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The production of breast milk is essential for promoting optimal growth and developmental outcomes in infants throughout the first six months of life. Nevertheless, several studies have indicated that some breastfeeding mothers face challenges in producing adequate milk, often influenced by nutritional status, psychological conditions, and environmental support. The katuk plant (Sauropus androgynus), a well-known local herb, has long been recognized for its potential as a natural galactagogue that can stimulate breast milk production. The innovation of processing katuk leaf extract into biscuits offers a more practical, convenient, and potentially acceptable alternative for daily consumption among the community. The present study aimed to examine the impact of katuk leaf biscuits on breast milk production among breastfeeding mothers within the jurisdiction of Kuta Baro Health Center, Aceh Besar District. A pre-experimental design utilizing a one-group pretest–posttest method was implemented, involving 20 breastfeeding mothers who fulfilled the established inclusion criteria. Data collection was carried out through the administration of questionnaires and by measuring breast milk volume using a calibrated measuring cup.The study findings indicated that before the intervention, most participants had relatively low breast milk production, averaging 69.1 ml. After a seven-day intervention, the mean breast milk volume showed a significant increase to 246.5 ml, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), the findings indicate that katuk leaf biscuits exert a significant influence on increasing breast milk production. Overall, this study underscores the potential of locally sourced, herbal-based food innovations as an effective and sustainable approach to enhancing breast milk production and supporting the success of exclusive breastfeeding programs.

The national priority program of 12 years of compulsory education is a strategic effort by the government to improve the quality and equity of education, particularly at the secondary education level. This program is supported by the School Operational Assistance (BOS) and the Indonesia Smart Program (PIP). The PIP funds are used to meet the educational needs of students, such as purchasing books, stationery, uniforms, and transportation costs. The goal of providing PIP is to reduce the financial burden of education, decrease school dropout rates, and increase access to quality education. This study examines the effectiveness of PIP in promoting educational equity in Indonesia and evaluates the alignment of government policies related to beneficiaries, implementation, and monitoring of PIP. The method used is a literature review for public policy evaluation in the field of education. The findings show that PIP has successfully increased educational participation, as reflected in the improvement of the School Participation Rate (APS), Gross Participation Rate (APK), and Net Participation Rate (APM). PIP also expands educational access for children from low-income families. However, its implementation faces challenges such as bureaucratic obstacles, misidentification of recipients, low parental administrative literacy, and delays in the distribution of assistance in 3T regions (frontline, outermost, and underdeveloped).

This study aims to analyze the role of internet technology in enhancing the competitiveness of ebusiness in Indonesia, particularly in the sector of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Based on theoretical reviews, internet technology, e-business, technology adoption (TAM), and the concept of competitiveness serve as the main foundations for understanding the ongoing digital transformation. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a purposive sampling technique, involving five informants consisting of digital SME owners, online store managers, and users of service platforms. Data were collected through interviews and observations, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the internet plays a crucial role as an essential infrastructure that enhances marketing effectiveness, expands market reach, and improves operational efficiency. Marketplaces, social media, and delivery-service platforms contribute significantly to sales growth and service quality. However, challenges such as low digital literacy, platform commission fees, changes in social media algorithms, and uneven infrastructure development still limit optimal utilization. From a policy perspective, the study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure and improving national digital literacy. This research emphasizes that the success of e-business depends on technology access, human resource competence, and support through public policy. It can be concluded that internet technology serves as a vital foundation for e-business competitiveness in the digital era.

Oral loan agreements remain a prevalent form of contract in Indonesian society, particularly within familial relationships, friendships, and informal financial transactions. This study aims to examine the legal standing of oral loan agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata/KUHPerdata) and to analyse the evidentiary mechanisms applicable in cases of default (wanprestasi). This research employs a normative juridical approach, utilising secondary data sources comprising legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that oral loan agreements are legally valid and binding provided they satisfy the requirements stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely mutual consent, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. However, the fundamental weakness of such agreements lies in the evidentiary challenges that arise during dispute resolution. In the absence of written documentation, proof of the agreement's existence and content must rely on alternative forms of evidence, including witness testimony, acknowledgement by the parties, bank transfer records, receipts, electronic communications, and circumstantial evidence as recognised under Article 1866 of the Civil Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The success of claims in default cases largely depends on the strength, consistency, and relevance of the evidence presented. This study concludes that while oral agreements possess full legal force, parties are strongly advised to document loan transactions in writing or secure supporting evidence to ensure greater legal certainty and facilitate effective dispute resolution.

This Community Partnership Program (PKM) aims to improve the competence of mathematics teachers at Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) in Lumajang Regency in developing ethnomathematics-based teaching materials integrated with Augmented Reality (AR) technology. This program was initiated due to the minimal use of local culture in mathematics learning and the low ability of teachers to develop innovative teaching materials. The activity was carried out in four main stages: socialization, training, technology application, and mentoring and evaluation. The training included an introduction to the concept of ethnomathematics, the preparation of differentiated teaching materials, and the creation of AR-based learning media using Unity 3D, Blender, Geogebra, and Vuforia. The results of the activity showed an increase in teachers' understanding of the concept of ethnomathematics and their ability to integrate the local cultural values of Lumajang into mathematics learning. In addition, teachers successfully produced contextual AR-based interactive teaching materials in line with the spirit of the Merdeka Curriculum. This activity also strengthened collaboration between lecturers, students, and teachers of the MTs Wilker III Mathematics MGMP and became a model for continuous training in the development of innovative learning media based on local wisdom and digital technology.

This research aims to analyze the adaptive role of a dance teacher in teaching the subject of music art at SMK Asta Mitra Purwodadi, as well as identifying the patterns of collaborative approaches and the implementation of the Deep Learning strategy in the learning process. This phenomenon attracts researchers due to the case of a teacher teaching cross-disciplinary subjects, although still within the domain of the arts. This study employs a qualitative method using observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation techniques. The main subject of this research is Bu Evi, a dance teacher who also serves as the music art instructor. The research results indicate that the non-specialist teacher (with a dance background) successfully overcomes limitations in teaching music by performing a role transformation into a facilitator focusing on expression, rhythm, and performance. The implementation of Deep Learning is realized effectively through a kinesthetic approach, where abstract music concepts (such as tempo and dynamics) are translated through body movement exploration, which is proven to increase student enthusiasm and understanding. Furthermore, the teacher implements a strategic collaborative pattern with the music extracurricular teacher, where responsibilities are divided between aspects of expression/movement and the deepening of theory/vocal technique, ensuring talented students still receive adequate technical development. Assessment focuses on performative aspects (expression, tempo, teamwork, and self-confidence). This research concludes that the teacher's professionalism and pedagogical creativity are the main keys to bridging competency gaps, while simultaneously ensuring the achievement of the goals of the Merdeka Curriculum in shaping student character and 21st-century skills.

This study examines the transformation of Islamic da'wah institutions in Indonesia through social entrepreneurship innovation, focusing on the Darunnajah Islamic Boarding School in Jakarta. The aim is to understand how the Islamic boarding school adapts to socio-economic changes without abandoning its da'wah values. This study uses a library research methodology, referring to Kurt Lewin's (1947) theory of change, which consists of three stages: Unfreezing, Changing, and Refreezing. The findings indicate that during the Unfreezing phase, Darunnajah raises students' awareness of the need to develop traditional da'wah models. During the Changing phase, the Islamic boarding school implements social entrepreneurship innovations through various structures, such as cooperatives, Hajj travel agencies, and agribusiness. Finally, during the Refreezing phase, the values ​​of independence and professionalism are institutionalized within the boarding school's culture. Key factors contributing to its success are visionary leadership, a culture of student autonomy, and alumni support; obstacles encountered include internal resistance and a lack of resources. Overall, Darunnajah has succeeded in becoming an adaptive and productive model of modern da'wah that remains rooted in Islamic values.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship training program for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) held by the Palangka Raya City Department of Trade, Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises, and Industry (DPKUKMP) on August 20-21, 2025. This study uses a qualitative approach, data collection is obtained through interviews and documentation to evaluate the program's impact on knowledge, managerial skills, digital adaptation, and business performance of MSMEs participants. This research is measured based on the simamora indicators, namely reactions, learning, behavior, and results. From the study, it was found that there was a positive response from participants, meaning that this program is effective, indicating success in fostering entrepreneurship. For DPKUKMP Palangka Raya City, this program makes a significant contribution to the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and strengthens the competitiveness of MSMEs in the digital era. The implications show that such a program can be a targeted policy recommendation for the development of sustainable MSMEs in Palangkaraya, encouraging digital adaptation and financial management to improve business performance and local economic growth.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of waste management in preventing fires at the Alak Landfill (TPA) in Kupang City using a qualitative case study approach. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving officials from the Environmental and Sanitation Office, landfill workers, waste pickers, and surrounding communities. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of waste management remains low. In terms of input, financial resources, infrastructure, and human resources are insufficient to support optimal operations. During the process stage, waste collection and transportation are hindered by low public compliance, limited vehicles, and minimal waste segregation. Final waste processing still relies on the open dumping method, which increases waste accumulation, methane generation, and fire risks. In terms of output, various mitigation efforts have not successfully reduced the recurring fire incidents due to limited facilities, inadequate compaction, and the absence of gas monitoring systems. The results highlight the need for increased budget allocation, improved facilities, enhanced human resource capacity, and the implementation of safer and more sustainable waste management methods to reduce fire risks at the Alak Landfill.

This study examines the fundamental concepts of learning by emphasizing that learning is an active process that not only involves receiving information but also includes changes in students’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills. This research was conducted using a literature review method by exploring various relevant scholarly sources to understand the theories, principles, components, and factors that influence the success of learning. The findings indicate that learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanistic theory provide an essential foundation for teachers in designing meaningful learning experiences. In addition, there has been a paradigm shift from teacher-centered learning to student-centered learning, which requires teachers to act as facilitators and designers of a conducive learning environment. The study further reveals that effective learning is determined by the alignment of objectives, materials, methods, media, learning activities, and evaluation. Internal factors such as students’ motivation and readiness to learn, as well as external factors such as teacher competence and the availability of learning facilities, also significantly influence learning outcomes. Overall, this study emphasizes that effective learning requires comprehensive planning, adaptive approaches, and classroom management that supports active student engagement.

This research investigates the development of IT-based Automatic Identification System (AIS) data surveillance models supporting maritime safety through integration of advanced information technology, maritime engineering principles, and human factors optimization. AIS technology generates vast real-time vessel movement data creating unprecedented opportunities for safety enhancement through systematic surveillance, collision risk detection, traffic pattern analysis, and incident prevention, yet effectiveness depends critically on intelligent data processing algorithms, reliable IT infrastructure, and competent personnel capable of interpreting surveillance outputs and taking appropriate actions. Through qualitative analysis involving maritime safety authorities, vessel traffic service (VTS) operators, port authorities, marine engineers, IT specialists, data scientists, and maritime training institutions, this study examines how IT-based surveillance models incorporating pattern recognition, anomaly detection, predictive analytics, and crew-centered interfaces can transform maritime safety management from reactive incident response toward proactive risk prevention. Results demonstrate that intelligent AIS surveillance can identify 75-90% of high-risk situations 15-45 minutes before critical events, reduce collision risks by 60-80%, improve traffic management efficiency by 35-55%, and enhance crew situational awareness by 45-65% when integrated with appropriate training programs developing personnel competencies in data interpretation, system operation, and coordinated response. Key implementation challenges include data quality and completeness issues, computational infrastructure requirements, algorithm development complexity, personnel competency gaps requiring substantial training investments, organizational coordination barriers, and privacy/security concerns. Findings reveal that successful AIS surveillance implementation requires holistic sociotechnical approaches integrating IT systems engineering, maritime domain expertise, and human capability development through coordinated design, deployment, and training strategies. This research contributes to maritime safety literature by providing integrated frameworks for IT-based surveillance systems incorporating technical capabilities, operational requirements, and human factors supporting evidence-based safety management.

Technological innovation in Christian Religious Education learning strategies aims to improve students' learning literacy comprehensively. In an era of globalization and rapid technological advancement, Christian Religious Education is required to adapt to digital learning media to ensure relevance and effectiveness. The use of various technologies, such as interactive learning videos, educational applications, and e-learning platforms, increases student motivation and active engagement in understanding Christian values ​​and integrating faith with knowledge. Learning strategies using attractive digital technology, a hybrid learning model that combines face-to-face and bold learning, and improving teacher competency are key to the successful implementation of this innovation. The research method used is descriptive qualitative based on a literature review that examines relevant scientific literature, books, and documents on technological innovation in religious education and improving learning literacy. Content analysis was conducted by grouping data based on themes such as technology type, learning strategy, and its impact on student literacy. The research results show that the integration of technology in Christian Religious Education learning provides a significant opportunity to create a technologically savvy young generation that is both mature in faith and character, and able to face the challenges of the times with steadfastness.

The rapid development of the sea transportation industry produces a massive and complex volume of transaction data, requiring strategic management to support managerial decision-making. This research aims to implement the Executive Information System on SeaPass in order to evaluate the performance of ship ticket sales. The research method uses data visualization with a two-level drill-down mechanism, which allows the presentation of information hierarchically from general summaries to specific details. The methodological stages include needs analysis, user interface (UI) design using Figma, front-end implementation with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, database integration, and system testing through Black Box Testing. The results showed that the SIE implementation successfully integrated operational data, including schedules, ships, and manifests, into an interactive dashboard. The two-level drill-down feature provides the ability for executives to identify operational anomalies and market fluctuations in real-time. In conclusion, the system significantly enhances executive data analysis capabilities, transforming complex transaction data into accurate strategic information, thereby supporting more precise business decision-making and adaptive to the dynamics of the marine transportation market.

This study explores the role of the Holy Spirit as the main actor in spreading the gospel according to the Book of Acts and its relevance to the church's current mission strategy. Through a qualitative-descriptive approach with literature review, this study examines biblical texts and theological literature that emphasize that since the events of Pentecost, the Holy Spirit has been the main initiator of the church's mission movement. In Luke's narrative, the Holy Spirit not only empowers the disciples to witness, but also leads the direction of ministry, selects and sends missionaries, opens and closes mission paths, and affirms the inclusiveness of the gospel for non-Jewish nations. The Holy Spirit acts as a catalyst that transforms a weak community of disciples into a church that boldly proclaims the gospel, as seen in Peter's sermon and the rapid growth of the congregation. In addition, the Holy Spirit preserves the purity of the church, unites the congregation, and gives spiritual gifts for the building up of the body of Christ. The results of this study confirm that the success of the early church's mission did not depend on human strategies, but on obedience to the Holy Spirit's leadership. The implication for the church today is the need to depend on the work of the Holy Spirit in evangelism, fellowship, and the development of the congregation's gifts, so that the church is able to respond to the challenges of the times with divine power and wisdom.  

This research focuses on optimizing the control system to improve voltage stability in a 10 kW Solar Power Plant (PLTS) located in a tropical region. The main issue addressed is voltage fluctuation caused by the intermittent nature of solar radiation (200–1200 W/m²) and temperature variations (20–50°C), which result in up to 12% overshoot in the inverter. The proposed method implements a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with real-time irradiation input data. The research integrates a 100 Hz digital low-pass filter to mitigate sensor noise under low irradiation conditions. Simulation results show that the PID-PSO system successfully reduces overshoot from 12.1% to 4.2% under high irradiation, and decreases settling time from 0.62 seconds to 0.31 seconds. The digital filter effectively reduces measurement deviation from 7.2% to 2.8% at 200 W/m² irradiation. The PSO optimization achieved optimal convergence within 37 iterations with an Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) value of 0.18. This study concludes that the implementation of PID-PSO with a digital filter significantly enhances the voltage stability of the PLTS by 20.3% compared to conventional PID control and is ready to be applied in tropical-region smart grid systems.

This research examines the practices of a B4 class teacher at RA Takhrimah Tungkop in identifying children’s Multiple Intelligences (MI) through authentic observation during an activity of printing moon shapes using banana stems. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with data collected through in-depth interviews and participatory observation. Data were analyzed thematically and supported by source and technique triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. The results indicate that the teacher’s understanding of the MI concept was still focused on linguistic, logical-mathematical, and visual-spatial intelligences. Despite this limited conceptual scope, the implementation of authentic observation during the art-based activity successfully revealed a broader range of children’s intelligences. The moon-printing activity demonstrated indicators of visual-spatial intelligence through shape recognition and composition, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence through hand–eye coordination and motor control, and intrapersonal intelligence reflected in children’s ability to manage emotions, maintain focus, and show persistence during the task. Repeated observations accompanied by anecdotal records enabled the teacher to construct individual and continuous MI profiles for each child. These profiles can be utilized to design more varied, contextual, and child-centered learning strategies that align with the characteristics of early childhood learners in the Raudhatul Athfal setting. The practices observed also illustrate the connection between Gardner’s MI theory and Islamic early childhood education grounded in concrete learning activities. The findings support the development of child-friendly learning environments and encourage teacher creativity in conducting activity-based assessments. This study recommends strengthening teacher competencies through training in authentic MI assessment and further research using a research and development approach.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a vital pillar of the Indonesian economy, contributing 61% to GDP and employing 97% of the workforce. Despite their importance, MSMEs face a high failure rate of 78–80%, with financial management problems accounting for 82% of failures. This study aims to analyze and prove the influence of risk management on the success of entrepreneurial efforts in MSMEs, while also measuring its contribution in explaining variations in business success. Using a quantitative approach with a survey method, the research involved 100 purposively selected respondents who met criteria of operating for at least two years and employing at least one worker. Data analysis included validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, simple linear regression, t-test, and coefficient of determination (R²). Results confirmed that all instruments were valid and reliable, with data meeting normality and heteroscedasticity assumptions. Regression analysis produced the equation Y = 5.428 + 0.724X, showing that risk management positively influences business success. The t-test confirmed significance, while R² = 0.403 indicated that risk management explains 40.3% of success variation. The findings conclude that effective risk management significantly enhances MSME sustainability and entrepreneurial success.

This internship program was carried out at PT Sunningdale Tech Batam with a focus on assisting and analyzing the material procurement process from both local and international suppliers, which has been affected by various challenges such as resin import quota regulations, slow customs clearance processes, and external disruptions including extreme weather and geopolitical conflicts. Through direct observation, interviews, and the collection of procurement administrative documents, this activity successfully mapped the entire procurement flow and identified key obstacles that cause material delays. The output produced is an official procurement flowchart that was then implemented across three departments, demonstrating improved process effectiveness through reduced lead time for local materials from 7–9 days to 6–8 days and for imported materials from 21–25 days to 18–22 days, along with fewer documentation errors and increased staff understanding of procedural workflows. Overall, this internship activity provides a significant contribution to the company by enhancing procurement efficiency, strengthening cross-departmental coordination, and improving supply chain resilience against external risks.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that requires comprehensive management, including insulin therapy; therefore, the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical students as future physicians play an important role in therapeutic success. This study aimed to describe the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tarumanagara, Class of 2022, regarding insulin administration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study employed a quantitative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach involving 93 respondents. Data were collected using questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to insulin administration and analyzed descriptively. The respondents had a mean age of 21.08 years (median 21; range 20–26 years) and were predominantly female (69 respondents; 75.5%). The results showed a mean knowledge score of 8.5 ± 1.47, with 56.1% of respondents categorized as having good knowledge. Attitudes toward insulin administration had a mean score of 7.67 ± 1.25, with 56.1% classified as good, while insulin administration practices were categorized as very good, with a mean score of 9.99 ± 0.74 and 95.7% of respondents in the good category. This study indicates that medical students of Universitas Tarumanagara Class of 2022 possess good levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding insulin administration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study aims to analyze the supervisory strategy of the Panwascam (Central Election Supervisory Agency) of Sinjai Borong District in handling election violations in the 2024 Simultaneous Regional Elections in Sinjai Regency. The study focuses on two main aspects, namely preventive strategies and repressive strategies. The research method uses a qualitative approach with case studies, through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and interactive data analysis. The results show that the Panwascam's preventive strategies include socialization of election regulations, political education, and strengthening coordination with village officials and community leaders. This strategy has been proven to increase regulatory understanding among lower-level election organizers and public political awareness, especially first-time voters. Meanwhile, the repressive strategy is implemented through violation handling mechanisms, preparing legal recommendations, and summoning perpetrators and witnesses. Based on field findings, the Panwascam successfully handled one case of violation of ASN neutrality that was recommended to the Regency Bawaslu. This study concludes that the supervision of the Sinjai Borong Panwascam is relatively effective, although it still faces limited resources, low public legal literacy, and strong local political patronage. The results of this study provide a conceptual contribution to strengthening the community-based electoral supervision model, which integrates regulatory, educational, and collaborative aspects. They also serve as practical recommendations for improving the quality of electoral democracy at the local level.