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Digital transformation in government bureaucracy has become a strategic step to improve efficiency, accountability, and transparency, including in the management of regional legal products. In the Regional Secretariat of Tegal Regency, the process of submitting legal products is still done manually, which causes inefficiencies, delays, and a lack of document traceability. To address these issues, a web-based legal product submission application has been developed with document tracking features. This research uses the Waterfall system development method, and implements a FIFO (First In First Out) queuing system in the submission process, along with Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for managing user access rights. The goal of this system is to create a faster, more transparent, and digitally documented application process. The implementation results show that the application is able to systematically and integratively manage the flow of submissions, corrections, verification, and the ratification of legal products. Features such as a Login page with CAPTCHA, analysis dashboards, tracking, and monthly reports enhance the monitoring and security functions of the system. This application can be an effective solution in supporting the digitization of regional legal bureaucracy, as well as providing ease and efficiency for regional officials in preparing and submitting drafts of legal products digitally.

In the rapidly evolving digital era, data breaches have emerged as a serious threat, particularly in the e-commerce sector which handles vast amounts of customers’ personal data. The protection of personal data has therefore become a crucial issue, requiring effective regulation to ensure digital privacy. In response to this growing concern, Indonesia enacted the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) in 2022 as a significant step toward strengthening digital privacy and security. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the 2022 PDP Law in addressing customer data breach incidents on e-commerce platforms in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach and case study method, this research analyzes several high-profile data breach cases involving major e-commerce companies in the country. The findings indicate that, although the PDP Law has established a clear legal framework regarding the obligations of reporting and managing data breaches, its implementation still faces multiple challenges. Some companies have not fully complied with the legal timeframes for notifying users, and there is a general lack of transparency in how data breach incidents are managed. These shortcomings reveal a gap between the regulatory framework and practical enforcement in the field. Furthermore, the study highlights the limited public awareness and the insufficient preparedness of some companies in responding to data security incidents in accordance with the law. As a result, the rights of consumers to be informed and protected are not always upheld effectively. This research recommends stronger supervision by relevant authorities to ensure stricter enforcement of the PDP Law. It also underscores the need for ongoing education and intensive training for e-commerce companies to enhance their capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to data breaches in compliance with the legal standards. By reinforcing regulatory implementation and organizational readiness, Indonesia can better safeguard digital consumer rights in the growing e-commerce landscape.

The palm oil industry is a vital component of Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, particularly in rural and plantation-based regions where economic alternatives are limited. However, the sector is increasingly challenged by global sustainability concerns, particularly the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which poses a threat to Indonesia’s palm oil exports due to its strict environmental standards and traceability requirements. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review to explore the role of innovation and legal protection in strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. Specifically, it investigates how the development of superior plant varieties and the application of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework contribute to long-term industry resilience. The findings indicate that superior varieties such as DxP Topaz, DxP PTPN V, and Lonsum DxP have been instrumental in boosting productivity, reducing the need for land expansion, enhancing oil yield per hectare, and improving overall resource efficiency. Moreover, legal protection through PVP not only secures exclusive rights for breeders but also incentivizes further agricultural innovation and prevents the unauthorized use and duplication of valuable genetic resources. In light of international regulatory pressures, strengthening the national PVP system, promoting the registration of local superior varieties, and integrating legal instruments with research and development are essential. These efforts can safeguard Indonesia’s genetic sovereignty and support sustainable practices in compliance with international environmental standards. Ultimately, aligning agricultural innovation with a robust legal framework is key to maintaining the industry’s market access, environmental credibility, and long-term sustainability.

This study aims to identify and analyze the ratio legis of the principle that the Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program needs to be regulated and adhered to. Furthermore, this research also seeks to examine the legal consequences of the Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program. The awareness of the special position of land in the Indonesian national consciousness is also revealed in the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), which states the eternal relationship between the Indonesian people and the land. However, the term “controlled” in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution does not imply that the state is the owner. The general explanation of the 1960 UUPA clarifies that the state (government) only controls the land. The meaning of land being “controlled” does not equate to “owned” but rather refers to certain authorities granted to the state as a power organization. Ownership of land rights must be proven by authentic or valid evidence in the form of a land rights certificate, where such certified ownership is an absolute requirement. Therefore, the Indonesian Government, through the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number 6 of 2018 concerning Complete Systematic Land Registration, aims to facilitate the implementation of systematic and complete land registration as a government program. From this explanation, it can be concluded that the ratio legis of the Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program principle requires regulation and adherence to provide guarantees of legal certainty, transparency of information related to land parcels that can be utilized by legitimate parties, and ensure orderly administration in the field of land affairs, thereby delivering benefits and justice.

Measurement is a crucial initial step in the land registration process, as stipulated in Article 19 paragraph (2) letter a of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA). Article 17 of Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 on Land Registration emphasizes that measurements must be supported by physical data and boundary arrangements based on the agreement of adjacent landowners. One key principle in this process is the contradictoire delimitatie principle, which requires the presence of interested parties during the determination of land boundaries. This thesis aims to analyze the function of contradictoire delimitatie in the measurement results of the Complete Systematic Land Registration Program (PTSL), as well as to examine the legal consequences if this principle is not implemented. The study is expected to contribute to the development of legal knowledge in the field of land affairs and serve as a reference for academics, legal practitioners, judicial institutions, law enforcement officials, and land authorities. In practice, if the subject of a land parcel is unknown, information is obtained from neighboring landowners, community leaders, or relevant officials, and recorded in the Measurement Sketch (Gambar Ukur or GU). If boundary agreements have not been reached, dotted lines are used to indicate temporary boundaries. When the Work Map is attached to the GU, the landowner or their representative may sign it as a form of boundary agreement. The absence of the contradictoire delimitatie principle hinders the measurement process, map creation, land registration, and issuance of land rights certificates. Furthermore, unclear or poorly maintained boundaries often lead to overlapping claims and disputes in the field.

The practice of anatomical corpse (cadaver) surgery in medical education has an important value to improve the understanding and skills of medical students related to the anatomy of the human body. However, uncivilized acts of the corpse in this practice can raise legal and ethical issues. This study aims to analyze whether the practice is in accordance with the principles of law, ethics, and respect for the corpse, as well as how the act of treating the corpse uncivilized can be categorized as an unlawful act (wederrechtelijk). The research uses a normative approach with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal analysis, including the Criminal Code, Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, and Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 38 of 2022. The results of the study show that there is a gap in norms related to legal uncertainty in regulating the treatment of corpses in the practice of medical education. Existing norms have not explicitly provided detailed guidance on uncivilized acts, thus opening up space for multiple interpretations. The uncivilized treatment of corpses violates the principles of respect for human dignity as stipulated in criminal law and medical ethics. Therefore, systematic legal interpretation and regulatory reform are needed to provide legal certainty, protect the rights of the corpse, and ensure that the practice of medical education runs in accordance with the principles of ethics, law, and respect for the corpse. This study provides recommendations to strengthen regulations and ethical education in the use of cadavers in order to maintain public trust in the medical profession.

This study aims to determine the implementation of plant variety protection in Australia. This article will discuss how Australia implements the TRIPs Agreement to provide protection for all technologies, products, pharmaceuticals, plants, and microorganisms that can be patented through Plant Breeder's Rights (PBR). There are three types of intellectual property obtained in the context of plant varieties, namely patent rights, trademark rights, and plant breeding rights. The purpose of protection through PBR is to encourage innovation in plant breeding by granting limited exclusive rights to control its exploitation and prevent unauthorized parties from illegally exploiting the rights of breeders. The research method used in this study is normative law research, employing a statutory approach and an analytical approach.

The Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK) plays a strategic role in ensuring the protection of consumer rights in the banking sector. Along with the increasing complexity of financial services, the potential for consumer rights violations has also risen, including misuse of personal data, administrative errors, and unfair dispute resolution. This study aims to analyze how OJK’s supervisory functions in safeguarding consumer rights in the banking sector can be effectively implemented. A socio-juridical method was used, employing legislative approaches, conceptual analysis, and case studies. Theories applied include legal liability theory, consumer protection theory, and banking supervision theory. Data were obtained from legal documents, OJK annual reports, and interviews with relevant parties. The findings indicate that although OJK has adequate supervisory instruments, such as administrative sanctions and consumer complaint systems, implementation still faces challenges, including limited human resources, lack of consumer education, and resistance from some banking institutions to strict supervision. This study implies that strengthening OJK’s institutional capacity and enhancing collaboration with banking institutions are necessary to ensure effective consumer rights protection.

This research examines the legal protection available to communities affected by land acquisition for public interest development in Indonesia. Although governed primarily by Law No. 2 of 2012 and updated through Law No. 6 of 2023, many legal ambiguities remain, especially regarding the fairness of compensation and the recognition of informal or uncertified land rights. The objective of this study is to critically evaluate the adequacy of these legal frameworks and identify gaps that undermine justice for affected populations. Employing a normative-juridical method, the research conducts doctrinal analysis, comparative law review (with cases from Malaysia and India), and stakeholder consultation to assess both the text and implementation of relevant laws. The study finds that key legal concepts such as “fair and appropriate compensation” remain undefined in statute, leading to inconsistent application across regions. Furthermore, compensation mechanisms such as share ownership and resettlement are inadequately regulated and poorly implemented. The findings emphasize the disparity between normative intent and administrative reality, particularly for holders of uncertified land. By integrating stakeholder feedback with normative evaluation, the research proposes actionable reforms to strengthen legal protection and uphold constitutional guarantees under Article 28H. In conclusion, while Indonesia has made progress in establishing a framework for public interest land acquisition, significant doctrinal and institutional reforms are required to ensure equitable outcomes for all landholders.

The Police Record Certificate (SKCK) policy as one of the requirements in the labor recruitment process often becomes an obstacle for former convicts to obtain employment. In fact, the right to work is part of human rights (HAM) that should be guaranteed for every individual, including those who have completed their sentence. This study analyzes the impact of the SKCK policy on employment opportunities for former convicts and how its elimination can be a progressive step in realizing human rights equality. This study uses a normative legal approach by examining related regulations, human rights principles, and comparative studies with other countries that have implemented inclusive policies for former convicts in the world of work. The results of the study show that the SKCK policy in job recruitment has the potential to discriminate against former convicts and strengthen social stigma, thus hindering their reintegration process into society. The elimination or at least reform of the SKCK policy to be more inclusive is expected to open up fairer access to employment, strengthen social rehabilitation, and reduce the rate of recidivism. Therefore, changes in regulations and policies are needed that better support the fulfillment of the rights of former convicts to obtain equal employment opportunities.

The Kampunge Arek Suroboyo Gender- and Child-Friendly (KAS-RPA) Program is an initiative launched by the Surabaya City Government to establish a child-friendly city through women's empowerment and child protection. This program focuses on various key indicators, including education, health, caregiving, safety, and creativity. This community service activity aims to provide assistance in the development of the KAS-RPA portfolio in RW 04, Gundih Sub-District, Bubutan District, Surabaya City, which serves as the designated community service site. The method employed in this community service program includes socialization of the KAS-RPA program to local cadres, followed by intensive consultations and discussions. The assistance process encompasses the identification of village potentials, collection of relevant documentation, and portfolio development in accordance with established guidelines. The outcome of this community service demonstrates the successful implementation of all KAS-RPA program indicators in RW 04, supported by the residents' favorable socio-economic awareness and educational background. This has resulted in a safe and comfortable living environment, with minimal occurrences of violations against children's rights or violence against women.In conclusion, the collaboration between facilitators and local cadres has proven effective in exploring and implementing the program's indicators. It is recommended that the program's coverage area be expanded and that similar activities be continuously conducted to maximize the program's positive impact throughout the city.

This study aims to examine the legal protection of workers' rights who are terminated due to economic recession and to analyze the use of economic recession as a valid reason for termination of employment. This is a normative legal research that uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The research relies on primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the Civil Code, Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, and Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, as well as secondary legal materials including books, journals, and scholarly articles. The results of the research show that: 1) an economic recession can be considered a valid reason for termination of employment within a company, as it may fall under the category of force majeure, provided that the company still respects the employment agreement and principles of fairness; and 2) legal protection for workers who are laid off due to an economic recession is divided into two forms: internal legal protection (based on the contents of the employment agreement) and external legal protection (based on statutory provisions). In this regard, workers still have the right to receive severance pay, long service pay, and compensation for entitlements.

This community service activity aims to provide an understanding of maritime law to fishermen and coastal communities in Setokok Village, Bulang District, Batam City, specifically regarding the supervision of foreign vessels in Indonesian waters. The methods used were direct outreach with a participatory approach, group discussions, and case simulations. This activity involved 85 participants consisting of fishermen, community leaders, and village officials. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of the rights and obligations of fishermen, procedures for reporting foreign vessels, and the importance of maintaining the sovereignty of Indonesian waters. This activity had a positive impact in the form of increased awareness of maritime law and community participation in monitoring water areas.

The digital era has brought significant changes in the way humans access, store, and share information. Amidst these technological advances, major challenges have emerged to the protection of individual privacy rights. Personal information is increasingly easy to collect and process by various parties, both by state institutions, technology companies, and individual users. On the other hand, the need for freedom of information is also increasing, especially in the context of transparency, public participation, and data openness. The balance between cybersecurity and freedom of information is a crucial issue that must be addressed comprehensively. This paper aims to examine the protection of privacy rights in the digital era by highlighting the tension between data security efforts and demands for information openness. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative approach. The results of the study show that privacy protection requires clear regulations, such as the Personal Data Protection Law in Indonesia, as well as public awareness in protecting personal data. On the other hand, freedom of information must still be maintained so that it is not misused to violate individual rights. Therefore, a balanced approach is needed between regulation, education, and technology to create a digital space that is safe, fair, and respects human rights.  

This study analyzes the supervision carried out by the West Java Provincial Government on the implementation of the juvenile delinquency development program through military barracks initiated by Governor Kang Dedi Mulyadi (KDM). This program aims to form the character of discipline and responsibility of problematic children through a militaristic approach. The research method uses a juridical-normative approach and policy studies with analysis of official documents and interviews with relevant stakeholders. The results of the study indicate that provincial government supervision plays an important role in ensuring program implementation in accordance with the principles of child protection and character education standards. However, there are significant challenges related to the potential for violations of children's rights and the controversy over the harsh approach applied. This study recommends strengthening humanistic and participatory supervision mechanisms so that the development program can run effectively without ignoring children's rights. This study provides normative and practical contributions to the development of policies for the development of juvenile delinquency development in West Java that are oriented towards a balance between discipline and child protection.

This study examines the legal protection of the owner of the means of transportation in cases of unlawful acts (PMH) related to state deprivation, based on the Study of Decision Number 27/Pdt.G/2019/Pn.Tbk. The main focus of this study is to analyze the legal position of the owner of the transportation facilities who are not directly involved in the crime, but suffer losses due to acts of confiscation by the state. The research method used is empirical normative with a case study approach. The results of the study show that the court in the decision did not provide adequate protection for the civil rights of the owner of the means of transport, even though there was no evidence of direct involvement in the crime. This decision indicates the weak legal protection for third parties in good faith and the importance of strengthening the principle of due process of law in the process of confiscation by the state so as not to violate legitimate civil rights. This study recommends the need for a clearer regulation of the mechanism of objection and restoration of rights for parties aggrieved by acts of state deprivation.

The rapid expansion of fintech lending services, particularly cross-border peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, has created significant legal challenges concerning consumer protection. This study examines whether existing legal frameworks adequately safeguard consumer rights within the borderless digital lending environment. Utilizing a normative-juridical method combined with a comparative approach, the research analyzes Indonesia’s regulatory structure alongside selected international frameworks. The findings reveal substantial gaps in consumer protection, exacerbated by the proliferation of illegal online lending platforms, regulatory fragmentation across jurisdictions, and the misuse of personal data. National regulations often prove insufficient to address complex cross-border legal issues. This study underscores the urgency of global regulatory harmonization, enhanced national oversight mechanisms, and improved digital literacy among consumers. It concludes with recommendations for regulatory reform, the establishment of international supervisory cooperation, and the strengthening of institutional roles, particularly by financial and communication authorities, to ensure robust consumer protection in the evolving fintech lending ecosystem.

Trade Secrets are a form of Intellectual Property that provide protection for confidential information owned by a legal subject. While Trade Secret protection offers benefits for individuals in running a business, it can also be misused to conceal legal violations. This research aims to identify how Trade Secret regulations in Indonesia provide protection for individuals who disclose Trade Secrets in the public interest, as well as to examine the urgency of such regulation by comparing the provisions of the Indonesian Trade Secret Law with Directive (EU) 2016/943. This study employs a normative juridical method with a comparative approach. The researcher conducts a literature study by comparing the Indonesian Trade Secret Law with Directive (EU) 2016/943 and relevant legal theories. The results show that the current regulation of whistleblowing on Trade Secrets for the public interest in Indonesian positive law remains very limited. There is an urgent need to expand protection for individuals who disclose Trade Secrets in the public interest. Indonesia may use Directive (EU) 2016/943 as a reference to broaden the provisions of its Trade Secret Law, in order to ensure the protection of public interest without disregarding the rights of Trade Secret holders.

This research discusses "The Dynamics of Agrarian Conflicts: Political Perspectives of Land Rights (Case Study of the Conflict Between PT. Swarna Cinde Raya with residents of Pangkalan Benteng Village, Talang Kelapa District, Banyuasin Regency)''. It aims to find out the causes and development of the dynamics of agrarian conflicts between the residents of Pangkalan Benteng Village and PT Swarna Cinde Raya. The research method used was qualitative. With primary data, namely residents of Pangkalan Benteng village, Banyuasin Regency. Data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. The results of the study show that first. The agrarian conflict between the residents of Pangkalan Benteng Village and PT Swarna Cinde Raya occurred due to overlapping land claims, land evictions by the company, and the slow response of the government and law enforcement. The main causes are ownership disputes, human rights violations, and lack of transparency in the resolution of cases by the authorities. Second,  the agrarian conflict between the residents of Pangkalan Benteng Village and PT Swarna Cinde Raya (PT SCR) has been going on since 2009. PT SCR claims that the 200 hectares of land managed by residents for generations has now been reduced to 80 hectares. The company put up prohibition signs based on the Agrarian Cases Law, causing intimidation and uncertainty for residents. Residents feel that their rights have been deprived, suffered losses due to evictions, and have received a slow response from the government and law enforcement. South Sumatra's Ministry of Law and Human Rights recommends a settlement through legal channels, but the slow and lack of transparency creates public distrust and risks escalating conflicts. This conflict reflects structural problems of agrarian management in Indonesia, such as power imbalances, overlapping regulations, and weak protection of indigenous peoples' rights. A just settlement must prioritize transparency, community participation, and respect for human rights so that conflicts do not spread.

The balance between the rights and obligations of husband and wife is a fundamental pillar in building a harmonious household according to Islamic teachings. However, there is still a significant lack of understanding among the community, especially among women, regarding the roles and responsibilities of each partner in married life. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of outreach activities regarding the rights and obligations of husband and wife from the perspective of Islamic Law, delivered to members of the PWBI (Persatuan Wanita Batak Indonesia)  Kwala Bekala. The method used is a qualitative-descriptive approach, with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation during the outreach activity. The results of the study show that the outreach was effective in enhancing participants’ understanding of the fundamental principles of marital relationships in Islamic law, such as the concept of male leadership, consultation (shura), justice, and the importance of communication and mutual respect. The activity also had a positive impact on participants’ legal and religious awareness in managing their household lives. Such activities need to be expanded further to strengthen Muslim family resilience based on Islamic values.