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Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a commonly used nonprescription cough suppressant that has gained field of science attention with its growing complex pharmacological effects and increased incidences of nonmedical use. This review is focused on pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics and CNS effects of DXM, especially on its action mechanism and the interaction with neural circuits and neurotransmitter systems. Although DXM has retained clinical utility as an antitussive, and has demonstrated potential as an off-label agent for neuropsychiatric disease, the recreational use of high doses can have harmful effects on the nervous system. At high doses DXM is capable of dissociation and hallucination similar to those induced by some opioids and NMDA antagonists, altering both mental status and cognition while being associated with neurotoxic effects. In this article, review and compare the similarities and differences between DXM and classic opioids in terms of their potential for abuse and their neurological effects. By case examples and existing epidemiological data, it also highlights the mounting abuse of DXM, most notably by children and young adults, posing a pressing public health challenge. Legislation on DXM is also described and differences in legislative response worldwide are highlighted. Finally, the article finishes by emphasizing the requirement for further studies involving other disciplines to detail the long-term neurological consequences of DXM abuse and to promote integrated public health interventions targeting education, prevention, and clinical treatment.

Infertility is a global health problem that has significant social and psychological impacts. Factors such as environmental and occupational factors, physical activity, and poor nutrition can increase the risk of infertility. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is one of the main interventions used to treat infertility, with in vitro fertilization (IVF) being the most common method. In IVF, there are two methods of embryo transfer: frozen embryo transfer (FET) and fresh embryo transfer (ET). This study aims to compare the live birth rate between frozen and fresh embryo transfer in IVF programs and assess the risk of preeclampsia associated with both embryo transfer methods. A literature review was conducted by searching 20 scientific articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using inclusion criteria and the PICO strategy and PRISMA flow chart. Inclusion criteria included publications from the last 10 years, English language, and human studies. The results showed that both methods produced comparable live birth rates (LBR) with FET slightly superior to ET, depending on the patient's condition and characteristics. On the other hand, there was a significantly increased risk of preeclampsia in FET, especially in patients using the artificial cycle protocol (AC-FET). The conclusion of this review is that FET and ET methods are effective in achieving pregnancy and there is an increased risk of preeclampsia in FET especially AC-FET which needs further consideration.

Stunting is a serious public health problem in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of Supplementary Feeding Program (PMT) implementation on the success of stunting reduction programs in Lanji Village, Patebon District, Kendal Regency. The research method uses a quantitative approach with explanatory research type. The research population is families with stunted children totaling 48 respondents using census sampling technique. Data collection used questionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used product moment correlation and significance test. The results showed that PMT implementation had a score of 80% (very high category), and success in stunting reduction 73% (high category). Correlation test results show a significant relationship between PMT implementation and stunting reduction success (r=0.61), show that the hypothesis is accepted at a significance level of 5%.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern in Indonesia. Active family involvement in both prevention and treatment is crucial; however, many families have yet to fulfill their health-related responsibilities effectively. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of health education through the IKAT TB (Tuberculosis Health Information) application on family health responsibilities in the prevention and treatment of pulmonary TB. A pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach was used. The sample consisted of 46 respondents selected through total sampling. The intervention involved providing education via the IKAT TB application, and data were collected using a family health responsibility questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed an increase in family health responsibility scores following the educational intervention. The Wilcoxon test produced a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention scores. The findings suggest that health education delivered through the IKAT TB application is effective in enhancing family engagement in TB prevention and treatment. Digital media platforms such as mobile applications offer accessible information and can strengthen family involvement in TB care.

Slum areas in Pekanbaru City are being addressed by the local government, including the Meranti Pandak Sub-district. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Meranti Pandak Sub-district government in maintaining environmental cleanliness in slum areas and to identify the inhibiting factors affecting its effectiveness (Case Study: Slum Area in Meranti Pandak Sub-district, Pekanbaru City). Environmental issues in this area are of major concern due to their impact on public health and quality of life. The study applies Duncan’s theory (as cited in Nurmalasari & Supriyadi, 2021), which highlights three indicators: goal achievement, integration, and adaptation. Data collection methods include observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the sub-district government's efforts have not been fully effective. This is evident from poorly targeted programs, unequal service distribution among residents, low community participation, and weak monitoring and evaluation by the local authorities. Additional obstacles include unresolved waste management issues, limited budget, and non-permanent building structures. To improve effectiveness, the study recommends more focused program planning, sustainable community empowerment, and enhanced cross-sectoral coordination.

This Community Service Program (PKM) was implemented in response to the high usage of social media among students, particularly Instagram, which often becomes a platform for cyberbullying. This phenomenon becomes increasingly complex when students come from diverse cultural backgrounds. Comments or posts considered normal in one culture may be perceived as offensive in another. A lack of cultural sensitivity often triggers digital conflict and bullying, which can negatively impact students' mental health. This PKM aims to improve students’ understanding of the dangers of cyberbullying and the importance of cross-cultural communication ethics. The program began with a pre-test to assess participants' initial knowledge, followed by an interactive seminar discussing the concepts of cyberbullying, digital ethics, and real-life case studies. Students then engaged in group discussions and simulations, where they analyzed problematic digital content and formulated empathetic, constructive responses. At the end of the activity, a post-test was conducted to evaluate the program’s effectiveness. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ awareness and attitudes. This program successfully encouraged students to be more thoughtful and responsible in their online interactions and to become change agents in creating a safer, more inclusive digital environment. The outcomes of this program include a scholarly publication, an educational video disseminated on social media, and quantitative data showing an increase in participants’ knowledge. Overall, this initiative contributes to strengthening multicultural digital literacy among today’s youth.

This Community Service Program (PKM) was implemented in response to the high usage of social media among students, particularly Instagram, which often becomes a platform for cyberbullying. This phenomenon becomes increasingly complex when students come from diverse cultural backgrounds. Comments or posts considered normal in one culture may be perceived as offensive in another. A lack of cultural sensitivity often triggers digital conflict and bullying, which can negatively impact students' mental health. This PKM aims to improve students’ understanding of the dangers of cyberbullying and the importance of cross-cultural communication ethics. The program began with a pre-test to assess participants' initial knowledge, followed by an interactive seminar discussing the concepts of cyberbullying, digital ethics, and real-life case studies. Students then engaged in group discussions and simulations, where they analyzed problematic digital content and formulated empathetic, constructive responses. At the end of the activity, a post-test was conducted to evaluate the program’s effectiveness. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ awareness and attitudes. This program successfully encouraged students to be more thoughtful and responsible in their online interactions and to become change agents in creating a safer, more inclusive digital environment. The outcomes of this program include a scholarly publication, an educational video disseminated on social media, and quantitative data showing an increase in participants’ knowledge. Overall, this initiative contributes to strengthening multicultural digital literacy among today’s youth.

Dengue Fever (DF) continues to be a major public health threat in Indonesia, especially in urban areas with high population density, such as Purwokerto City. This study aims to develop a predictive model to identify high-risk areas for DF outbreaks by integrating Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The research utilizes historical dengue case data, meteorological parameters (rainfall, temperature, humidity), and population density as predictive variables. Three ML classification algorithms—Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—were implemented to develop risk prediction models. Extensive data preprocessing, feature selection, and spatial integration were applied to ensure model robustness. The results show that the SVM model outperformed other methods, achieving the highest accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score in classifying dengue risk zones. Risk maps generated through GIS visualization successfully identify priority areas for targeted interventions. The novelty of this research lies in the combination of local epidemiological data, multi-algorithm comparison, and geospatial mapping to improve early warning systems for DF in Purwokerto. This integrated approach is expected to support more effective prevention strategies and enhance public health preparedness.

A cooperation agreement is a legal instrument that underlies the regulation of rights, obligations, and responsibilities between the parties involved in a collaboration. In the context of public health financing, this agreement aims to ensure access to adequate health services, especially for disadvantaged groups. Along with the reform of the health sistem in Indonesia in recent years, the government has sought to improve accessibility and quality of services through the transformation of the health financing sistem. The National Health Sistem (SKN) as the main framework is organized to ensure equitable health services. One of the crucial components in the SKN is health financing which is realized through the National Health Insurance (JKN). Legal provisions regarding the form and mechanism of this collaboration have been regulated in Law Number 17 of 2023, specifically Article 4 paragraphs (1) and (2), which emphasize that collaboration between BPJS and central and regional government institutions is carried out through a written agreement, which can be in the form of a memorandum of understanding, operational cooperation, functional cooperation, or other forms mutually agreed upon.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has emerged as a critical global public health concern, particularly due to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their genes in natural environments. The oceans, which host diverse ecosystems and serve as major food sources, are increasingly affected by ARB pollution, originating from human, agricultural, and industrial activities. Simultaneously, climate change (CC) exacerbates the situation by raising ocean temperatures, lowering pH, and altering marine biodiversity—creating optimal conditions for bacterial survival and gene transfer. This review explores the interconnectedness between ocean pollution and CC and how both factors influence the distribution and persistence of ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in marine ecosystems. Through a systematic literature review of 174 peer-reviewed articles, the study highlights how anthropogenic pollutants—especially antibiotics, heavy metals, and plastics—contribute to resistance emergence. Furthermore, it discusses the transmission pathways from pollution hotspots (e.g., hospitals, agriculture, wastewater) to the oceans. The One Health (OH) strategy is presented as a comprehensive solution to address the environmental, human, and animal health risks posed by antibiotic pollution. This paper serves as a basis for future research into surveillance, mitigation, and policy interventions for controlling AR in marine environments.

The problem of waste is a global issue that continues to increase and has a significant impact on the environment and public health. In Indonesia, awareness of good waste management still needs to be improved, especially among young people. This study aims to describe the effectiveness of the waste education program and waste management learning implemented by KKM Unsera at SDN 1 Dalung, Serang City. This program is based on a participatory and interactive approach, involving students directly in activities to introduce types of waste, sort waste, and simple recycling efforts. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the program show an increase in understanding and awareness of SDN 1 Dalung students regarding the importance of proper waste management. Students appear more enthusiastic in disposing of waste in its place according to its type and show interest in participating in waste reduction activities in the school environment. The success of this program indicates that early education is crucial in forming environmentally conscious behavior. Collaboration between universities and basic education institutions has great potential to create a generation that is more responsible for the environment.

The existence of clean water is very important because clean water is a basic need for human life and the environment. The availability of abundant clean water is certainly an indicator of welfare, public health, and environmental sustainability. The Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company as a provider of clean water services to the community is carried out in accordance with applicable regulations in order to realize clean water services that are decent, equitable, and sustainable. This study aims to determine the role of the Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company in implementing the provision of clean water to meet the needs of the community. This research method uses an empirical legal research method. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the implementation of drinking water provision by the Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company is not entirely fair and equitable to the community. This is influenced by several obstacles faced, including unstable water quality, less than optimal water continuity, damage to water pumps, and leaks in the pipe network.

Financing in the health sector plays an important role in ensuring the sustainability of hospital operations and the provision of quality health services. Structured and efficient financing planning contributes greatly to improving the health of the community. However, in practice, it is not uncommon to find problems due to weak financial planning, such as budget limitations that have an impact on the low quality of health services and waste due to inappropriate spending. To overcome these problems, strategic steps are needed, including through increasing funding, more accountable management and allocation of funds, and controlling service costs. Thus, the issue of health financing has a significant influence on the quality of public health and is an important part of the development of the national health system.

Sexual violence  against women  is a serious issue the  leaves deep traumatic impacts and significantly affects the mental health of the victims. This research aims to investigate the psychological impact experienced by women who are victims of sexual violence. The main focus of research includes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, sense of  meaning,  and decreased self-esteem. The methodology of this research applies a qualitative approach by conducting a literature review of various journals, reports, and related articles. The research results show that sexual violence not only causes physical suffering but also significantly impacts the emotional and mental stability of the victims over a long period. Therefore, social  support, counselling service, and psychological assistance are essential elements in the healing process. This study is expected to enhance public understanding of the impact of sexual violence and encourage the formulation of more effective policies in handling and preventing similar cases.

Enterobius vermicularis, or pinworm, continues to be a public health concern, particularly among children in coastal and densely populated areas. Though it is classified as a non-Soil Transmitted Helminth (non-STH), its fecal-oral transmission route allows rapid spread, especially where hygiene practices are inconsistent. In Indonesian coastal communities such as Lasiana, Kupang, limited studies have focused on the intersection between environmental factors, personal hygiene, and parental knowledge in relation to enterobiasis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and morphological characteristics of Enterobius vermicularis in children aged 3–9 years living in the coastal area of Lasiana Beach, Kupang. A descriptive observational study was conducted involving 81 heads of households and 24 children as research participants. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to parents to assess sanitation conditions, hygiene practices, and knowledge levels. Perianal samples were obtained from the children using the clear tape (scotch tape) method and examined microscopically to identify E. vermicularis eggs. Findings revealed that 21% of the children tested positive for E. vermicularis. The eggs displayed typical morphological features—oval shape with one flattened side and a transparent double-layered shell. Despite most respondents reporting good hygiene behavior and environmental sanitation, cases of infection persisted. Limited access to handwashing facilities and dense housing conditions were identified as contributing risk factors. The presence of Enterobius vermicularis infections despite adequate sanitation and knowledge highlights a gap between awareness and effective daily practices. These findings underscore the need for strengthened community-based health education and consistent monitoring in high-risk coastal areas to prevent enterobiasis among children.

Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) notes that diarrhea related to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is the second leading cause of death in children under five years of age, with more than 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea occurring each year. The economic burden due to AGE is substantial, including healthcare costs, loss of productivity, and long-term impacts on nutrition status and child development. Objective: to increase public awareness regarding the prevention of AGE. Method: The health education activities were conducted in the inpatient room of Bintang Amin Hospital using the method of community service by providing education on AGE prevention. The participants of the counseling were patients and their families. Results: This activity was held on Saturday, June 14, 2025, at Bintang Amin Hospital. All respondents were very enthusiastic about the material and demonstrations presented. Conclusion: After the counseling on the prevention of GEA, there was an increase in knowledge among respondents as seen from their responses when asked about the concept of GEA disease.

Pulmonary function disorders are commonly underdiagnosed health issues, especially in urban areas with high air pollution and prevalent smoking habits. Early detection through spirometry plays a crucial role in the promotion and prevention of respiratory diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, public awareness and access to spirometry remain limited, including in the Tanjung Duren Selatan subdistrict of West Jakarta. This community service program was conducted using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle management approach. The target population consisted of productive-age residents willing to participate in health education and lung function screening. Spirometry examinations were conducted alongside interactive counseling about respiratory health and risk factors. Evaluation was carried out through spirometry results and participant satisfaction surveys. A total of 92 participants took part in the activity, consisting of 70 females (76.1%) and 22 males (23.9%), with a mean age of 43.78 years (SD ±12.93). The average Vital Capacity (VC) was 2.26 L, Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) was 2.13 L, and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) was 1.95 L. The mean FEV1/FVC ratio was 107.12%, with 100% of participants showing normal lung function. This activity demonstrates that spirometry is an effective tool for monitoring lung function and increasing community awareness. Similar screening initiatives should be expanded to support early detection of respiratory disorders at the community level.

Stunting is a chronic nutritional issue that significantly affects children's long-term growth and development. One of its primary causes is the lack of knowledge among mothers and families about balanced nutrition and the skills to manage household income effectively. This community engagement program aimed to enhance the knowledge of mothers and families through leaflet-based education on child nutrition and household income management for stunting prevention.The activity was conducted in the working area of Puruk Cahu Public Health Center, Central Kalimantan, involving 30 housewives with children under five years old. The education was delivered through lectures using both leaflet and PowerPoint media, and the implementation consisted of three stages: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The results showed that empowering mothers and families through leaflet media is an effective educational strategy. After the intervention, participants showed a significant improvement in understanding the importance of early nutritional intake, the concept of balanced nutrition, and simple strategies for managing household finances to meet their children's nutritional needs. In addition, participants became more aware of the family's active role in ensuring quality food consumption for children and the long-term impacts of malnutrition.It is expected that this increased knowledge will enable mothers and families to become agents of change in preventing stunting and fostering an environment that supports optimal child growth and development.

The rapid development of technology and social media has given rise to new trends in marketing strategies, one of which is the use of Influencers as promotional media. Influencers are often utilized as intermediaries between brands and consumers due to their perceived ability to shape public opinion and influence purchasing decisions. However, various ethical issues have emerged in advertising practices involving Influencers, particularly concerning transparency, honesty, and social responsibility. Many Influencers promote products without disclosing that the content is paid advertising. Such practices can mislead consumers and damage the reputations of both the Influencer and the associated brand. Another critical issue is the promotion of products that do not align with the Influencer’s personal values, as well as the lack of protection for vulnerable groups, such as children. Therefore, the implementation of strict and comprehensive advertising ethics is essential. This study highlights the importance of digital ethics education for Influencers, the enforcement of clear regulations, and the active role of social media platforms in labeling sponsored content, in order to establish a healthy and responsible digital advertising ecosystem.

Public service in the Islamic perspective is a comprehensive concept, integrating religious principles with governance practices to achieve justice, efficiency, and public welfare. This concept is based on the Qur'an and Hadith, which emphasize values ​​such as justice (*'Adl*), responsibility (accountability), consultation (*Shura*), and welfare (*Maslahah*). Public service in Islam is not only a transaction, but also has moral and spiritual aspects, where providing the best service is considered as worship and a form of obedience to Allah. The scope of public service in Islam includes various important sectors such as education, health, law, and socio-economic welfare. Islamic history, especially in the era of the Prophet Muhammad SAW and the Khulafaur Rasyidin, shows concrete examples of the application of these principles, such as the construction of mosques as centers of learning, the establishment of hospitals, and the management of Baitul Mal for the fair distribution of resources. In the modern context, especially in Indonesia, Islamic values ​​have proven to play an important role in bureaucratic reform and improving the quality of public services. Despite facing obstacles such as lack of resources and integration between institutions, the application of Islamic principles in public services—as seen in Islamic hospitals and Islamic travel agents—shows the possibility of producing more just, humane, and quality services. Thus, the Islamic approach to public services provides an ethical framework that is flexible, responsive, and focused on the welfare of society.