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Learning strategies are a series of instructional actions that teachers must carry out in order for learning objectives to be achieved efficiently. The learning strategies used in the choir extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 4 Sewon include direct learning strategies, indirect learning strategies, and inquiry-based learning strategies, using demonstration, imitation, and drill methods . This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The object of the research is the learning strategies employed in choir extracurricular activities, with the research subjects being the extracurricular teachers and students. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, documentation, and literature study. Data validation is carried out using source triangulation and technique triangulation. Data analysis is conducted through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of the study show that the implementation of learning strategies in the choir extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 4 Sewon uses demonstration, imitation, and drill methods in a structured and effective manner. These methods are combined with direct, indirect, and inquiry-based learning strategies to enhance students' vocal skills and creativity. The impact of implementing these strategies is an improvement in singing ability, the development of self-confidence, creativity, and independence, as well as increased student motivation to actively participate in choir activities. The teacher acts as a facilitator who creates a space for independent and collaborative learning, making the learning process more enjoyable. This activity not only develops musical skills but also builds students' confidence and professionalism in various performance opportunities. With regular practice schedules and relevant song material, this extracurricular activity makes a positive contribution to the development of students' talents and character at school.

The world of education has undergone major changes since the advent of technology and the internet. Most students prefer new learning methods brought by technology rather than listening and writing in class which are considered outdated. The presence of technology such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) should be able to overcome the weakness of conventional learning methods and make it more interesting for students. Conventional learning activities in class such as writing and taking notes can be replaced by AI which is designed to perform tasks like humans. Therefore, this study was conducted by developing a system for recording and summarizing lectures using AI technology. The system development process uses the waterfall method as a guide, while the system modeling is created using the UML method. The application of AI technology into conventional learning methods can create a more interactive class by setting aside student's tasks like writing and taking notes, creating more interaction with the lecturer, resulting in a higher quality of education.

The purpose of this study is (1) to understand the ways and applications to improve the character of civic disposition-based manners  in grade XI students at Colomadu High School, (2) for what are the obstacles when improving the character of civic disposition-based manners  in grade XI students through PPKn learning, (3) to find out the efforts to overcome  obstacles in improving the character of students' manners. A qualitative research method with a type of case study that determines the views of the subject studied and observed in detail and in depth. The location of this research is at SMA N Colomadu. This research involved the Principal, Vice Principal for Student Affairs, PPKn Teachers, and Students.  Interviews, documentation, and observations were used in this study. The study uses source triangulation in checking the validity of the data and triangulation techniques to show the suitability of the research material with the reality in the field. The data analysis technique used is an interactive qualitative descriptive model that begins with data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that (1) the activities carried out by the school are activities with parents such as routine parenting activities, and students are always given motivation, literacy, and spirituality regarding the importance of civic disposition-based manners. (2) The obstacles faced by students do not understand the importance of politeness and cannot sort out negative things on social media and association. (3) Activities carried out as an improvement in the character  of civic disposition-based manners  in PPKn learning are by using project-based methods or analyzing case studies to improve students' polite character. They are given direction and guidance so that they have a good relationship and have morals that are in accordance with manners. Keywords: Character of Manners, Civic Disposition, Students, PPKn Learning  

Tujuan penelitian ini: 1) Untuk menganalisis game edukasi "KARISMA" dalam pembentukan karakter Merdeka Belajar pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 18 Surakarta tahun ajaran 2024 / 2025. 2)  Untuk mendeskripsikan persepsi siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 18 Surakarta dalam penggunaan game edukasi "KARISMA" dalam pembelajaran pada tahun ajaran  tahun ajaran 2024 / 2025. Bentuk  penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini melibatkan guru PPKn kelas VIII dan siswa kelas VIII. Sumber data yang digunakan sumber primer dan sumber data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi. Uji keabsahan dilakukan dengan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan teknik deskripsif kualitatif dengan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan: 1) Game edukasi "KARISMA" memiliki kontribusi positif terhadap pembentukan karakter Merdeka Belajar pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 18 Surakarta tahun ajaran 2024/2025. Game ini dirancang untuk menerapkan nilai-nilai karakter sesuai dengan Profil Pelajar Pancasila yang sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar. 2)  Persepsi siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 18 Surakarta terhadap penggunaan game edukasi "KARISMA" dalam pembelajaran cenderung positif. Persepsi siswa pada game ini sebagai media pembelajaran yang inovatif, menarik, dan relevan dengan kebutuhan siswa. Game "KARISMA" tidak hanya meningkatkan pemahaman siswa terhadap materi pembelajaran, tetapi juga memotivasi mereka untuk lebih aktif, kreatif, dan mandiri dalam belajar. Kata Kunci : Persepsi, Game Edukasi, “KARISMA”     The objectives of this study were: 1) To analyze the educational game "KARISMA" in the developing Merdeka Belajar characters in class VIII students of SMP Negeri 18 Surakarta in the 2024/2025 academic year. 2) To describe the perceptions of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 18 Surakarta in the use of the educational game "KARISMA" in the 2024/2025 academic year. This research method is qualitative descriptive. The subjects of this study were civics teachers in grade and students in grade VIII. The data sources used are primary sources and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques used were through observation, interviews, documentation. Data validity testing was carried out using source triangulation and methods triangulation. The data in this study were analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques with an interactive analysis model. The results of this study  could be e concluded: 1) The educational game "KARISMA" has a positive contribution to the development of the Merdeka Belajar character in students in class VIII students of SMP Negeri 18 Surakarta in the 2024/2025 academic year. This game is designed to apply  character values ​​in accordance with the Profil Pelajar Pancasila which was in accordance  with the principles of the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum. 2) The perception of students in class VIII towards the use of the educational game "KARISMA" in tended to be positive. The Students' perceptions of this game as an innovative, interesting, and relevant learning media to students' needs. The "KARISMA" game not only improves students' understanding of the learning material, but also motivates them to be more active, creative, and independent in learning. Keywords: Perception, Educational Game, "KARISMA"

This study is motivated by the low learning interest of students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Manbail Futuh Jenu due to conventional teaching methods that are less engaging. The purpose of this research is to develop and implement hands-on activity-based learning media and to evaluate its effectiveness in increasing students’ learning interest. The method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that hands-on activity-based media significantly improve students’ learning interest, conceptual understanding, and critical thinking skills. Students become more enthusiastic, active, and independent in the learning process. Despite challenges such as limited tools and time, this media positively impacts the teaching and learning process. The implications emphasize the importance of developing interactive and practical learning media, along with the need for facility support and teacher training to optimally implement hands-on activities at MI. Thus, hands-on activity-based media can be an effective strategy to enhance the quality of education at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah level.

The development of information technology in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era requires the younger generation to possess digital literacy skills, one of which is computer programming. Programming is not only a technical skill but also helps in developing logical, systematic, and creative thinking. This study aims to describe the implementation and results of Java-based basic programming literacy training for 30 SMA 3 students. The students were selected based on their interests and recommendations from teachers. The training was held in a computer laboratory, utilizing a learning-by-doing approach with methods that included material delivery, demonstrations, and hands-on practice. Evaluation was conducted through both theory tests and simple programming tasks. The results indicated an average 30% increase in understanding of structured programming concepts compared to before the training. Additionally, 85% of the students were able to successfully complete tasks involving the creation of simple programs using variables, operators, branching, and loops. Beyond the technical skills, the training also had a positive impact on non-technical skills such as self-confidence, teamwork, and critical thinking. In conclusion, this training program successfully met its goal of enhancing students’ basic programming literacy and can serve as a practical learning model that aligns with the needs of the digital era, encouraging active participation in the digital world.

This study aims to analyze the impact of recruiting Vocational High School (SMK) Mechanical Engineering graduates on the quality of education at the Naval Academy (AAL) Technical Corps. Using a mixed methods approach with quasi-experimental design, the research involved 160 Naval Academy cadets consisting of 80 cadets with SMK Mechanical Engineering background and 80 cadets with Senior High School Science background as control. Data were collected over 4 semesters through academic achievement instruments, technical competency tests, academic adaptation scales, and in-depth interviews. Results showed that although SMK cadets experienced initial academic adaptation challenges with lower GPA in the first semester (3.12 vs 3.28), this gap narrowed over time and even showed positive trends in the final semester (3.41 vs 3.38). SMK cadets demonstrated significant superiority in technical subjects such as Ship Propulsion Systems (85.2 vs 78.9) and Auxiliary Machinery (83.7 vs 76.4), particularly in practical components. In terms of social adaptation, the SMK group consistently showed higher scores throughout the research period. Learning style analysis revealed dominance of kinesthetic (47%) and visual (31%) preferences in the SMK group, different from the SHS group which preferred read/write (38%) and auditory (29%). These findings indicate that recruiting SMK Mechanical Engineering graduates has a positive impact on the quality of AAL education, particularly in applied technical competencies and social adaptation abilities. Educational background diversity can become a strategic strength if managed through appropriate bridging programs and diversification of learning methods that accommodate the diversity of cadet learning styles.

Arabic language instruction has traditionally centered on classical Islamic texts, emphasizing rote memorization, mastery of grammar (naḥw), and rhetorical eloquence (balāghah), which, while preserving linguistic authenticity, often fail to meet the evolving educational demands of the 21st century. In an age marked by rapid technological advancement and shifting pedagogical paradigms, there is a critical need to reform Arabic teaching by integrating traditional methods with digital tools and interdisciplinary approaches. This study adopts a qualitative, literature-based methodology to explore both the foundational principles of classical pedagogy and recent innovations, including learning management systems, gamification, and AI-enhanced learning technologies. Through comparative analysis, the research identifies key disjunctions and overlaps between heritage-based teaching and modern digital practices. From this synthesis, the study proposes a reconstructed pedagogical model built on four core elements: cognitive-linguistic scaffolding, digital integration, sociocultural contextualization, and multidisciplinary instruction. This integrative approach not only fosters greater student engagement but also promotes character development in line with the objectives of Islamic education (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah). Furthermore, it supports a more adaptive and culturally responsive learning environment, contributing to broader educational reform efforts aimed at holistic learning. The findings suggest that such a model is particularly well-suited to Islamic higher education contexts while also being adaptable to global academic systems. By bridging the gap between tradition and innovation, this framework offers both a theoretical and practical foundation for modernizing Arabic language pedagogy. It holds implications for curriculum development, instructional strategies, and educational policy, advocating for a future-oriented yet culturally rooted approach to language education that respects heritage while embracing necessary transformation.

Science continues to advance over time. This development has led to the birth of various new technologies that mark the progress of the times. Currently, technology has entered the digital era, where almost all areas of life are beginning to utilize these advances to increase work efficiency and effectiveness. In Indonesia, digital transformation has also penetrated various sectors, including education. This change presents a significant opportunity for the world of education to expand access, improve the quality of learning, and encourage innovation in teaching methods. As an entity closely linked to human culture and civilization, education has undergone significant changes in the era of globalization. The use of digital technologies, such as online learning, learning management systems (LMS), and interactive media, has become an integral part of the educational process. This not only facilitates the delivery of material but also opens up more flexible and inclusive learning opportunities for various levels of society. However, behind these opportunities, challenges also arise, such as disparities in technology access, low digital literacy in some communities, and the need to adapt curricula and teaching methods to be relevant to current developments. Therefore, the success of educational transformation in the digital era depends not only on the availability of technology but also on the readiness of human resources, including educators and students, to optimize its use. Therefore, the development of digital science and technology has become a driving force for global educational change. Education is required to adapt quickly and accurately to produce a generation that is not only academically intelligent.

This community service program was implemented to strengthen the digital literacy and competencies of health cadres in Simogirang Village, Prambon Sub-district, Sidoarjo Regency, particularly in the recording and management of Posyandu (integrated health service post) data. The initiative responded to ongoing issues stemming from manual documentation methods, which were prone to human error, inefficiency, and lack of integration with regional health information systems. To address these challenges, the program delivered an IT-based training module using a combination of direct instruction, demonstrations, and hands-on simulations. The training emphasized the use of accessible and cost-effective tools such as Google Forms and Google Sheets, designed in alignment with the principles of adult learning (andragogy) and Kurt Lewin’s change management model to facilitate behavioral adaptation and technology acceptance among the participants. A total of 25 health cadres participated in the program. Pre- and post-training evaluations demonstrated significant improvement in digital skills, with 80% of participants achieving a minimum of 85% accuracy in completing digital forms and managing records. In addition, a prototype digital system based on Google Workspace was successfully piloted in two Posyandu locations. This system enhanced the timeliness, accuracy, and integration of health data reporting to local health centers (Puskesmas), offering a scalable and sustainable solution for grassroots healthcare data management. Despite the positive outcomes, the program also identified key challenges, notably limited internet infrastructure and varying levels of prior digital exposure among cadres. These findings underscore the need for continuous mentoring, support from local government stakeholders, and potential investment in digital infrastructure. Overall, the initiative contributes to Indonesia’s broader goals of digital transformation in public health, particularly at the village level.

This community service activity aimed to introduce and strengthen the understanding of sociopreneurship among students of SMA Islam Andalusia Kebasen through an experiential learning approach. The initiative responded to the need for youth empowerment programs that combine entrepreneurial skills with social responsibility, particularly those grounded in Islamic values. The one-day training was designed to be interactive and engaging, incorporating inspirational dialogues with practitioners, interactive simulations, role-plays, and value reflections. These methods were intended to create an immersive learning experience, enabling students to connect theory with real-world application. A total of 50 students participated in the program. The training focused on three main objectives: (1) developing the ability to identify and analyze social issues in their community, (2) designing solutions through the creation of social enterprises, and (3) integrating Islamic values into business practices to ensure ethical and sustainable entrepreneurship. Evaluation was conducted using pre- and post-training assessments, observation, and participant feedback. The results indicated that 70% of participants demonstrated a strong understanding of the concept of sociopreneurship after the training. Additionally, 76% successfully integrated Islamic values into their proposed business ideas, while over 60% were able to design simple but feasible social enterprise concepts addressing real social problems. Participants also reported increased awareness, empathy, creativity, and leadership skills as outcomes of the activity. The findings highlight that experiential learning-based sociopreneurship training is an effective method for cultivating youth’s capacity to initiate social change through entrepreneurial action. This program not only enhanced students’ knowledge and skills but also inspired them to become agents of positive transformation in their communities. It is recommended that schools establish follow-up initiatives, such as sociopreneur clubs, mentoring schemes, and project incubation programs, to ensure the sustainability and further development of students’ social enterprise ideas.

Background: The rapid advancement of digital technologies in the Industry 4.0 era has transformed industrial mechanical systems into highly interconnected and data driven environments through the integration of sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, and cyber physical systems. This increasing complexity requires more adaptive and accurate monitoring and prediction methods than conventional simulation approaches, which often face limitations in capturing real time dynamic system behavior. Objective: This study aims to develop a predictive performance model for industrial mechanical systems by integrating Digital Twin technology with Physics Informed Machine Learning in order to improve monitoring accuracy and support predictive maintenance strategies. Methods: This research adopts a data driven modeling and simulation approach by developing a digital representation of an industrial mechanical system that is connected to real time sensor data. The prediction model is constructed using a Physics Informed Neural Network (PINN), which integrates operational data with physical principles governing system dynamics. The research process includes the development of a Digital Twin model, integration of sensor data, training of the PINN model, model validation using experimental data, and evaluation of prediction performance using statistical metrics. Results: The results indicate that the integration of Digital Twin technology and PINN significantly improves the prediction accuracy of industrial mechanical system performance compared with conventional simulation methods and purely data driven machine learning models. The proposed model is capable of representing system dynamics more consistently, accurately following sensor data patterns, and providing strong potential for supporting machine condition monitoring and predictive maintenance strategies in modern industrial environments.

This study aims to develop learning media based on the Wordwall application in mathematics learning for grade 3 at MI Salafiyah 1 Kauman. The background of this study is the low interest and motivation of students in participating in mathematics learning, which is caused by less interesting learning methods and the lack of use of interactive media. By utilizing the Wordwall application, it is expected to increase student involvement through fun educational games. The method used in this study is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The development process begins with needs analysis, learning media design, media development using the Wordwall application, media implementation in learning, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the media developed. The results of the study showed that the Wordwall-based learning media developed had high validity with an average score of 90% from material and media experts. The practicality of the media was also obtained with an average score of 85% from teachers and students. The trial of media implementation in mathematics learning showed an increase in student motivation and learning outcomes. So, students will be more active in participating in learning and show a better understanding of the material being taught. Thus, Wordwall-based learning media has proven effective in increasing the motivation and learning outcomes of grade 3 students at MI Salafiyah 1 Kauman.

This research aims to: 1) Find out how the teacher's strategy in classroom management in learning moral beliefs at MTs of the al istiqomah karya education foundation for Kebumen regency. 2) To find out how the Role of Teacher Creativity in Improving Classroom Management in Moral Faith Learning at MTs of the Al Istiqomah Karya Guna Education Foundation, Kebumen Regency. 3) To find out the supporting and inhibiting factors of Teacher Creativity in Classroom Management in Moral Faith Learning at MTs of the Al Istiqomah Karya Education Foundation in Kebumen Regency. This research uses a qualitative approach where the type of research is field research. The data collection technique uses observation, interview, and documentation methods related to the role of teacher creativity in improving classroom management in learning moral beliefs. The analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawn. The results of the study showed that: 1) Teachers' strategies in classroom management in learning moral beliefs at MTs Al Istiqomah Karya Guna Education Foundation, Kebumen Regency. This includes setting up students' sitting positions every week, forming discussion groups, using learning media such as laptops and projectors, and providing constructive feedback. In addition, there are positive habits such as reading Asmaul Husna before learning begins to create a conducive classroom atmosphere. 2) The role of teacher creativity in improving classroom management in learning moral beliefs at MTs Al Istiqomah Karya Guna Education Foundation, Kebumen Regency. Teachers apply several approaches, such as taking turns seating each week, forming discussion groups, using learning media such as laptops and projectors, and providing constructive feedback. In addition, the habit of reading Asmaul Husna before the lesson starts is also carried out to foster discipline and a religious atmosphere in the classroom. Madrasah heads fully support this strategy by providing training for teachers, including training in the use of digital platforms and learning applications. 3) Supporting and Inhibiting Factors for Teacher Creativity in Classroom Management in Learning Moral Beliefs at MTs Al Istiqomah Karya Guna Education Foundation, Kebumen Regency. 1) Inhibiting factors from teachers. Heavy workloads such as teaching followed by extra-curricular teaching, superior classes or competition classes and other tasks at school that must be completed. 2) Student factors. a) Varying levels of student participation are sometimes an obstacle. Not all students are actively interacting, so it was difficult for me to create a dynamic and creative classroom atmosphere. This makes me have to continue to look for ways to make students more motivated and involved in the learning process. b) Students are difficult to manage or not communicative in the teaching and learning process.

Tarakan City as an archipelago with high maritime activity has a significant risk of water accidents, yet students' swimming skills are still low. This study aims to: (1) evaluate the context of swimming learning in the PJOK curriculum, (2) assess input readiness (teachers, facilities, costs), (3) analyze the learning implementation process, and (4) measure learning outcomes related to student skills and safety. The research used a descriptive qualitative approach with the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) evaluation model. Data sources include principals (4 people), physical education teachers (4 people), and students (16 people) from four junior high schools in Tarakan City. The research instruments were semi-structured interview guidelines, observation sheets, and curriculum document analysis. Data collection techniques were conducted through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The data were analyzed qualitatively using cost and benefit analysis techniques to identify the suitability of the program to the needs. The results show that the context of swimming learning is in accordance with the curriculum, but the swimming pool facilities depend on public facilities with limited access. The learning process is in accordance with the lesson plan, but the practice time (2 times/semester) is not sufficient to master the skills. Product evaluation results indicated a good understanding of water safety theory, but low practical swimming skills. Recommendations: (1) Increased frequency of swimming practice, (2) collaboration with local government for the provision of school swimming pools, and (3) teacher training in adaptive teaching methods for beginner students.

This study examined the effectiveness of applying the Logan Avenue Problem Solving (LAPS-Heuristic) learning model on mathematics learning outcomes among Class VII students at Wusto Imam An-Nasai Gowa using a one-group pretest–posttest design. The population consisted of all seventh-grade students enrolled in the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. A learning outcome test was employed as the primary research instrument to measure students’ performance before and after the implementation of the learning model. The data analysis involved descriptive statistical methods combined with gain tests to assess the extent of improvement. The findings revealed that students’ mathematics achievement fell predominantly within the very high category, with 53.85% of learners classified in this range, indicating a notable increase in category levels compared to their pretest performance. Furthermore, the percentage of students who successfully met the required minimum competency standards after the application of the LAPS-Heuristic model reached 96.15%. This outcome clearly illustrates that the vast majority of students—over 85%—achieved or exceeded the established passing threshold, suggesting that the integration of the LAPS-Heuristic approach was highly effective in enhancing mathematics learning outcomes. Overall, the results underscore that the LAPS-Heuristic learning model can serve as a practical and impactful strategy to improve student engagement, comprehension, and mastery of mathematical concepts in junior high school settings.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a performance management tool in the Employee Cooperative of PT Kedawung Setia Industrial, Tbk. Qualitative research methods were used with interviews, questionnaires, observation, and document analysis as data collection techniques. The application of BSC in the Employee Cooperative of PT Kedawung Setia Industrial, Tbk helps measure and monitor overall performance, ensuring that financial, customer, internal business, and learning and growth perspectives become the main focus. The results showed that the performance of the Employee Cooperative of PT Kedawung Setia Industrial, Tbk, when viewed through the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard, can be categorized as quite good. The active involvement of the management, members, and related parties in the implementation of BSC is the key to success in improving the performance of the PT Kedawung Setia Industrial, Tbk Employee Cooperative. This research contributes to the understanding of the concept of performance management in the context of cooperatives and provides a basis for further development in improving the effectiveness of cooperative performance management. The findings of this study have practical and theoretical implications that can help decision makers in cooperatives and researchers in the field of cooperative management.

This research aims to examine the implementation of Betawi cultural education in elementary school learning at SDN Karangantu to enhance students' cultural awareness. Using qualitative descriptive methods through observation, interviews, and documentation, this study investigates how Betawi cultural elements are integrated into the curriculum and their impact on students' understanding of local heritage. The research was conducted over three months involving 120 students from grades 1-6 and 8 teachers. Findings reveal that incorporating Betawi cultural elements such as traditional songs, folklore, and arts significantly improves students' cultural appreciation and identity formation. The study recommends systematic integration of local cultural content in elementary education curricula to preserve cultural heritage while enhancing educational quality.

This study explores the integration of blockchain technology with federated learning (FL) to enhance cross-organizational healthcare analytics while ensuring privacy and data security. Federated learning allows multiple institutions to collaboratively train machine learning models without sharing sensitive patient data. Instead, local data is used to train models, and only model parameters are exchanged. However, privacy concerns and data sharing inefficiencies have hindered broader healthcare collaboration. Blockchain, a decentralized ledger technology, addresses these concerns by ensuring data integrity and transparency, providing an immutable and tamper-proof record of all transactions. This study investigates how the combination of blockchain and federated learning can overcome these challenges, facilitating secure and efficient data sharing between healthcare institutions. The study uses synthetic multi-institution healthcare datasets to simulate real-world collaboration scenarios. The blockchain-enabled federated learning system ensures that no raw patient data is shared, significantly reducing the risk of privacy breaches while still allowing healthcare institutions to collaborate on predictive model development. The results show that while there is a slight decrease in model accuracy compared to centralized methods, the trade-off is outweighed by the privacy and security benefits. Blockchain’s integration ensures that model updates are transparent, enhancing trust between institutions and reducing concerns about data integrity. Moreover, the use of blockchain’s smart contracts automates and enforces compliance, further streamlining collaboration. This research contributes to the field by demonstrating how blockchain-integrated federated learning can create a secure, scalable, and privacy-preserving framework for collaborative healthcare analytics. The findings underscore the potential for this approach to enhance healthcare outcomes and improve decision-making across institutions while ensuring patient data protection.

The integration of autonomous systems in traffic management has become increasingly important as urban populations and vehicle numbers continue to rise, leading to significant congestion. Traditional traffic signal control systems, which rely on fixed timing, are no longer sufficient to handle the dynamic and complex nature of urban traffic. To address these challenges, the proposed explainable Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework aims to optimize traffic signal control by dynamically adjusting traffic signals based on real-time data. This approach enhances traffic flow efficiency, reduces congestion, and improves overall system performance. The framework leverages Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, which enables real-time data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, and other road users, extending the perception range of autonomous vehicles and providing valuable insights for traffic signal optimization. Additionally, the integration of smart infrastructure, such as smart intersections, plays a crucial role in enabling adaptive traffic management and facilitating better coordination across multiple intersections. One of the key advantages of the proposed system is its transparency, achieved through the implementation of explainable AI (XAI) techniques. These mechanisms provide clear insights into the decision-making processes, ensuring that traffic management authorities and system users can understand the rationale behind the system’s decisions. Although challenges such as data accuracy, scalability, and cybersecurity risks remain, the proposed DRL framework shows great promise in revolutionizing traffic management systems. Future research directions include enhancing data collection methods, improving the scalability of the system for larger cities, and further developing explainability features to improve trust and adoption in real-world applications.