is a critical aspect of supply chain management, especially in a retail business like Parfume Corner, which relies on product quality, availability, and on-time delivery. This study aims to implement the VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) method as a multi-criteria decision-making approach to determine the best perfume supplier. The VIKOR method was chosen because of its ability to handle conflicts between criteria and produce optimal compromise solutions. The evaluation criteria used include product quality, price, on-time delivery, after-sales service, and flexibility in negotiations. Data were collected from five potential suppliers through observation, interviews, and historical transaction documents. The analysis results showed that one supplier obtained the lowest VIKOR index score, thus being determined as the best compromise solution. The implementation of the VIKOR method proved effective in providing objective and transparent recommendations, which can support Parfume Corner's strategic decisions in building long-term partnerships with reliable suppliers. This approach can also be adapted by similar businesses to improve procurement efficiency and quality. The test results obtained were that in the expert test a Good value was obtained, namely 80%, while in the system test a Very Good conclusion was obtained, namely 100%.

The development of information technology has transformed trade from traditional markets to digital platforms, including Cash on Delivery (COD) payment systems. This study analyzes the integration of the COD system with the istishna contract in online transactions (specifically on Shopee), its implementation mechanisms, and its validity according to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah). The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach through digital observation and literature review. The focus of the study was on pre-order or custom product transactions made after a specification agreement between the buyer (mustashni') and seller (shani'). The results showed that the COD system is valid in the istishna contract because it allows for final payment upon receipt of the goods. This is in accordance with Sharia law as long as the product specifications are clear, the price is transparent, and the buyer's right to khiyar is fulfilled to ensure the goods conform to the contract. As long as it is free from riba (usury), gharar (gharar), and tadlis (tadlis), the COD method in istishna transactions reflects fairness, openness, and benefits for both parties in the digital economy ecosystem.

This study analyzes the forms of risk and risk management strategies in melon farming in Brebes as an impact of climate change. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied using a case study through in-depth interviews with a farmer who has more than ten years of experience, supported by secondary data from BPS, BAPPENAS, and related literature. The findings reveal four categories of major risks: market, financial, operational, and socio-environmental. High-level risks include climate variability, yield decline, and pest attacks. Medium-level risks involve production costs, water management, and price fluctuations, while low-level risks consist of limited weather information and agricultural extension services. Current strategies are still basic, including fertilization, pesticide application, and water channel arrangement. Strengthening adaptation is needed through irrigation technology, climate-resilient varieties, marketing diversification, and improved access to information and institutional support.

The objective is to analyze the competitiveness of modern retail through the integration of SWOT analysis as a basis for formulating more targeted strategies using qualitative descriptive methods. This paper identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that drive the performance of modern retail based on literature and empirical findings from various previous studies. The results of the analysis show that the main strengths of modern retail lie in product completeness, competitive prices, strategic locations, and operational efficiency. Meanwhile, weaknesses arise from suboptimal digitization, minimal online promotion, limited service innovation, and outdated inventory management. Meanwhile, opportunities arise from changes in digital-based shopping behavior, while threats emerge from the dominance of large retailers, e-commerce competition, and economic fluctuations. Based on the SWOT integration, a strategy is formulated that includes strengthening digitalization, optimizing online marketing, improving service quality, and modernizing operational systems to support long-term competitiveness.

The rapid development of smartphone technology today creates challenges for consumers and manufacturers in determining an objective price range based on highly varied technical specifications. This study aims to implement the Random Forest algorithm in classifying smartphone price ranges into four main categories, namely low, mid-range, high, and flagship. The research method was carried out systematically through the stages of loading a dataset of 2,000 entries, exploratory data analysis (EDA) to ensure data integrity, and model training with a training and testing data split of 80:20. The results showed that the Random Forest model achieved a significant overall accuracy rate of 89%. Based on feature importance analysis, it was found that RAM capacity was the most dominant determining factor, contributing 47% to prediction accuracy, followed by battery power and screen resolution as supporting features. These findings have strategic implications for manufacturers to prioritize memory capacity upgrades in determining product pricing in the market, as well as providing guidance for consumers in assessing the fairness of a device's price based on its technical capabilities.

Regional development faces dynamic challenges amid rapid economic growth driven by natural resource extraction. This study aims to identify leading economic sectors, analyze structural economic transformation, and evaluate the role of these sectors in regional development. The research employs a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. Secondary data consist of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) at constant prices over the past five years. The analytical techniques applied include Location Quotient analysis to identify base sectors, Shift-Share analysis to assess structural changes as well as comparative and competitive advantages, and Klassen Typology to classify sectoral growth patterns. The results reveal a structural shift from primary sectors, such as agriculture and fisheries, toward secondary sectors, including mining and manufacturing. Despite challenges related to development equity, these leading sectors serve as key drivers of regional economic growth. To maximize the contribution of leading sectors to broader regional development, this study recommends that government policies prioritize the strengthening of intersectoral linkages.

This research aims to examine how prices and reviews influence consumers 'purchasing decisions on the Shopee platform in Jambi City. The rapid development of e-commerce has encouraged consumers to be more careful and discerning when selecting products, making price and product reviews important considerations in buying decisions. This study employed a quantitative approach via a survey method for data collection. The questionnaires were distributed online and successfully gathered responses from active Shopee users in Jambi City. Purposive sampling was employed to make sure that respondents met research criteria. The information gathered underwent analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 27, which involved conducting assessments of validity, reliability, and classical assumptions, and multiple regression tests to see the impact of each variable on buying decisions. The study revealed that product price and reviews hold an important and relevant impact on consumer buying decisions. This research indicates that the more competitive the price and the better the quality, the bigger the possibility of customers buying products on Shopee.

This study aims to analyze the influence of prices and productivity on the welfare of independent oil palm farmers in Andabia Village, Anggaberi District, Konawe Regency. The number of respondents in this study was 24 people taken by census. The analysis method used includes descriptive statistical analysis, with multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that the influence of the palm oil price variable on the welfare of oil palm farmers is 0.02 one unit with a calculated t value greater than the t table value (1.924> 1.720) and a significance level smaller than 0.05 (0.02 <0.05) partially has a significant effect on the welfare of oil palm farmers. The influence of the productivity variable on the welfare of oil palm farmers is 0.000 one unit, with a calculated t value greater than the t table value (5.046> 1.663) and a significance level smaller than 0.05 (0.000 <0.05) partially has a significant effect on the welfare of oil palm farmers. The influence of palm oil price and productivity variables simultaneously has a significant influence on the welfare of oil palm farmers. From the F test, the results of the calculation of F count> F table (170,465> 3.07) with a significance level of 0.001 <0.05. This shows that the price and productivity variables together have a significant influence on the welfare of farmers in Andabia Village, Anggaberi District, Konawe Regency.

The principle of comparative advantage explains that every country or society, like individuals, can gain benefits from their trade activities by exporting goods or services in which they have a major comparative advantage and importing goods or services in which they do not. Based on the law of comparative advantage, even though a country may be less efficient (having an absolute disadvantage) compared to other countries in the production process, the structure of industrial performance can be seen through the analysis of industrial sector behavior analyzed through various strategies such as Price, Product, and promotion. The theory of comparative advantage related to the exchange of goods is relevant as long as the traded goods are still useful. In other words, Performance is defined as the result of activities influenced by the structure and behavior within the industrial sector, where these results are often measured by the size of a company's market share or profitability in an industry. In more detail, performance can also be reflected in the form of efficiency, development (including market expansion), job creation, employee welfare, and a sense of group pride.

The development of social media-based e-commerce, especially TikTok Shop, has created new challenges and opportunities in building customer loyalty, especially in the highly competitive local cosmetics industry. One of the most popular local brands is Emina, which targets young consumers with an affordable price approach and halal label. However, the level of customer loyalty is still a crucial issue that needs to be strengthened so that business sustainability is maintained. The urgency of this research lies in the need to understand how live streaming and halal labeling, as two relevant marketing strategies in the digital era, are able to shape purchasing interest that leads to customer loyalty. This study uses a quantitative approach with the PLS-SEM technique to test the relationship between variables with 115 TikTok Shop user respondents in Semarang City. The results show that live streaming and halal labeling have a significant effect on purchasing interest and customer loyalty, and purchasing interest is proven to mediate the relationship between the two variables and customer loyalty. These findings indicate the importance of integrating interactive visual approaches and religious belief values in digital marketing strategies for cosmetic products.

This study aims to analyze the influence of macroeconomic variables in the form of the dollar exchange rate, inflation, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the Composite Stock Price Index (JCI) in Indonesia for the period 2010–2024. The research method used is a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis using time series data obtained from Bank Indonesia, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The data analysis technique was carried out through classical assumption tests and hypothesis testing to determine the relationship between variables. The results of the study show that partially GDP has a significant effect on the JCI, while inflation and the dollar exchange rate tend not to have a significant effect. However, simultaneously these three variables have a significant influence on the JCI. These findings show that macroeconomic stability is very important in maintaining the performance of the capital market in Indonesia and can be a reference for investors in making investment decisions. In addition, the results of the study confirm that national economic growth is the main indicator that market participants pay attention to in assessing investment prospects. Therefore, the government needs to maintain economic stability through effective and sustainable fiscal and monetary policies.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the marketing mix in SMEs in the laundry service sector, focusing on the 7P elements: product, price, promotion, place, process, people, and physical evidence. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and documentation with laundry business owners. The results show that a diverse range of services, competitive pricing, strategic location, and structured work processes contribute to the sustainability of the business. However, challenges such as unpredictable weather, timeliness, limited facilities, and suboptimal promotion still pose barriers to improving service quality. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening digital promotion, modernizing equipment, and improving the accuracy and consistency of human resources (HR) to enhance the effectiveness of the marketing mix. With improvements in these areas, laundry SMEs can enhance their competitiveness and provide better service to customers, thus strengthening their position in a competitive market.

The problem faced is the decline in the performance of a 650 liter/minute centrifugal pump due to wear on components, especially the impeller, rolling bearings, and mechanical seals in supplying process water and clean water in industrial production systems. The planning objective is to obtain a maintenance schedule for a 650 liter/minute centrifugal pump for the operational period of 2026 and the ratio between maintenance costs and profits generated by the machine. The maintenance planning method includes collecting maintenance data from previous maintenance periods, reviewing centrifugal pump specifications, applying the inspection, replace, repair, and overhaul (IRRO) approach, estimating the age and price of components that are expected to be damaged, estimating the cost and duration of dismantling and installing components that have been repaired in accordance with the provisions of the requirements for usable components or replacement parts, scheduling maintenance and repairs, estimating maintenance and repair costs for the 2026 period, and determining the ratio of maintenance costs to profits. The planning results are in the form of a maintenance schedule for the 2026 period worth IDR 4,290,000,-, a maintenance cost to profit ratio of 7.44% and the implications indicate that the machine is still suitable for use and prospective for operations in the next few years.  

This study aims to examine the application of mocaf flour as a partial or complete substitute for wheat flour in the preparation of dadar gulung, a traditional Indonesian delicacy. The research is grounded in the potential of mocaf, which is gluten-free, rich in dietary fiber, and supports efforts to diversify food sources based on local commodities. A quantitative experimental method was employed with three flour formulations 50% wheat : 50% mocaf, 25% wheat : 75% mocaf, and 100% mocaf evaluated through organoleptic testing by 25 panelists with varying levels of experience. The assessment parameters included color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall perception. The findings indicate that the formulation containing 100% achieved the highest overall score, followed by the 75% mocaf and 25% wheat blend, while the 50% mocaf and 50% wheat formulation ranked lowest. These results suggest that a dominant proportion of mocaf can maintain the sensory quality of the product, although full substitution requires further optimization to enhance consumer acceptance. This research contributes to the development of healthier innovations in traditional foods, offers a gluten-free alternative for individuals with dietary restrictions, and promotes the sustainable utilization of local resources.

This study aims to analyze the comparison of small business development strategies in improving the income of traders in traditional markets around Medan City. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using interviews, observations, and documentation involving three traders of fruit, vegetables, and tomatoes. The results show that each trader applies different strategies depending on the characteristics of their commodities and business capacity. Fruit and tomato traders tend to implement quality sorting, price adjustments, and trust-building through honest customer service. Meanwhile, the vegetable trader relies more on traditional approaches such as giving bonuses to customers. Market facilities significantly influence the effectiveness of business strategies, where traders with proper stalls are better able to maintain income stability compared to those using temporary tents in muddy and uncomfortable areas. Seasonal factors also strongly affect income fluctuation as they determine the quality and supply of commodities. This study concludes that small business development strategies in traditional markets are shaped not only by traders’ managerial abilities but also by market infrastructure conditions and external environmental factors. It is recommended that market managers improve market facilities to support the sustainability of small traders’ businesses.