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Learning assessment in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) has tended to focus on cognitive or academic aspects, while strengthening students' character has received less attention. In fact, character education is very important to shape children's personalities from an early age. This study aims to develop a learning assessment model that not only assesses aspects of knowledge, but also measures the development of students' character, such as honesty, responsibility, cooperation, and discipline. The method used is research and development with stages of needs analysis, instrument design, trials, and revisions. The results of the study show that character-based assessments can be integrated into teaching and learning activities effectively, and receive positive responses from teachers and students. The development of this assessment is expected to be a solution to support the overall goal of character education in MI.

Based on the findings of the Indonesian Nutritional Status Study Survey (SSGI), the growth rate of stunting in toddlers in East Java reached 19.2%. The prevalence of stunting in Wedoroanom Village is included in the highest category in Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency, reaching 36%. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of stunting, growth of gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and cognitive abilities, and to determine the relationship between these factors and the development of these skills in toddlers in Wedoroanom Village, Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency. This study used a cross-sectional technique and was quantitative. The sample consisted of 110 children aged between 12 and 60 months who were selected through a convenience sampling approach. Anthropometric measurements, interviews, and observations were used to obtain data. The chi-square test and odds ratio were used in data analysis to determine the relationship between variables. The study findings showed that the incidence of stunting and gross motor development were not related. However, there was a relationship between the incidence of stunting and cognitive and fine motor development. Chronic malnutrition, maternal education, maternal occupation, and history of exclusive breastfeeding are some of the factors that can cause developmental disorders in children. The findings of this study indicate that the incidence of stunting in Wedoroanom Village, Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency, is related to fine motor and cognitive development but not related to the development of gross motor functions.

Anxiety is a natural response that individuals may experience in response to situations that are perceived as potentially dangerous or threatening. It can be described as a state of apprehension or worry about the possibility of something undesirable happening. Adolescence is a transitional period filled with physical, emotional, and social changes, making it a stressful time. At this age, adolescents are not only developing physically, but also building their social and emotional identities. This study uses a library research approach, which is a research method carried out through tracing, reviewing, and analyzing relevant scientific literature sources. The results of this study indicate that cognitive therapy has been shown to play an important role in reducing anxiety levels in adolescents. This approach is a form of therapy that focuses on changing the way individuals think to influence their behavior and emotional responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating anxiety symptoms in adolescents.

Vocational high schools (SMK) play an important role in preparing students for the world of work. However, student learning outcomes in the subject of Electrical Lighting Installation at SMK Negeri 5 Kota Padang are still relatively low, with an average pretest score of 57.34. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model in improving student learning outcomes. The research method used was classroom action research with 32 students from class XI TITL as subjects. Data were collected through pre-tests, post-tests, and observations of student activities during learning. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of STAD successfully improved student learning outcomes significantly, with an average post-test score of 82.19 and an N-Gain Score of 0.58 (moderate category). Academic achievement also increased from 15.6% to 75%. Further analysis revealed that collaborative interactions within groups, the reward system, and active student participation were key factors contributing to the success of this method. However, challenges such as time management and low student engagement require attention. It is concluded that the STAD model is effective in improving students' learning outcomes in the subject of Electrical Lighting Installation, both in terms of cognitive aspects and social skills. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers implement STAD with proper syntax and consider developing supporting media such as digital simulations to optimize the learning process.

The learning environment plays a strategic role in determining the quality of the teaching and learning process, particularly for fifth-grade elementary school students who are at a crucial stage of cognitive and social development. This study aims to analyze the influence of the learning environment on the effectiveness of learning in Grade V of elementary school using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review. The learning environment examined includes physical aspects (such as facilities, classroom layout, and lighting) as well as non-physical aspects (such as social interaction, emotional atmosphere, and teacher support). The findings reveal that a conducive learning environment significantly enhances students’ motivation, engagement, and academic achievement. These results are supported by Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s constructivist theories, as well as Bandura’s social learning theory, which emphasize the importance of interaction between learners and their environment in constructing knowledge and skills. The study recommends strong collaboration among schools, teachers, and education stakeholders to create a holistic, safe, and supportive learning environment that fosters students’ academic and personal development.

The role of the teacher as a leader in PAUD learning is very important to create an effective and quality learning process. Teachers not only function as teachers, but also as leaders who direct, motivate and create a learning environment conducive to children's cognitive, social and emotional development. Through experiential and game-based learning approaches, teachers are able to develop independence and leadership skills in students from an early age. In addition, teachers also act as facilitators, motivators, and inspirers who provide examples and support to optimize children's potential. Teacher leadership in PAUD is essential to improving the quality of learning and shaping children's character as a whole. 

Lack of focus in early childhood is a major concern in the world of education and parenting. Focus is a cognitive skill that is very important for children's academic and social development. This study aims to analyze the factors that cause lack of focus in early childhood and develop strategies for dealing with it. These factors can be grouped into internal, external, and social factors. Through this approach, it is hoped that effective solutions can be found to improve children's ability to focus. Various studies have shown that lack of focus in early childhood can have a negative impact on their academic achievement and social relationships in the future. Therefore, it is important to understand the causes and implement appropriate handling strategies.

The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of depression in children with a focus on early identification, risk factors, and effective treatment approaches. The method used in this study was a narrative literature review that synthesized findings from various scientific journals, academic books, and reports from world health organizations related to depression in children. The results of the analysis indicate that depression in children is a real clinical condition but is often undiagnosed due to differences in symptoms compared to adults and lack of public awareness. The main risk factors include childhood trauma, genetics, and dysfunctional family dynamics. Evidence-based approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, and psychosocial interventions have shown effectiveness in reducing symptoms. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of early detection and intervention as a preventive measure to minimize the long-term impact on children's mental health.

Tolerance is one of the core character values that is crucial to instill from an early age, especially in multicultural societies like Indonesia. However, early childhood education (ECE) still tends to focus on cognitive and motoric aspects, while the integration of social values such as tolerance has not yet received adequate attention in the curriculum. This study aims to explore the potential of local wisdom-infused dance movements as an educational medium for instilling tolerance values in young children. The research employs a systematic literature review approach, analyzing previous studies relevant to three main variables: dance movements, local wisdom, and tolerance values in early childhood. The findings reveal that dance movements are not only beneficial for physical and aesthetic development but also serve as an effective expressive medium for fostering empathy, cooperation, and acceptance of differences. Integrating local wisdom values into dance activities can strengthen children's cultural identity and cultivate awareness of cultural diversity from an early age. Furthermore, emotional engagement and hands-on experiences in artistic activities have proven more effective in character building compared to conventional approaches. This study offers theoretical and practical contributions by formulating a local dance-based learning model explicitly aimed at reinforcing tolerance attitudes. The implications of these findings provide new directions for developing more contextual and culturally rooted ECE curricula, as well as enriching character education strategies that are engaging and meaningful for children. Thus, dance movements serve as a vital bridge in nurturing an inclusive, open-minded, and diversity-ready young generation.

This research explores the critical role of character development within the First 1000 Days of Life (F1000DoL) through the lens of the Qur'an, specifically examining Surah Al-Mu'minun, Maryam, Ibrahim, Al-Ahzab, and Al-A'raf. The F1000DoL, spanning from conception to a child's second birthday, is recognized as a crucial period influencing physical, cognitive, emotional, and moral growth. Employing a qualitative approach with literature review and content analysis, this study reveals a convergence between medical science and Qur'anic teachings on the significance of early life stages for character formation. The Qur'an highlights the impact of a mother's emotional and spiritual state during pregnancy. Character education strategies include nurturing affection, providing positive role models, instilling religious values through habit, and offering parental prayers. This study aims to offer a deeper understanding of how Qur'anic principles can optimize early childhood character development.

Adolescents are an age group that is vulnerable to social conflict due to emotional immaturity and the search for self-identity. Amidst the increasing cases of violence and intolerance among adolescents, Christian Religious Education (PAK) has strategic potential in forming peaceful characters and constructive conflict resolution skills. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach through an in-depth literature review of various literature and scientific journals from the last five to ten years. The results of the study indicate that PAK plays a role in internalizing the values ​​of love, forgiveness, tolerance, and justice that are relevant to building a culture of peace. In addition, PAK also contributes to forming a healthy social identity among adolescents, strengthening multicultural awareness, and providing skills in resolving conflicts non-violently. The instillation of these values ​​is carried out through a holistic approach that includes cognitive, affective, and practical learning. Christian Religious Education not only forms religious understanding, but also plays a role as a means of social transformation amidst the complex reality of conflict. Thus, PAK can be an important element in efforts to prevent conflict and form a young generation with a peaceful personality.  These findings are expected to be the basis for developing a curriculum and practice of Christian education that is more responsive to the social challenges faced by today's youth.

The role of Islamic values in education is crucial, especially in shaping students with strong faith, religious obedience, and noble character. This study aims to analyze the influence of Islamic values integration in mathematics learning on enhancing critical and creative thinking among students at MAN 2 Wonosobo. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected through questionnaires, observation, and documentation from a sample of 30 students out of a total population of 555. The findings show that applying Islamic values in mathematics learning tends to positively influence students’ critical and creative thinking skills, although the effect is not statistically significant (p > 0.05), largely due to the small sample size. Nevertheless, the results suggest that integrating Islamic values can potentially support students’ cognitive development and character building in the long term. The study recommends innovation, improved measurement tools, and sustained teacher and school commitment for effective integration. Islamic values play a supporting role in creating a meaningful and conducive learning environment, making mathematics not only academically enriching but also character-strengthening.

Learning to Understand the Content of Recited Poetry is a crucial aspect of literature instruction at the junior high school level. However, field observations indicate that many students struggle to appreciate poetry due to its imaginative and multi-interpretative language (Afiana et al., 2022). This study aims to improve the skill of understanding poetry content through the implementation of a modeling-based learning model using poetry recitation videos for seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 7 Cilacap. This research adopts a quantitative approach, with subjects consisting of seventh-grade students selected based on their initial achievement, which did not meet the standard of learning mastery. The instruments used include a poetry comprehension skills test and non-test instruments such as observation, interviews, journals, and documentation. The data were analyzed using both descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods. The results indicate that the modeling learning model combined with poetry recitation videos significantly enhanced students' ability to understand the content of poetry. The average score increased from 74.78 to 78.6, exceeding the Minimum Mastery Criteria (KKTP). Improvements were observed in the ability to identify the theme, message, feeling, tone and atmosphere, as well as in the ability to summarize the overall content of the poem. Additionally, there was a positive change in student behavior, with learners becoming more active, confident, and enthusiastic during the learning process. The video presentations played an important role in enthusiastic during the learning process. The video presentations played an important role in stimulating students’ auditory perception and imagination (Arlindo et al., 2022), while the modeling approach encouraged both cognitive and affective engagement (Musfiroh & Kanzunnudin, 2022). These findings affirm that instructional strategies integrating inductive approaches and audio-visual media are effective in enhancing students’ literary appreciation competencies (Sayoga & Nurlatifah, 2023). This study provides practical insights for teachers in designing engaging and effective poetry lessons and recommends further research to examine the effectiveness of similar strategies in broader educational contexts (Utomo et al., 2023).

The 0–12 month period is a critical phase in infant development, covering motor, cognitive, and emotional domains. Early stimulation has been proven to prevent developmental delays that may affect later life stages. Complementary therapies such as infant massage and baby gym are widely applied as non-pharmacological, safe, low-cost interventions that can be practiced at home by parents. To systematically review the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of complementary therapies in stimulating the development of infants aged 0–12 months. This literature study involved a review of articles published between 2018–2024 from PubMed and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria included experimental and quasi-experimental studies evaluating the effect of complementary therapies (infant massage, baby gym, or others) on infant development. Six relevant studies were identified, including four on baby gym and two on infant massage. All studies reported significant improvements in gross motor development following intervention. Infant massage also showed additional benefits such as increased weight gain and enhanced mother-infant bonding. Complementary therapies such as infant massage and baby gym are effective and practical strategies for stimulating infant development. However, further research with more robust experimental designs is needed to strengthen the evidence base.

This study investigates the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in reducing neurotic symptoms among young adults. Neurotic disorders, characterized by excessive anxiety, emotional instability, and psychosomatic complaints, often affect university students during transitional periods. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design, 30 participants were divided equally into an experimental group receiving six sessions of CBT and a control group receiving no treatment. Data were collected through a validated neurotic disorder scale and analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests. Results revealed a significant decrease in neurotic symptoms in the experimental group after the intervention, while the control group showed no meaningful change. The findings support the use of CBT as an effective therapeutic approach for reducing neurotic symptoms through cognitive restructuring and adaptive behavioral training. This research highlights the relevance of culturally adapted CBT in university counseling settings and encourages the development of structured group programs to address mental health issues among young adults. Further studies are recommended to explore broader applications across diverse populations and institutional contexts.

Coping ability is the ability to cope with pressure and problems. there are several types of coping strategies, including passive and active coping. The purpose of this study is to see how social cognitive theory can be applied in guidance and counseling practice to improve adolescents' ability to handle stress. To find the application of the theory in guidance and counseling, relevant literature has been collected and analyzed using the literature review method. Results show that the principles of Cognitive Social Theory, which include strong social support, the use of active coping strategies, and parental involvement, contribute positively to the development of adolescents' coping skills. The results showed that adolescents who participated in a TSC-based guidance and counseling program showed better emotional resilience and self-efficacy. It was found that strengthening coping skills requires support from peers and family. To ensure that the intervention meets the needs of adolescents, ongoing evaluation is also needed. This study points out some issues when implementing a TSC-based guidance program, such as obtaining adequate training for counselors and ensuring that resources are available. It is expected that adolescents will be able to gain better skills to handle diverse situations and improve their emotional resilience by implementing an effective theory-based approach. Further research is needed, especially to improve adolescents' adaptability in today's increasingly complex environment.  

This article examines the exemplary life of Moses as the key to the success of teaching the word of God and its relevance for Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers today. Moses is not only known as a prophet and leader of the Israelites, but also as a teacher with high integrity, who relies on God in every aspect of his ministry. Character values ​​such as gentleness, loyalty, dependence on God, and humility are the main attributes that make Moses a figure worthy of emulation. Using a descriptive qualitative method through literature study, this article highlights the importance of a teacher's spiritual life in supporting the effectiveness of teaching the Christian faith. PAK teachers are not enough to just master the cognitive and pedagogical aspects, but need to be living representatives of the teachings they convey. By emulating Moses, PAK teachers are expected to be able to build teaching that is not only informative, but also transformative and inspiring in forming a faithful and responsible generation.

This study aims to evaluate and develop SISKEUDES implementation in Sindangheula Village through the lens of Everett M. Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation theory. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through interviews with the village head and financial affairs officer. The findings indicate that SISKEUDES has been adopted primarily due to its relative advantage in replacing manual systems, resulting in more structured and accountable financial management. However, the complexity of the system, particularly in terms of technical usage and cognitive adaptation, presents challenges for village apparatus with limited digital literacy. The study highlights that successful adoption depends not only on the innovation's superiority but also on institutional readiness and continuous support. It concludes that while SISKEUDES brings significant improvements, its sustainability requires regular training and the institutionalization of digital competence within the village governance system.

This research aims to describe the implementation of singing methods in enhancing the musical intelligence of early childhood at RA Fatipa and to analyze its impact on the holistic development of children. Using a descriptive qualitative method with participatory observation techniques, in-depth interviews, and document studies, this research finds that the singing method at RA Fatipa is implemented integratively through various techniques, such as singing together, singing with movements, and using songs as learning media. The research results show a positive impact of the singing method on children's musical intelligence, cognitive development, language, socio-emotional, and motor skills. However, the study also identifies several challenges, namely limitations in facilities and infrastructure, the need for teacher training, the importance of parental support, as well as the need for a more systematic integration of the curriculum and strengthening of the evaluation and documentation system. This study recommends improving facilities and infrastructure, continuous training for teachers, active parental involvement, better curriculum integration, and the development of a structured evaluation and documentation system to optimize the implementation of singing methods and their impact on children's development.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of dance learning methods at RA Fatipa on early childhood development. This descriptive qualitative study used classroom observations, interviews with teachers and principals, and documentation to collect data. The results showed that dance learning methods at RA Fatipa were effective in improving cognitive, physical-motor, social-emotional, creativity, and character aspects of children. However, limited facilities and infrastructure, teacher training needs, and parental support are obstacles. This study recommends improving facilities and infrastructure, ongoing training for teachers, and closer cooperation between schools and parents to optimize the benefits of dance learning for children's holistic development.