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The era of globalization presents challenges of moral degradation among students, including intolerance, individualism, and declining nationalism. These issues make character strengthening through Civic Education (PKn) a national priority. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of PKn in shaping students’ character, particularly the values of religiosity, nationalism, independence, mutual cooperation, and integrity. The research employed a qualitative Library research design using secondary data from 18 scientific journals and 2 books published between 2021 and 2026. Data were collected through literature review and analyzed using content and thematic analysis to identify patterns of PKn implementation and its impact. The findings indicate that PKn effectively develops Good citizenship through character education based on Pancasila. Effective strategies include teacher role modeling, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), and digital media such as infographics and gamification. These approaches were reported to improve empathy, national loyalty, and integrity among students. The Merdeka Curriculum further supports character development by emphasizing affective learning through authentic projects. Challenges arising from foreign cultural influences can be addressed through collaboration among schools, families, and communities. The study concludes that PKn plays a significant role in strengthening students’ character and supporting the realization of Golden Indonesia 2045 through sustainable character education.

This research is motivated by the problems in manual attendance systems at schools, which remain vulnerable to fraud, time-consuming, and inefficient. The expected solution is to develop an automated attendance system based on face recognition that can operate in realtime with high accuracy. The research object is vocational high school students, with the applied method implementing the YOLO v10 algorithm for face detection, followed by the face_recognition library for identification. The instruments used include an Imou CCTV camera as the input device, a mid-range laptop as the hardware platform, and Python with SQLite as the software environment for data processing and attendance storage. The results show that the developed system achieved an average face detection accuracy of 96% under normal lighting and 91% under low lighting, with an average processing speed of 27 FPS. The implementation of an anti-duplication feature also ensured data validity by allowing each student to be recorded only once per day. In conclusion, the use of YOLO v10 in face-based attendance proved to be effective, efficient, and capable of reducing fraud. The implication of this study is that the system can be applied in both Islamic boarding schools and general schools as a modernization of attendance systems, with a recommendation for further development through web-based application and cloud database integration.

This study examines teachers’ strategies in instilling citizenship values among students to develop democratic character and social responsibility. The background of this study is rooted in the increasing need to strengthen students’ civic awareness and character in the face of rapid social and technological changes. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze effective strategies used by teachers in integrating citizenship values into the learning process. This study employs a library research method by analyzing various relevant academic sources, including journals, books, and scholarly articles related to citizenship education and character development. The findings indicate that effective strategies include student-centered learning approaches, the integration of character education into civic education, the use of inquiry-based learning methods, and the utilization of technology to enhance student engagement. Additionally, extracurricular activities and a democratic classroom environment play a significant role in reinforcing students’ understanding and application of citizenship values. These strategies contribute to the development of students’ critical thinking, participation skills, and social awareness. The implications of this study suggest that teachers need to continuously innovate and adapt their teaching strategies to meet the evolving needs of students and societal demands. Furthermore, educational institutions should provide adequate support and resources to optimize the implementation of citizenship education in fostering responsible and democratic citizens.

The study aims to analyze the role of digital media as a distracting factor affecting the faith loyalty of Catholic adolescents in their relationship with God amid religious pluralism in Indonesia. The development of digital media has transformed how adolescents understand, express, and live out their faith, while simultaneously presenting both opportunities and ambivalent challenges. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method, analyzing various theological, sociological sources, and Church documents. The findings indicate that digital media can serve as a broad and participatory space for expressing faith, but it also has the potential to create distractions in three main dimensions: cognitive, affective, and practical. Cognitively, adolescents experience confusion in understanding faith teachings due to the diversity of information available. Affectively, there is a shift in orientation from a relationship with God toward the pursuit of emotional gratification in digital spaces. Practically, there is a decline in engagement in concrete religious practices. Within the context of religious pluralism, this complexity intensifies and influences the formation of adolescents’ faith identity. This study also finds that digital media does not only have negative impacts but also holds positive potential as a means of deepening faith when used critically and reflectively. Therefore, the role of the Church is essential through contextual, dialogical, and integrative pastoral accompaniment combined with critical digital literacy. Through this approach, adolescents are expected to integrate their digital experiences into a more mature, authentic faith life rooted in a deeper relationship with God.

This study aims to analyze the relevance of Robert Raikes' Christian educational thinking to the character formation of children in contemporary Sunday School services. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data were obtained from various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and research articles related to Christian education, character education, and the history of Sunday School development. Data analysis techniques were carried out through the stages of data reduction, grouping themes, interpretation, and drawing conclusions using descriptive qualitative methods. The results show that Robert Raikes' thoughts remain relevant in modern Christian education, especially in the formation of children's character through the teaching of God's Word, discipline, role models, and the instilling of Christian values. Sunday School plays an important role as a means of fostering faith, morality, and social responsibility in children from an early age. In addition, the challenges of the digital era require churches to develop more creative, interactive, and contextual learning methods without abandoning the basic values ​​of the Christian faith. This study confirms that the success of children's character formation depends not only on the church, but also on the role of Sunday School teachers and families who work together to build a conducive spiritual environment. Thus, Robert Raikes' thinking makes an important contribution to the development of Christian education that is relevant in the modern era.

This study aims to examine the position of Pancasila as a grundnorm within the Indonesian constitutional system and the role of Islamic Religious Education as an ethical foundation in strengthening constitutional principles from the perspective of Islamic sociological legal theory. The methodology employed is a qualitative approach using library research, involving the analysis of various relevant literature sources. The findings indicate that Pancasila plays a fundamental role in the Indonesian legal system, serving as the highest norm in the hierarchy of laws, while also functioning as an ethical guideline in the life of the nation and the state. Islamic Religious Education plays a significant role in shaping the moral constitution through the understanding of values such as honesty, justice, responsibility, and trustworthiness, in line with the principles of Pancasila. The integration of Pancasila values and Islamic teachings, viewed through the lens of sociological law, demonstrates that effective law is not merely normative but also responsive to social realities. Therefore, Islamic sociological legal theory can strengthen the Indonesian constitutional system through the integration of normative, moral, and sociological values, resulting in a more responsive, just, and contextually relevant legal system.

This study aims to analyze and compare the concept of sale and purchase contract in Fathul Qorib and Fathul Mu’in as two important references in Islamic commercial jurisprudence within the Shafi‘i school. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method by examining literature relevant to the discussion of sale and purchase contracts. The findings show that both books view sale and purchase as a contract of exchanging property for property that results in the legal transfer of ownership. The validity of the contract is determined by the fulfillment of the pillars and requirements of sale and purchase, including the contracting parties, the sighat in the form of offer and acceptance, and the object of the transaction, which must be clear, lawful, beneficial, and deliverable. Fathul Qorib explains the concept of sale and purchase briefly and systematically, particularly regarding definitions, requirements of goods, prohibition of usury, khiyar, salam, rahn, and debts. Meanwhile, Fathul Mu’in provides a broader and more analytical explanation, covering the requirements of contracting parties, various forms of khiyar, prohibited transactions such as usury, ihtikar, and najasy, as well as disputes in sale and purchase. Thus, Fathul Qorib serves as a basic foundation, while Fathul Mu’in expands the discussion more applicatively. Both books complement each other in understanding sale and purchase contracts comprehensively.

Gesture  recognition  technology  is  used  to  detect  movements  through  image processing,   enabling  computers  or digital devices to understand and interpret human  body  movements  as  input  or  commands.   This  technology  has  great potential  to bridge communication between the deaf community and individuals without   hearing   impairments,    enhancing  interaction  and  enriching  mutual understanding between the two.  However,  the accuracy ofgesture recognition is often  affected  by variations in the distance between hand landmarks.  Based on this problem,  this research proposes a methodfor stabilizing the measurement of distances between landmark points  in gesture recognition through a polynomial regression  approach.   Specifically,   the  distance  between  hand  landmarks  is calculated and stabilized using polynomial  regression to improve the accuracy of gesture recognition.  This method is implemented using the MediaPipeframework to detect and track hands in real-time,  and the OpenCV library to manage video. The  research  results  show  that  this  approach  can  significantly  improve  the stability  and accuracy  of gesture detection.   The developed system successfully detects gestures for  letters A  through F with a high accuracy  rate,  averaging above 98,3%.  The use ofpolynomial regression helps enhance detection accuracy by reducing noise in the landmark data.

Child marriage remains a significant issue in legal practice in Indonesia, despite the establishment of a minimum age requirement under Law Number 16 of 2019. In practice, the mechanism of marriage dispensation is often utilized without fulfilling the standard of “urgent reasons” as required by statutory regulations. This study aims to analyze the meaning of “urgent reasons” in granting marriage dispensation and to examine the judge’s considerations in Decision Number 442/Pdt.P/2023/PA.Krw based on Supreme Court Regulation Number 5 of 2019. This research is a normative legal study employing statutory and case approaches. Legal materials were obtained through library research and analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method with a deductive approach. The findings conclude that “urgent reasons” should be interpreted strictly as real and objectively verifiable emergency circumstances. However, in the decision, the judge granted the application without clear emergency conditions, relying instead on the prospective husband’s financial readiness and the child’s status as mukallaf. This indicates a discrepancy between legal norms and judicial practice, as well as the suboptimal application of the principle of the best interests of the child.

The acceptance of family witnesses in divorce cases resulting from violations of taklik talak remains a subject of legal debate within the Indonesian Religious Courts. This debate arises from the normative tension between Article 145 of the Het Herziene Indonesisch Reglement (HIR), which restricts testimony from family members, and the need to uncover material truth in private domestic disputes, particularly in default judgments where the defendant fails to appear before the court. This study aims to analyze the legal basis underlying judges’ considerations in accepting family witnesses in divorce cases caused by violations of taklik talak, using Decision Number 32/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Pkl as a case study. The research employs a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through library research and document analysis of relevant court decisions. The analysis links legal facts with procedural law in religious courts, the theory of rechtsvinding, and the concept of substantive justice. The findings indicate that the acceptance of family witnesses can be legally justified based on Article 76 of Law Number 7 of 1989 concerning Religious Courts as a lex specialis provision, the judges’ authority to conduct legal discovery under Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power, and principles of ushul fiqh and fiqhiyyah that support the realization of substantive justice. This study offers a reconstruction of the juridical legitimacy of family witness acceptance through the integration of positive law and Islamic law to strengthen legal certainty in religious court practices.

Jaringan 5G, sebagai generasi kelima teknologi seluler, menyediakan kecepatan internet ultratinggi, latensi minimal, dan konektivitas superior dibandingkan pendahulunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji evolusi, manfaat, serta hambatan implementasi 5G dalam berbagai domain kehidupan. Pendekatan metodologis yang diterapkan adalah studi pustaka (Library Research) dengan pengumpulan data dari literatur primer seperti buku, jurnal ilmiah, dan artikel peer-reviewed. Temuan penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa 5G menghasilkan dampak transformasional positif pada pendidikan (VRlearning), kesehatan (telesurgery), industri (Industry4.0), transportasi (V2X), dan smart city ecosystems. Meski demikian, deployasi 5G terkendala oleh biaya infrastruktur masif, keterbatasan device ecosystem, serta vulnerabilitas keamanan siber. Rekomendasi: Diperlukan integrasi advanced security frameworks dan dukungan infrastruktur policy-driven untuk optimalisasi adopsi dan sustainability jaringan 5G.

This study aims to analyze the influence of red tape on public satisfaction with public services in Indonesia. The research focuses on the definition of red tape, the characteristics of administrative procedures in public services, the level of public satisfaction, the influence of red tape on public satisfaction, and the factors influencing the relationship between red tape and public satisfaction. This study used a library research method with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were obtained through collecting various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, articles, and previous research results relevant to the research topic. The results indicate that red tape is a long, complicated, and excessive bureaucratic procedure that hinders the effectiveness of public services. Furthermore, the results indicate that the quality of human resources, service transparency, bureaucratic culture, and the use of information technology are factors influencing the relationship between red tape and public satisfaction. Digitalization of public services and bureaucratic reform are important solutions to reduce red tape and improve the quality of public services in Indonesia. Thus, it can be concluded that red tape has a significant influence on the level of public satisfaction with public services. Therefore, the government needs to simplify administrative procedures and improve service quality to create effective, efficient, and community-oriented public services.

Expressive short story reading instruction requires both verbal and nonverbal skills so that students can convey the story’s content in a communicative and meaningful way. However, the instructional models currently in use tend to focus on only one aspect, resulting in suboptimal development of oral expression. This study aims to describe the innovative design of the Story Physical Expression (SPE) learning model for expressive short story reading instruction. The study employs a library research method with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were obtained from various books, scientific articles, and relevant research findings, then analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results indicate that the SPE model was developed through the reconstruction of the storytelling and Total Physical Response (TPR) models by integrating verbal and nonverbal skills into a single learning sequence. This model consists of seven components: stimulation and motivation, story reading examples, exploration of physical expression, guided expression practice, story performance, feedback and reflection, and evaluation and reinforcement. The novelty of the SPE model lies in the integration of story immersion, intonation, pronunciation, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements in the expressive learning of short stories. The SPE model serves as an alternative instructional model that can be used to develop students’ oral expression skills in Indonesian language learning.

This research is based on the importance of studying Malay-Jawi religious manuscripts as a source of transmission of Islamic teachings in the archipelago, particularly in the field of monotheism. The study aims to examine the textual content of Jawi manuscripts containing the treatise of monotheism, especially the concept of the sentence of monotheism and the attributes of twenty, and to explain their position in the intellectual tradition of Malay Islam. The research employs This research is based on the importance of studying Malay-Jawi religious manuscripts as a source of transmission of Islamic teachings in the archipelago, particularly in the field of monotheism. The study aims to examine the textual content of Jawi manuscripts containing the treatise of monotheism, especially the concept of the sentence of monotheism and the attributes of twenty, and to explain their position in the intellectual tradition of Malay Islam. The research employs a qualitative method with a philological approach and content analysis. Primary data consist of Jawi manuscripts, while secondary data are obtained through library research. Data were collected through documentation and literature review and analyzed descriptively. The findings reveal that the manuscripts contain systematically arranged monotheistic teachings, including the meaning of lā ilāha illa Allāh through the principles of negation and affirmation, as well as the concept of faith involving the heart, speech, and actions. The manuscripts also explain the twenty attributes within the classifications of nafsiyah, salbiyah, ma‘ani, and ma‘nawiyah, reflecting the theological framework of Ahlussunnah wal Jama‘ah. These manuscripts function as both religious texts and pedagogical media, highlighting the importance of preserving Nusantara Islamic manuscripts as part of the region’s intellectual heritage.

Librarians, as information specialists, play a vital role in managing and providing access to digital libraries. Despite the availability of digital information through repositories and digital libraries, a gap remains between users and their effective utilization. This underscores the importance of librarians in facilitating access and supporting users. This study analyzes the role, competencies, and challenges faced by librarians at the UPA Library of the University of Bengkulu in the digital knowledge ecosystem. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with four librarians and two users, direct observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed using data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that librarians act as information specialists by providing access through the OPAC system, repositories, digital libraries, e-journals, Springer Digital References, Instagram, and the library website. They evaluate and ensure credible digital information sources, preserve and back up collections, and assist users in information searches. However, librarians face challenges such as budget constraints, low user awareness, limited human resources, network issues, restricted access, and inadequate collections. These findings contribute to understanding the role of librarians as information specialists.

Assessment practices in Indonesian language learning at vocational high schools are still predominantly oriented toward written tests and cognitive achievement, resulting in limited measurement of communicative competence, language politeness, and self-control. This condition is not fully aligned with the characteristics of vocational education, which prepares students to meet workplace demands through professional communication skills and strong personal character. This study aims to develop an integrative authentic assessment model based on language politeness and self-control in Indonesian language learning at vocational high schools. The study employed a qualitative approach using library research by analyzing 16 relevant references consisting of journal articles, policy documents, and supporting academic sources. Data were analyzed through identification, classification, comparison, interpretation, and conceptual synthesis. The findings reveal that the proposed model should integrate four principal dimensions: linguistic knowledge, language skills, language politeness, and self-control. The model may be implemented through contextual assessment tasks such as presentations, job interview simulations, customer service practices, digital portfolios, peer assessment, and reflective evaluation. This model offers a more comprehensive assessment framework and may serve as a practical guideline for teachers in evaluating students’ academic competence, communication ethics, and work readiness. The study contributes to the development of character-based assessment innovation in vocational education..

Indonesia is recognized as a country with abundant mineral resources; however, the expansion of the mining sector has generated multidimensional moral inequality, encompassing an imbalance in economic benefit distribution between corporations and local communities, disregard for the intrinsic value of nature, and the marginalization of affected communities from decision-making. The dominance of the anthropocentric paradigm, which places humans as the center of value, is the root cause of this problem. This study aims to analyze moral inequality in Indonesia's mining practices, examine the anthropocentric paradigm in natural resource management, and formulate biocentric ethics as a just alternative. A qualitative approach with library research method was employed, collecting data from national scientific journals, official government reports, and environmental ethics literature, analyzed descriptively-critically through content analysis technique. Findings reveal three interrelated dimensions of moral inequality: inequality in benefit and burden distribution, inequality in recognizing the intrinsic value of nature, and inequality in participatory decision-making. A reconstruction of biocentric ethics grounded in the principles of non-maleficence, noninterference, fidelity, and restitutive justice offers a comprehensive value framework to address ecological moral deficits. This study concludes that a paradigmatic transformation from anthropocentrism to biocentrism, through Free Prior and Informed Consent implementation, the polluter pays principle, and care ethics-based governance, is a fundamental step toward ethical and sustainable mining practices.

Jaringan 5G, sebagai generasi kelima teknologi seluler, menyediakan kecepatan internet ultratinggi, latensi minimal, dan konektivitas superior dibandingkan pendahulunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji evolusi, manfaat, serta hambatan implementasi 5G dalam berbagai domain kehidupan. Pendekatan metodologis yang diterapkan adalah studi pustaka (Library Research) dengan pengumpulan data dari literatur primer seperti buku, jurnal ilmiah, dan artikel peer-reviewed. Temuan penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa 5G menghasilkan dampak transformasional positif pada pendidikan (VRlearning), kesehatan (telesurgery), industri (Industry4.0), transportasi (V2X), dan smart city ecosystems. Meski demikian, deployasi 5G terkendala oleh biaya infrastruktur masif, keterbatasan device ecosystem, serta vulnerabilitas keamanan siber. Rekomendasi: Diperlukan integrasi advanced security frameworks dan dukungan infrastruktur policy-driven untuk optimalisasi adopsi dan sustainability jaringan 5G.

This study aims to analyze the reconceptualization of national security in the digital era through the case of the 2021 Facebook data breach involving 533 million users across 106 countries. As digital technologies become increasingly integrated into governance, economic activities, and social interactions, cyber threats have emerged as a significant challenge to contemporary security frameworks. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using library research methods, drawing upon academic literature, official reports, and relevant policy documents. The findings indicate that national security has evolved from a traditional military-centered concept toward a broader and multidimensional framework that includes cyber threats as a form of non-traditional security challenge. The Facebook data breach demonstrates how cyber threats transcend geographical boundaries, involve complex attribution problems, and generate multidimensional impacts on individuals, societies, economies, and states. Through the lens of Securitization Theory developed by Buzan, Wæver, and de Wilde (1998), the incident illustrates how data security has become securitized as a matter of national and international concern. Furthermore, the Human Security framework proposed by UNDP (1994) highlights the vulnerability of individuals whose personal information becomes exposed in the digital environment. This study concludes that cybersecurity should be recognized as a fundamental pillar of national security in the digital age, requiring comprehensive strategies that integrate technological resilience, data protection regulations, human resource development, and international cooperation.

Surau is the oldest traditional Islamic educational institution in Minangkabau and played an important role in the development of Islamic education in Indonesia before the twentieth century. This study is motivated by the modern shift in understanding the function of surau, which is often viewed merely as a place of worship, whereas historically it possessed broader educational, social, and cultural functions. The research aims to analyze the origins and transformation of surau, identify the roles of influential figures in its development, and examine its social functions within Minangkabau society. This study employs a qualitative approach using the historical research method through library research based on various primary and secondary sources. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography to produce a systematic and factual historical account. The findings reveal that surau transformed from a Hindu-Buddhist ritual center into an Islamic educational institution that functioned as a center for religious instruction, character building, intellectual development, and social integration. Figures such as Syekh Burhanuddin Ulakan, Tuanku Nan Tuo, and Syekh Muhammad Djamil Djambek made significant contributions to the reform and development of the surau educational system. In addition, surau also served as a center for community deliberation, a residence for young men, and a space for moral and cultural development. The study implies that surau became an important foundation in shaping the Islamic educational system in the Nusantara by harmoniously integrating religious values, local culture, and social life.