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 Sexual violence against women and children is still a serious problem in Indonesia. Girls are among the most vulnerable groups because of their young age, emotional dependence, and the imbalance of power with perpetrators who are generally older or close to the victim. Cases of violence often occur in various environments, such as within the family, early marriage, or social relationships such as dating or friendships with older men. This situation often places girls in a weak position, making it difficult for them to resist or report the violence they experience. This research aims to examine forms of sexual violence against girls in relationships with large age differences and examine legal protection based on Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence. The research uses qualitative methods through literature study by reviewing books, scientific journals, regulations, and data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. The results of the study show that unequal age relations often give rise to power inequalities that trigger domination, control and various forms of violence, such as sexual coercion, physical violence, psychological manipulation and domestic exploitation. The TPKS Law plays an important role as a basis for legal protection and fulfillment of rights for victims

The rapid development of digital technology has transformed patterns of communication and social interaction, particularly through the widespread use of social media platforms. This study examines how language practices on social media shape youth identity formation and social relations through the philosophical perspective of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concept of language games. Using a qualitative method with a literature review approach, the study analyzes various academic sources to interpret digital linguistic practices among young people. The findings indicate that language on social media functions not merely as a medium for transmitting information but as a social practice governed by specific rules, conventions, and contexts of use. Expressions such as emojis, memes, slang, hashtags, and other symbolic forms operate as elements of language games that enable young users to construct and display their identities, build group solidarity, and negotiate social meanings within digital communities. At the same time, these linguistic practices also reveal tensions between honesty and manipulation, as reflected in phenomena such as false self-presentation, hoaxes, and persuasive language strategies. Therefore, social media language both reflects and actively shapes contemporary social realities, influencing how individuals understand themselves, others, and the dynamics of meaning and power in digital communication.

The development of financial technology has led to the emergence of online lending services based on Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2P Lending), which offer easy access to unsecured financing. However, this convenience poses significant risks when targeted at university students, who generally lack stable income and have weak financial literacy. The absence of manual verification and the suboptimal application of the prudential principle may result in a disproportionate debt burden for students. This study aims to analyze the extent to which the prudential principle is implemented by P2P Lending providers in granting loans to students, as well as to examine the legal construction of online lending agreements from a consumer protection perspective. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, doctrinal, and conceptual approaches. Data were obtained through literature review of relevant laws and regulations, legal literature, and supporting documents. The application of the prudential principle by P2P Lending providers remains limited and tends to focus more on user expansion than on debtor risk analysis. Online loan agreements are unilaterally drafted through standard contracts that place students in a weak legal position, without adequate protective mechanisms. Students, as vulnerable debtors, have not yet received optimal legal protection due to weak implementation of the prudential principle and exploitative contractual arrangements. Regulatory reform and strengthened oversight are necessary to ensure contractual fairness.

The development of digital technology has driven significant changes in modern learning methods by integrating various multimedia media. However, multimedia's ability to facilitate learning depends largely on the extent to which its presentation aligns with the principles of learning psychology, particularly those outlined in the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML). This study aims to examine the role and effectiveness of multimedia in transforming modern learning methods by combining the results of recent empirical research from 2020 to 2024. This study used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by analyzing 22 journal articles obtained from several databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Sinta. Research shows that the use of interactive multimedia helps increase student enthusiasm for learning, participation, understanding of concepts, and the ability to remember course material. However, disorganized multimedia design can add unnecessary mental burden, thereby reducing learning effectiveness. These findings suggest that the successful use of multimedia depends not only on the level of technological advancement but also on the quality of learning design that applies cognitive theory. This study provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research and provides tangible benefits for educators in creating effective digital learning content.

Community service is a manifestation of the implementation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, oriented toward providing direct benefits to society. In the field of social services, community service activities play an important role in supporting public information transparency, particularly in the dissemination of social assistance programs and social welfare services. This article discusses the implementation of information publication for social programs managed by the Information and Documentation Management Officer (PPID) of the Social Affairs Office of Banten Province as part of a community service activity.The implementation method employed a descriptive qualitative approach through field activities conducted within the Community Work Practice (KKP) program. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document review. The results of the community service implementation indicate that the PPID of the Social Affairs Office of Banten Province has utilized various communication media, both digital and non-digital, to publish information on social programs, thereby facilitating public access to information. This community service activity has had a positive impact on increasing transparency, accountability, and public trust in the implementation of social programs. Nevertheless, efforts to optimize the management and dissemination of information still need to be enhanced in order to reach all segments of society more effectively.

The rapid development of Islamic finance has encouraged central banks in dual banking systems to design monetary instruments that comply with Sharia principles while maintaining macroeconomic stability. However, the effectiveness of Islamic monetary instruments and their transmission mechanisms remain widely debated in the literature. This study aims to systematically review the empirical and conceptual literature on Islamic monetary instruments, focusing on their effectiveness, transmission channels, and macroeconomic outcomes. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach guided by the PRISMA framework, this research synthesizes findings from major studies examining Islamic monetary policy operations, banking transmission mechanisms, and their impacts on inflation, output, and financial stability. The results reveal that the financing/credit channel and the interest–profit pass-through mechanism are the dominant transmission pathways in dual banking systems. Although Islamic banks often demonstrate relative stability during monetary shocks, policy transmission remains partly influenced by conventional interest rate benchmarks due to institutional and market structure factors. The effectiveness of Islamic monetary instruments is largely determined by the depth of Islamic money markets, the availability of liquid instruments such as central bank sukuk, and the strength of regulatory and institutional infrastructure. Furthermore, empirical evidence linking Islamic monetary instruments directly to macroeconomic outcomes such as inflation and growth remains limited. This study proposes an integrated conceptual framework linking Islamic monetary instruments, transmission channels, and macroeconomic outcomes, moderated by institutional quality, market share of Islamic banking, and market depth. The findings contribute to the literature by providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing research and offering policy insights for strengthening Islamic monetary policy frameworks in dual financial systems.

Prosocial behavior is an important aspect of adolescents’ social-emotional development that needs to be optimally fostered through early detection efforts to prevent the emergence of social and mental health problems. This study employed a library research method by reviewing various journals and scientific articles related to the early detection of adolescent prosocial behavior. The findings indicate that prosocial behavior is influenced by internal factors such as empathy, emotional regulation, emotional intelligence, self-concept, and religiosity, as well as external factors including family environment, peer relationships, and education. Early detection enables school counselors to design intervention services that are aligned with students’ developmental needs. Therefore, it is essential to implement Guidance and Counseling services through the teaching of prosocial skills, empathy, communication, emotional regulation, conflict resolution training, and the enhancement of students’ self-efficacy. The use of social media to reinforce positive behavior, the provision of positive communication modules, and collaboration among teachers, parents, and the entire school community serve as systematic and sustainable strategies in shaping adolescents’ prosocial character.

This article discusses the relationship between parenting styles and adolescents’ social behavior. Adolescence is a developmental stage characterized by increasing social demands, making the role of the family, particularly parents, crucial in shaping adolescents’ social adjustment. This study employed a literature review method by examining relevant textbooks and national and international journal articles related to parenting styles and adolescents’ social behavior. The findings indicate that parenting styles have a significant influence on adolescents’ social behavior. Authoritative or democratic parenting is identified as the most effective style in promoting positive social behaviors, such as empathy, cooperation, social concern, and adaptive social skills. In contrast, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles are associated with various social behavior problems, including aggression, social anxiety, and low social competence. Furthermore, the relationship between parenting styles and adolescents’ social behavior is mediated by internal psychological factors, such as self-control and emotional intelligence. Therefore, warm, responsive, and consistent parenting practices are essential to support optimal social development in adolescents.

The Qur'an memorization (tahfidz) program is designed to enhance students' ability to memorize the Qur'an while instilling Islamic values from an early age. The success of this program depends on effective school management through the implementation of management functions. This study aims to analyze the management functions in the tahfidz program at SD Kuttab Imam Syafi’i Brebes. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects included the school principal, tahfidz program coordinator, teachers, and students. Data analysis followed the stages of data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that management functions at SD Kuttab Imam Syafi’i Brebes are carried out through four main functions: planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. Planning involves setting objectives, memorization targets, and choosing suitable learning methods. Organizing includes dividing responsibilities between the principal, coordinator, and teachers. The tahfidz program involves activities like muroja’ah (memorization review), adding new memorization, and teacher submission. Supervision is conducted through regular evaluations and meetings. The study concludes that effective management function implementation is crucial for the success of the tahfidz program, aiding in the achievement of educational goals in memorizing the Qur'an.

Academic anxiety is one of the problems commonly experienced by students due to the pressure of assignments, demands for achievement, and concerns about learning outcomes. This article aims to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based counseling in reducing students' academic anxiety and to explain the strategic role of guidance counselors in its application in schools. This study uses a literature review method with a literature review approach. Data were obtained from various national journals relevant to the topics of academic anxiety and mindfulness, then analyzed descriptively and qualitatively through a process of collecting, classifying, and synthesizing the results of previous studies. The results of the study show that mindfulness-based counseling is effective in helping students reduce their levels of academic anxiety through conscious breathing exercises, focusing attention, and accepting learning experiences without negative judgment. In addition, guidance counselors play an important role as facilitators, program developers, role models for mindfulness practices, mental health advocates, and liaisons between schools and parents in supporting the success of interventions. By applying the right methods, mindfulness-based counseling can be an effective alternative service in helping students overcome academic anxiety when implemented systematically and continuously  by guidance counselors in schools.

Public service plays a fundamental role in fulfilling citizens’ rights and needs within modern governance systems. The increasing complexity of social, economic, and technological changes has encouraged the transformation of public administration paradigms. This study aims to analyze the evolution of public service paradigms from Old Public Administration to Network Governance, identify the key characteristics of each paradigm, and explain the shift in values and the role of the state in public service delivery. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method by examining various academic sources related to public administration theories and public service governance. The analysis was conducted through content analysis and comparative analysis to identify conceptual developments and paradigm differences in public administration. The results indicate that public service paradigms have evolved from hierarchical and rule-based governance toward more collaborative and participatory governance models. Old Public Administration emphasizes bureaucratic hierarchy and administrative control, New Public Management focuses on efficiency and performance-based management, while New Public Service highlights citizen participation and democratic values. The most recent paradigm, Network Governance, promotes collaboration among government, private sector, and civil society in addressing complex public issues. These findings suggest that contemporary public administration increasingly adopts a hybrid governance approach that integrates elements of various paradigms to enhance the effectiveness and responsiveness of public service delivery.

This study aims to analyze the regulation and implementation of the authority to test laws and regulations (judicial review) in the Indonesian state system based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study applies a normative juridical method using three main approaches, namely the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The legal data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then reviewed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normatively the division of judicial review authority between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court has been expressly regulated in Article 24A paragraph (1) and Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is given the authority to test regulations under the law against the law, and the Constitutional Court is given the authority to test laws against the 1945 Constitution. This division of authority is a manifestation of the principle of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances after the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, in practice, this two-roof judicial review system tends to give rise to conceptual and practical problems, such as overlapping authority and differences in decisions between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court which have the potential to create legal uncertainty and reduce public trust in the judicial institution. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize the authority of judicial review by strengthening coordination between institutions or unifying the authority of judicial review which is centered on one institution only in order to guarantee legal certainty, harmonization of norms, and supremacy of the constitution in the Indonesian state system.  

The debate concerning the relationship between faith (īmān) and deeds (ʿamal) constitutes one of the central issues in the history of Islamic theology, generating diverse perspectives among theological schools. This study aims to comparatively analyze the epistemology of deeds in three classical Islamic theological traditions: Khawarij, Murji’ah, and Ahlussunnah. The research employs a qualitative approach using the integrative literature review method, examining classical works of ʿilm al-kalām alongside contemporary academic studies. The data were analyzed through data reduction, thematic categorization, and comparative analysis to identify differences in the epistemological frameworks used to understand the relationship between faith and deeds. The findings indicate that the Khawarij developed a textual–legalistic epistemology that considers deeds an essential component of faith, thereby viewing perpetrators of major sins as having exited the state of faith. In contrast, the Murji’ah developed a theological–rational epistemology that separates faith from deeds and postpones judgment regarding major sinners to God’s ultimate decision. Meanwhile, Ahlussunnah formulated an integrative epistemology that combines belief in the heart, verbal affirmation, and deeds within the structure of faith without declaring major sinners as unbelievers. This study highlights that differences in the concept of deeds in Islamic theology are not merely doctrinal but also reflect distinct epistemological frameworks in interpreting religious sources. The findings contribute conceptually to the study of ʿilm al-kalām by offering a comparative mapping of the epistemology of deeds across three major theological traditions in Islam.

This article discusses innovation in the learning process as an important strategic step to improve the quality of education, especially in developing students' critical literacy skills. Critical literacy is an essential skill for students to face the complexity of information and technology in the 21st century. This paper aims to explore the role of learning innovation as a strategy to strengthen critical literacy. This research uses a qualitative approach through literature study, by reviewing various scientific references related to learning innovation, critical literacy, 21st-century learning principles, and the role of teachers in the learning process. The results of the study indicate that learning innovation designed in a contextual, collaborative, and student-focused manner can improve their ability to understand, analyze, evaluate, and reflect on information critically. In addition, the role of teachers as facilitators, motivators, and agents of innovation has proven crucial in creating effective and meaningful learning experiences. Learning innovation can be an effective strategy to strengthen students' critical literacy while preparing them to face the challenges of the digital era and modern society.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based learning media and its implications for student learning motivation in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). This study uses a systematic literature review approach by examining various reputable scientific articles discussing the integration of AI in education and the dynamics of learning motivation in the context of PAI. The results of the study indicate that the use of AI through adaptive learning systems, educational chatbots, gamification, and learning analytics can increase the effectiveness, personalization, and interactivity of learning. This implementation has a positive impact on cognitive motivation through increased conceptual understanding, affective motivation through active participation and emotional engagement, and spiritual motivation through strengthening reflection and internalization of Islamic values. However, ethical challenges, the risk of depersonalization of the teacher's role, and inequality in digital access are crucial issues that require policy attention and human-centered pedagogical design. Theoretically, this study offers an integrative conceptual framework that combines technological innovation with Islamic educational epistemology. Practically, the results of this study provide recommendations for teachers, schools, and policymakers to develop AI-based PAI learning models that are adaptive, ethical, and oriented towards character building.

The rapid development of digital technology in the 21st century has brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including education. One of the emerging innovations in the educational field is the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a tool to support the learning process. The integration of AI in history education offers new opportunities to create more interactive, adaptive, and contextual learning experiences through access to various digital historical sources. This study aims to analyze the integration of Artificial Intelligence in history learning and its implications for improving students’ digital historical literacy. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method through a literature study by reviewing various scientific articles related to the use of AI in education and digital literacy in history learning. The findings indicate that the use of Artificial Intelligence can assist students in accessing, analyzing, and understanding various digital historical sources more broadly through interactive media such as online archives, historical simulations, and technology-based learning platforms. In addition, the integration of AI can increase student engagement in the learning process, encourage critical thinking skills, and support more personalized learning based on students’ needs and abilities. However, the implementation of this technology must be accompanied by the strengthening of digital historical literacy as well as the application of academic integrity, ethical principles, and responsible use of technology. Therefore, the proper integration of Artificial Intelligence can serve as an innovative strategy to enhance the quality of history education in the digital era.

Business activities are essential for helping the economy of society function properly. When starting a business, people usually want to make money, but they are also supposed to follow good values, like being honest in their dealings. In real life, some businesses still do unfair things, like giving false information about products, changing prices unfairly, lowering the quality of goods, and using incorrect measurements when selling items. This research focuses on explaining what honesty means and how it should be used in business according to the principles of Islamic economics. The study uses a qualitative method called literature review, which involves looking at books, journal articles, and other sources that talk about Islamic business ethics. The results show that honesty is a key value in Islamic business because it helps build trust with customers, ensures fair deals, and creates positive relationships between sellers and buyers. The value of honesty in the business world can be demonstrated through transparancy of information about products, honesty in pricing, accuracy in measurement, and not hiding defects in the goods being sold. From an Islamic economics perpective, business activities should not only focus on material income, but also on the value of blessings, ethical responsibility, and mutual prosperity. Thus, the application of honesty in an important foundation for building fair, transparent bisuness practices that are in line with Islamic economic prinsiples.

Gluten-free flour-based cookie products face a major challenge in producing physicochemical and sensory characteristics equivalent to wheat-based products due to the absence of gluten as a structural component. One common approach to address this issue is the addition of hydrocolloids, such as glucomannan and xanthan gum. This study aims to systematically examine the effect of the ratio of glucomannan and xanthan gum on the texture characteristics, spreadability, and sensory properties of gluten-free flour-based chocolate cookies using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The literature search process was carried out on several scientific databases using keywords related to gluten-free cookies, glucomannan, xanthan gum, texture, spreadability, and sensory properties. Selected articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, then analyzed and synthesized narratively with reference to the PRISMA guidelines. The results of the study indicate that xanthan gum tends to increase the hardness and structural stability of cookies, but can decrease spreadability and crispiness at high concentrations. Conversely, glucomannan plays a role in enhancing softness and mouthfeel through its high water-binding capacity, although it can potentially limit spreadability if used excessively. The combination of glucomannan and xanthan gum exhibits a synergistic effect in balancing textural characteristics and enhancing sensory acceptability. In conclusion, optimizing the ratio of glucomannan to xanthan gum is a key factor in developing gluten-free chocolate cookies with optimal physicochemical and sensory characteristics.

State finances rely heavily on tax revenues, yet tax avoidance remains a persistent obstacle that can reduce government income. This practice is commonly associated with internal corporate conditions. Therefore, this research examines how profitability, leverage, firm size, and capital intensity relate to tax avoidance behavior. Employing a descriptive design with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study evaluates ten empirical articles published between 2021 and 2025 in Sinta and Scopus indexed journals. The analysis indicates that the influence of these internal factors varies across studies. Profitability and leverage demonstrate contradictory effects, as strong earnings and higher debt may stimulate aggressive tax planning through tax shields, but may also restrain avoidance to preserve corporate image. Firm size likewise presents inconsistent results due to regulatory and public attention. In contrast, capital intensity generally shows minimal influence because investments in fixed assets are directed toward operational efficiency. These findings provide valuable considerations for policymakers to strengthen tax deduction regulations and encourage responsible corporate tax compliance.

This systematic literature review analyzes previous studies on impact of educational technology on students’ behavioural engagement in English language learning. The integration of educational technology in English classroom has increased significantly in order to address students’ low participation, limited attention, and passive learning behaviour. Various digital tools such as digital storybooks, digital storytelling, multimedia learning platforms, and interactive online applications have been implemented to promote students’ active participation. This review followed the prefered Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to ensure a systematic and transparent review process. Relevant journal articles published between 2020 until 2025 were identified through Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Publish or Perish. A total of 15 articles met the conclusion criteria and were analysed in this study. The findings indicate that educational technology positively influences students’ behavioural engagement, which is reflected in increased participation, attention, interaction, and task completion in English leraning contexts.The review higlights that the appropriate intergration of educational technology can support more interactive and learner-centred English language learning environments.