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Constitutional courts serve as guardians of constitutional supremacy through judicial review mechanisms. This study examines the authority and practices of Indonesia's Constitutional Court in comparative perspective with international best practices. Using comparative legal analysis, this research evaluates judicial review systems in Germany, South Korea, South Africa, and the United States to identify effective governance models. The study reveals that while Indonesia's Constitutional Court possesses comprehensive constitutional review authority, challenges remain in enforcement mechanisms, case backlog management, and institutional independence. International best practices demonstrate the importance of clear jurisdictional boundaries, efficient case processing, and robust enforcement powers. The research concludes that Indonesia can strengthen its constitutional court system by adopting selective best practices including streamlined procedures, enhanced enforcement mechanisms, and improved institutional safeguards while maintaining its unique constitutional framework.

Corruption is an extraordinary crime with systemic impacts on a nation’s political, economic, and social stability. Various countries adopt different penal approaches to combat corruption, including Indonesia and China. This study aims to analyze and compare the effectiveness of criminal penalties in addressing corruption in both countries. The research uses a normative-juridical and comparative approach by examining legislation, empirical data, and relevant case studies. In Indonesia, the implementation of criminal sanctions tends to be more moderate, with imprisonment and fines being the dominant forms of punishment. However, enforcement faces challenges such as weak institutional independence and political interference. In contrast, China enforces much harsher penalties, including life imprisonment and the death penalty, as part of its "zero tolerance" anti-corruption policy supported by centralized political power. The findings show that although China’s repressive approach appears more stringent, the success in curbing corruption is not solely determined by the severity of the punishment. Instead, it also depends on the consistency, transparency, and integrity of the legal enforcement system. This study recommends that Indonesia reform its criminal policy to be firmer while still upholding principles of human rights and justice.

Political reform in Indonesia has brought fundamental changes to the structure of state governance and the decision-making process within the executive branch. One of the instruments still frequently utilized by the President to formulate and direct national policy is the Presidential Instruction (Instruksi Presiden/Inpres). Although it is not classified as a formal regulation within the legal hierarchy, Inpres often has wide-reaching implications for the implementation of public policy. This study aims to critically analyze the legal status, function, and limitations of Inpres in the context of Indonesia’s post-reform government system. Using a normative-juridical approach and literature study of statutory regulations and policy documents, the research finds that the use of Inpres in several instances has extended beyond its administrative function and entered the domain of strategic policymaking, which ideally requires formal legislative processes. This raises concerns regarding accountability, transparency, and the limitation of executive power in a democratic rule-of-law state. The study recommends clearer regulation of the scope and function of Inpres to ensure alignment with political reform principles and good governance standards.

This study investigates the impact of tail configuration variations on flight stability and battery energy efficiency in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Three distinct tail types were tested: the conventional tail, the T-Tail, and the V-Tail. The objective was to compare how these tail designs affected the overall performance of UAVs, especially focusing on the balance between stability and energy efficiency. The experiments were conducted through a series of flight tests in a controlled outdoor environment, providing reliable and accurate data. During these flight tests, several performance metrics were recorded, including IMU-based angular deviations for pitch, roll, and yaw, energy consumption, flight time, voltage, and battery power. The data collected allowed for a thorough analysis of how the tail design influenced the flight characteristics of the UAVs. The results showed that the T-Tail configuration provided the highest flight stability, as indicated by the smallest angular deviations and minimal vibration during flight. This design’s enhanced stability made it the most reliable, especially for missions requiring precision control. In contrast, the V-Tail configuration proved to be the most energy-efficient, consuming only 22.80 Wh. Despite its low energy consumption, the V-Tail showed the lowest stability due to control coupling between the pitch and yaw axes, resulting in higher angular deviations and less precise control. The conventional tail, while not the best in terms of either stability or energy efficiency, struck a reasonable balance between the two. This configuration provided adequate stability while ensuring efficient battery usage, making it a suitable choice for general UAV applications. The findings of this study highlight the direct influence of tail design on UAV performance. There is a clear trade-off between flight stability and energy efficiency, with the conventional tail offering the best compromise.

Electric Vehicles Require A Reliable Monitoring System To Maintain Their Efficiency And Safety. This Study Designs A Monitoring System For Battery Condition And Vehicle Location Based On The Esp32 Microcontroller And The Mit App Inventor Application. The System Uses The Pzem 017 Sensor To Monitor Voltage, Current, Power, Energy, As Well As Battery Capacity And Health, And The Neo-7m Gps Module For Location Tracking. Data Is Displayed In Real Time Through An Android Application. Test Results Show That The System Provides Accurate Information, With Minimal And Statistically Insignificant Measurement Errors According To The Paired T-Test. The System Also Remains Stable At Various Vehicle Speeds (Anova), And The Location Tracking Demonstrates An Average Accuracy Of 4.77 Meters In Open Areas. In Enclosed Areas, The Error Increases To An Average Of 10.26 Meters. The System Is Also Capable Of Automatically Calculating Battery Capacity And Health. Overall, The Developed System Proves To Be Effective, Efficient, And Flexible In Supporting The Reliability And Safety Of Electric Vehicles.

This paper discusses in depth the juridical review of the Draft Law on the Indonesian National Army (RUU TNI), by highlighting two key principles in the Indonesian constitutional system, namely civilian supremacy and the principle of the rule of law. Civilian supremacy places civilian authorities - especially the president and parliament - above military institutions in state policy-making, as a guarantee that military power does not become an autonomous force that can intervene in civilian political and governance processes. In this context, the role of the TNI must be placed proportionally and in accordance with the mandate of the constitution, especially Article 30 of the 1945 Constitution which affirms that the TNI as a means of state defence is subject to state policies and political decisions.Through a normative-analytical approach, this article examines the substance of the TNI Bill, including clauses governing the TNI's main tasks, its involvement in military operations other than war (OMSP), as well as authorities that could potentially have multiple interpretations if not accompanied by strict legal supervision and restrictions. Although this bill appears to respond to global dynamics in modern military governance, a number of provisions in it raise concerns about the imbalance between civilian and military power. If not anticipated with an effective civilian control system and transparent accountability mechanisms, the TNI Bill has the potential to deviate from the principles of the rule of law.

This study investigates how data visualization helps retail companies make Business Intelligence (BI)-based decisions. The study processed one year of sales data with a quantitative descriptive approach to find seasonal patterns, performance by region, and customer consumption tendencies. The analysis results show that BI software such as Microsoft Power BI can visualize data more easily and accelerate understanding of business performance. Strategic decisions such as promotional planning and product inventory management are more effective with interactive visualization, which allows decision makers to see data in a more understandable way. The study found that data visualization in BI systems can help retail businesses make better decisions. These results show the importance of incorporating BI into a company's operational processes and using interactive visualization to improve overall business performance.

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are experiencing the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The decline in consumer purchasing power is a challenge for SMEs in carrying out their business production. One of the opportunities for MSME actors to survive in the current pandemic is by maximizing online sales. But not a few MSME actors who still do not understand to use online sales. Therefore, it is necessary to empower the community of MSME actors in trying online markets or other options by empowering MSME actors in branding superior products. By using and managing the right digital media, it is hoped that business actors can increase public interest in products. Digital media that can be used include Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, Youtube, GrabFood/Go-Food or other platforms. Business actors can also carry out brand awareness offline, that is, they can develop innovations that do not yet exist, such as promotions by distributing brochures, creating attractive menu lists or creating price tags. The approach method used in community service this time is in the form of mentoring business actors regarding the development of MSME business innovations where members go directly to the field. This MSME assistance activity was carried out. The process of SME Mentoring activities is in the form of interviews with business owners to find out the current situation of their business conditions, members help make snack box orders, make banners/banners and price tags as an effort to carry out brand awareness, and members also provide medical equipment in the form of masks, hand sanitizer, and plastic gloves to business managers as a form of attention to always maintain health protocols when interacting with customers.

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of suction power effectiveness on cyclones in Light Tenera Dust Separator (LTDS) 1 and 2 units on the level of palm kernel losses at PTPN IV Regional II Plantation Unit and Adolina Palm Oil Mill (POM). Palm kernel loss is a significant factor that can reduce production efficiency, as palm kernel has high economic value and is the main product in the palm oil industry. Kernel losses not only reduce production efficiency but also create significant economic disadvantages for the palm oil mill. The research method used was a gravimetric method with a field experiment approach. The research process included sampling from LTDS waste, separating kernels from shells, and measuring suction speed using an anemometer to determine cyclone performance. The gravimetric method was applied to quantify the proportion of kernel mixed with shell waste, providing measurable data on suction efficiency. The results showed that low suction power effectiveness was directly proportional to the increasing number of kernels that were thrown away with the shells. In other words, poor suction performance directly correlates with higher kernel losses. The main contributing factors include leaks in the cyclone, suboptimal blower settings, and inadequate operator skills. Operational skills and equipment maintenance were identified as crucial determinants of system performance. Based on these findings, improvements to the suction system are recommended through routine maintenance, leak checks, and blower setting calibration. Furthermore, operator training is required to precisely adjust suction power. By maintaining suction effectiveness and optimizing blower settings, kernel losses can be reduced below the standard threshold of 2.0%. Thus, mills can improve operational efficiency while minimizing economic losses due to palm kernel loss.  

The government's efforts to reduce domestic violence (KDRT) in North Maluku Province have been carried out, among others, through the implementation of women’s empowerment programs. This study aims to examine whether the Gender Empowerment Index (IDG), Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) percapita, women's involvement in home-based industries (IR), and the intensity of domestic violence socialization programs have a significant effect on domestic violence rates across districts/cities in North Maluku. This research utilizes panel data regression analysis with data spanning the years 2016–2024. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel and STATA14 software. The findings indicate that the increased participation of women in the economic and political sectors has not yet fully translated into a reduction in domestic violence, largely due to persistent social norms and patriarchal values within households. This suggests that economic factors alone are not sufficient to explain the prevalence of domestic violence. However, women's involvement in home-based industries was found to significantly improve their economic independence and bargaining power within the household. Furthermore, consistent government-led domestic violence awareness campaigns have proven effective in enhancing protection mechanisms for women at risk. In conclusion, the study finds that the Gender Empowerment Index (IDG) and GRDP per capita do not have a statistically significant impact on domestic violence rates. Conversely, women's participation in home-based industries and domestic violence socialization efforts are significantly associated with reductions in domestic violence in North Maluku Province.

Air filter maintenanceThis study aims to determine the effect of air filter maintenance on engine lifespan and performance in cars at Honda Camp Fast Jati Asih. The air filter is an important component in the combustion system, as it can influence engine power, fuel efficiency, and engine durability. The research uses a quantitative approach through experiments and case studies, involving cars that regularly undergo air filter maintenance. Data collected includes engine performance before and after maintenance, as well as engine lifespan records during the maintenance period. The results show that regular air filter maintenance can improve engine performance, save fuel, and extend engine life. These findings highlight the importance of air filter maintenance in keeping car engines in good condition.

The development of science and technology has caused the military forces of many countries to spend a lot of money and energy on research and development of automated, multi-faceted and effective (including lethal) technology. From a maritime perspective, this development has attracted widespread interest from many navies in underwater technology such as submarines and unmanned submarines. Modern submarines are now capable of moving at high speeds with very low noise levels, in addition to being able to carry weapons with very high destructive power and carry out diving operations for long periods of time. At the same time, modern unmanned underwater vehicles are now capable of carrying out various types of operations, including surveillance, minelaying, underwater surveys, and even the ability to carry long-range weapons up to thousands of kilometers away. It is undeniable that the development of other countries' navies is a real threat to Indonesia. To overcome this problem, an underwater surveillance system is needed in Indonesian waters, especially in deep waters which are likely to be used by other countries such as ALKI to carry out covert operations. This underwater surveillance system must utilize existing technological developments in order to carry out its functions effectively and sustainably, especially by using autonomous underwater vehicles (USVs). The use of USV in surveillance systems will save a lot of costs because it does not waste budget on expensive logistics, personnel, maintenance, and spare parts. This research is a research and development using mixed research methods (qualitative and quantitative) with research products in conceptual form. In this underwater surveillance system concept, USV will automatically conduct underwater contact surveillance along the ALKI II water body using sensors and software integrated into the USV.

Islamic education plays a strategic role in supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the areas of social empowerment and environmental preservation. This research is motivated by the need for an educational approach that is not only religious but also capable of driving fair and sustainable social transformation. This study aims to analyze how Islamic education, especially through institutions such as Islamic boarding schools and madrasas, integrates sustainability values into curricula and daily practices. The method employed is qualitative research with a descriptive-analytical approach, examining various Islamic educational practices that align with the principles of the SDGs. The results show that Islamic values such as maslahah 'ammah (public benefit), justice, and the role of humans as khalifah (stewards) strongly support the foundations of sustainable development. Islamic educational institutions have been actively engaged in social, economic, and environmental activities, including skills training, Islamic entrepreneurship, reforestation programs, and waste management. Although challenges remain—such as limited resources and teacher training—Islamic education holds great potential to foster self-reliant and environmentally conscious communities. Through curriculum strengthening, continuous teacher development, and cross-sector collaboration, Islamic education can serve as a powerful driver of change toward a more just and sustainable future.

Advances in digital technology have brought significant changes in the way local brands build their brand image and positioning in the market. Social media is one of the main platforms used in marketing communication strategies because of its ability to reach a wide and interactive audience. This research aims to analyze the marketing communication strategy implemented by Daclen, a local fashion brand from Bandung, in shaping sales positioning through the Instagram account @Daclen.id and its official website. The research method used was qualitative descriptive with data collection through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The analysis was carried out using the Circular Method of SOME (Share, Optimize, Manage, Engage) approach which emphasizes the connection between content sharing, message optimization, communication channel management, and active engagement with consumers. The results show that Daclen has succeeded in developing a simple, yet consistent and targeted digital communication strategy. Instagram is used as the primary medium to strengthen the visual power of brands, through uploading high-quality product photos, promotional videos, and active interaction with audiences. Meanwhile, Daclen's official website functions as a credibility center that provides complete information about products, prices, and after-sales service. The combination of the two creates a well-rounded consumer experience and supports an exclusive perception of the brand. Each stage in the SOME model is executed optimally. The Share stage includes the distribution of creative content with a consistent upload schedule. Optimize is done by adjusting messages according to trends and audience responses. Manage focuses on account management and interaction monitoring, while Engage focuses on building emotional connections through quick responses and interactive content. The implications of this study show that the SOME-model-based digital communication approach can help local brands such as Daclen strengthen their positioning, build an exclusive image, and create long-term relationships with consumers amid increasingly fierce competition in the digital fashion industry.

The utilization of the CapCut application is widely adopted by Hajj and Umrah travel agents for the creation and editing of various types of promotional videos, owing to its comprehensive functions and powerful video processing capabilities. This research is titled “Utilization of the CapCut Application for Video Creation and Editing of Digital Promotional Media for Hajj and Umrah Travel Agent Teras Hanania 038 Bekasi.” Conventionally, business owners in the Hajj and Umrah travel sector have only marketed their package products through traditional methods, utilizing printed brochures or pamphlets distributed manually. The reach of this conventional marketing type is unable to widely penetrate the target market.The objective of this research is to explore the utilization of the CapCut application by outlining the workflow for video creation and editing using the application. This process aims to produce creative videos that are attractive and dynamic, capable of sharing complete information through a brief narrative. This digital promotional media is intended to assist Teras Hanania 038 Bekasi in introducing and marketing its Hajj and Umrah packages to prospective pilgrims worldwide, thereby reaching a significantly broader target market. The research methods employed are Library Research and Field Research.

This study examines the poem  "Peringatan" ("Warning") by Wiji Thukul using Roland Barthes' semiotic theory. The aim of the research is to uncover the meaning of resistance implied in the poem through three layers of meaning: denotative, connotative, and myth. The poem was written in a repressive socio-political context, in which freedom of expression was silenced by those in power. Through a Barthesian approach, the lines of the poem are analyzed as a system of signs that symbolically represent resistance against authoritarian rule. The analysis reveals that the poem not only conveys an aesthetic message but also constructs a counter-discourse to the dominant ideology. The poem becomes a site of resistance, urging the people not to submit to oppression. This study reinforces the view that literature, particularly poetry, holds great potential as a medium of struggle and freedom.

Social fragmentation within community organizations in Kampung Bojong, Bojongsari Village, Kedungwaringin Subdistrict, Bekasi Regency, has led to social polarization that hinders community cohesion and inclusive participation. This study aims to formulate strategies for strengthening collaboration to build inclusive and equitable organizations. The method used is a qualitative approach with a participatory case study design. Data was collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and focused group discussions (FGDs), using purposive sampling techniques. Analysis was conducted thematically, and validity was ensured through triangulation and member checking. The results indicate that social polarization encompasses aspects of power, age, politics, economics, geography, and symbolism, reflected in exclusion, information inequality, and weak communication. Factors contributing to low collaboration include lack of trust, dominance of central figures, and limited member capacity. Interventions were implemented through a community-based action research model involving dialogue facilitation, collaborative training, and organizational strategy mentoring. Evaluations showed increased cross-group participation, the formation of communication forums, and reduced social tension. This study contributes practically and theoretically to building resilient organizations through participatory and transformative approaches.

This study explores the digital transformation of public services through SAMSAT Digital in Lumajang, Indonesia, focusing on the perceptions of the younger generation. The implementation of SAMSAT Digital aims to improve accessibility, efficiency, transparency, and user experience in vehicle administrative services. The research highlights that the success of this digital innovation depends on key factors such as ease of use, data security, and service speed. The integration of advanced features like intuitive interfaces, proactive notifications, AI-powered chatbots, and flexible digital payments significantly enhance user satisfaction and adoption, especially among tech-savvy youths. Challenges such as limited digital literacy and infrastructural issues require continuous education and infrastructure improvements. Overall, the findings demonstrate that effective digital service innovation, supported by a strong commitment to security, usability, and infrastructural development, can foster more effective, transparent, and inclusive public services, contributing to better quality of life and modern governance.

Maggots are larvae of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) which have benefits as waste decomposers and have high potential as feed ingredients. This study aims to analyze the effect of power and time on maggot drying using microwaves. Using the Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) method on microwave heating with a power of 2000 watts and 2500 watts, and a residence time of 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes, then the final maggot temperature was tested. The results showed that the final temperature of the maggot tended to increase with increasing power and residence time. This happens because high microwave power provides large energy in a very short time. This energy is efficiently absorbed by maggots through the mechanism of dipole rotation and ionic conduction, causing molecules to vibrate and rub with high intensity. The final temperature of the maggot is between 110oC-125 oC with the highest temperature at a power of 2500 and a drying time of 30 minutes.

This study aims to analyze the impact of layoffs (PHK) on the decline in people's purchasing power and Indonesia's economic growth in 2025. Layoffs are predicted to increase due to various factors such as tax hikes, subsidy restrictions, and decreased purchasing power. The study uses a quantitative method with secondary data from BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, Bank Indonesia, and other relevant institutions, as well as consumer survey data to measure the decline in purchasing power. The results show that layoffs significantly reduce people's purchasing power, which in turn negatively affects household consumption and national economic growth. The MSME and informal sectors are also affected by this decline in purchasing power. The study recommends policies that support industries prone to layoffs, revise layoff requirements, and maintain macroeconomic stability to prevent mass layoffs and minimize their impact on Indonesia's economy.