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This research aims to analyze the process of issuing the Ship Operation Plan RPK document and the procedure for adding a port of call, both managed by PT. Citra Maritime Batam using the Sea Traffic and Transport Information System SIMLALA. Within the national sea transport ecosystem, the RPK document serves as the official approval that allows Indonesian-flagged vessels to operate, covering both fixed-route liner and non-fixed-route tramper voyages. The research methodology employed is a combination of Field Research and Library Research. Data were collected through direct observation in the field to understand the detailed steps within the SIMLALA system, alongside literature review to obtain the theoretical foundation related to the RPK document and maritime administration mechanisms. The findings of this study highlight that the main objective of this process is to ensure that the ship can sail in compliance with applicable regulations, possessing valid certificates and approved routes. PT. Citra Maritime Batam, acting as the agent, plays a vital role in integrating ship data to complete the necessary documentation at Batam Port. The key to the smooth running of this process is effective coordination between the agent and relevant authorities in Batam to guarantee the seamless arrival, departure, and adherence to government regulations, thereby ensuring ship operational processes run without systemic or field-level obstacles.

This study aims to analyze the forms of collaboration between teachers and parents in following up on the results of observational assessments of early childhood self-regulation development. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design in a non-formal early childhood education (PAUD) setting. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and analysis of assessment documents. The findings indicate that observational assessment serves as an initial foundation for identifying children’s abilities to manage emotions and behavior. The assessment results are then followed up through collaborative practices in the form of regular communication, exchange of information regarding children’s development, and agreements on guidance strategies between teachers and parents. The role of parents is evident in the consistent implementation of guidance strategies at home, aligned with the stimulation provided by teachers at school. This alignment of roles has been shown to strengthen children’s self-regulation development, particularly in impulse control, behavioral regulation, and the ability to follow rules. The study emphasizes that structured and continuous teacher–parent collaboration is a key factor in the effectiveness of follow-up actions based on observational assessment results in supporting early childhood social-emotional development.

Under the umbrella of PT. Waruna Nusa Sentana Group, PT. Multi Jaya Samudera Belawan operates in the shipping and ship agency services sectors. The aim of this paper is to analyze the management of the Minimum Safe Manning Certificate (MSM) for the MT. Mumbai vessel through the SIMKAPEL application by PT. Multi Jaya Samudera Belawan. This certificate is crucial as it determines the minimum number and qualifications of crew members required to comply with international safety regulations. This study uses two methods: field research, which involves direct observation of the administrative process, and library research, which reviews relevant literature and regulations. The results of the study show that the use of the SIMKAPEL application accelerates the document processing, improves data accuracy, and reduces administrative errors. The implementation of this digital system also enhances service transparency and facilitates system integration. Overall, SIMKAPEL has proven to be effective in streamlining the issuance of the Minimum Safe Manning Certificate and ensuring the MT. Mumbai vessel's operational compliance with maritime safety standards. Thus, SIMKAPEL plays a vital role in supporting administrative efficiency and operational safety of the vessel.

The rapid growth of online commerce in Indonesia has significantly transformed the way people fulfill their daily needs by providing easier, faster, and more flexible access to goods and services through digital technology. Despite these advantages, the development of e-commerce also presents serious challenges, including rising cases of online fraud, discrepancies between advertised and delivered products, failed transactions, and personal data breaches that threaten consumer privacy. These issues create imbalances in digital contractual relationships, undermining trust and legal certainty for buyers. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of fairness for consumers in e-commerce practices in Indonesia, while also identifying regulatory weaknesses and existing dispute resolution mechanisms. Using a normative legal research approach supported by case studies, the study examines the effectiveness of relevant legal frameworks, particularly the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK) and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The findings reveal that although these regulations provide a legal basis for consumer protection, their implementation remains inadequate. Weak supervision of online business actors, limited accountability of platform providers in ensuring transaction security, and complex, costly compensation procedures continue to hinder consumer rights protection. These conditions highlight the urgent need to strengthen consumer protection systems that are more adaptive, efficient, and oriented toward public interest. The study emphasizes the importance of improving online dispute resolution mechanisms, enhancing transparency and responsibility of digital platforms, and expanding digital literacy among consumers. Such measures are essential to ensure that fairness in e-commerce is not only guaranteed normatively, but also effectively realized in everyday digital transactions.

Doctors play a crucial role in determining the quality of healthcare services and in upholding the right to health as guaranteed by the constitution and international human rights frameworks. Despite this essential role, medical practice continues to encounter significant challenges, including disparities in medical education quality, inadequate competency assessment mechanisms, and limited integration of professional ethics, discipline, and scientific standards within the health legal system. These issues create risks to patient safety and undermine public trust in medical services. This research analyzes the urgency of health law reform to ensure physician competence and proposes an integration model that unites ethics, discipline, and scientific foundations as the core pillars for equitable and welfare-oriented medical professional governance. Using a normative legal research method, this study adopts legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials are examined qualitatively through doctrinal studies, normative analysis, and comparisons with governance practices of the medical profession in other countries. The study finds that health law reform should prioritize strengthening regulations on competency standards, transparent certification and periodic recertification systems, as well as integrated professional oversight that aligns ethics, discipline, and legal accountability. The proposed integration model serves as a framework to ensure that every physician maintains measurable competence, adheres to professional ethics, and upholds clear legal responsibilities in clinical practice. Reforming health law through such integration is a strategic step to enhance medical service quality, reinforce patient protection, and advance global justice and welfare.

This study discusses the status of marriage books as legal and administrative documents, as well as the mechanism for their disposal as State-Owned Goods (BMN) at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Papua Province. The marriage book serves as valid evidence of marriage and plays an important role in population data management. As a document printed using the state budget (APBN), the marriage book is classified as BMN, and its management must comply with regulations. A qualitative approach with an empirical juridical method is used to examine the relationship between legal regulations and their implementation practices. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies with officials from the Islamic Guidance Division of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Papua. The results indicate that the disposal of marriage books follows the Directorate General of Islamic Guidance Circular Letter No. 5 of 2024 and Ministry of Finance Regulation No. 83/PMK.06/2016. The disposal process is carried out in stages through administrative and physical mechanisms with principles of accountability and transparency. However, in Papua, the process of collecting unused marriage books has not yet reached the physical disposal stage. The disposal of marriage books is a strategic step in realizing good governance.

Abortion is prohibited under the Indonesian criminal law system. In fact, it is categorized as a crime against life, regulated by several laws and regulations, including the Criminal Code and the Health Law. Indonesian criminal law defines abortion as "Termination of Pregnancy," which is regulated by Articles 299, 346, 347, 348, and 349 of the Criminal Code. These articles clearly and unequivocally prohibit abortion for any reason, including abortion for emergency (forced) reasons, such as rape. This type of research is normative legal research (normative legal research method). The normative legal research method is a library legal research conducted by examining legal literature materials such as Legislation, Judge's Decisions, Books, Journals, Theses and Legal Dictionaries. The results of the study indicate that (1) The Judge imposed a sentence of 2 (two) years. This seems light and unfair because the defendant's actions should have been given a heavier sentence as stated in the case that the defendant had committed his crimes seven times. (2) The judge's considerations in imposing criminal sanctions in Decision Number 1224/Pid.Sus/PN.Mks, concluded that the judge's decision to sentence the defendant to two years in prison was lenient and did not reflect the sense of justice that should have been upheld. This was because the defendant's actions were classified as a serious crime that had a widespread moral and social impact on society.

The era of globalization has introduced new dynamics in the practice of citizenship and the protection of human rights (HR), both at national and international levels. The background of this study stems from the increasing flow of migration, the rapid development of information technology, and the interconnectedness of global economic and political systems, all of which challenge the traditional concept of citizenship and mechanisms for protecting HR. The aim of this research is to analyze the relevance of citizenship in the context of globalization and to examine the effectiveness of human rights protection in addressing cross-border issues. The method employed is a literature study with a qualitative-descriptive approach, drawing on academic sources, international legal instruments, and national regulations concerning citizenship and HR. The findings indicate that globalization expands the scope of citizen participation, but simultaneously creates new vulnerabilities, such as discrimination against migrants, weak digital protection, and gaps in access to justice. On the other hand, international legal instruments and the role of transnational organizations have shown potential in strengthening protection, although their implementation still faces challenges at the domestic level. In conclusion, citizenship in the globalization era is no longer limited to a legal-formal identity, but also encompasses universal rights that demand states to enhance global collaboration, regulatory harmonization, and policy innovation in human rights protection.

Losing citizenship has significant legal consequences, particularly concerning land ownership rights. According to the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) No. 5 of 1960, land ownership is only permitted for Indonesian citizens. Therefore, individuals who lose their citizenship status automatically forfeit their right to own land. This study aims to analyze the legal implications of losing citizenship on land ownership rights and the resolution mechanisms outlined in the UUPA. The research employs a normative legal approach using secondary data sources such as laws and regulations, legal literature, and court decisions. The findings indicate that individuals who lose their citizenship are required to relinquish or transfer their land ownership within one year. If this is not done, the ownership rights will be nullified by law, and the land will revert to the state. This reflects the protection of the principles of nationality and national sovereignty in land control. Therefore, resolving land ownership issues for individuals who lose their citizenship is crucial to balancing individual rights and state interests.

Consumer protection is an important pillar in ensuring fairness and balance in the relationship between business actors and consumers, including for foreign nationals who transact in Indonesia. Economic globalization and digital developments are expanding the range of cross-border economic activities that demand the presence of an inclusive legal protection system that is adaptive to modern trade dynamics. This research aims to analyze consumer protection for foreign nationals in Indonesia through juridical and sociological approaches to understand the implementation of legal norms, the effectiveness of dispute resolution mechanisms, and the social realities faced by foreign consumers in practice. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a sociological approach through the analysis of the literature, regulations, and empirical findings from various studies related to cross-border consumer protection. The results of the study show that although normatively Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection guarantees equal rights for all consumers, in practice there are still administrative, cultural, linguistic, and information access obstacles experienced by foreign citizens. These findings affirm the importance of harmonizing consumer protection policies with the principles of global justice, accessibility, and non-discrimination.

In an era of globalization marked by increased cross-border interactions, legal relationships in international contracts have become increasingly complex and demand legal certainty for the parties involved. This study aims to analyze the implementation of choice of law clauses in the settlement of international contract disputes from the perspective of International Civil Law. The method used is normative legal research with a qualitative analytical approach through a review of regulations, doctrines, and relevant legal literature. The results of the study show that choice of law clauses play an important role in providing legal certainty, efficiency in the dispute resolution process, and protection of the interests of the parties. However, its application is still limited by the principle of public policy and mandatory rules in the forum country. Thus, the choice of law clause is an important instrument that reflects the balance between the principle of party autonomy and the principle of state sovereignty in the practice of International Civil Law.

The growth of digital transactions has made it easier for people to buy goods or services, including concert tickets. However, this convenience also increases the risk of fraud, especially through social media. The case of Golden Disc Award (GDA) 2024 ticket fraud on Twitter shows a systematic modus operandi, such as the use of fake accounts and identities, suspiciously cheap ticket prices, and the transfer of communication to private platforms. Victims suffer material and psychological losses, while perpetrators often disappear after receiving payment. Legally, these actions violate Article 378 of the Criminal Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and consumer rights as stipulated in the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK). This study emphasizes the importance of consumer protection in digital transactions, strengthening regulations, and improving public digital literacy to prevent fraudulent practices. Collaboration between the government, law enforcement agencies, concert organizers, digital platforms, and consumers is key to improving the security of online transactions.

Law Number 51 of 2009 represents a pivotal milestone in strengthening the authority of the Indonesian Administrative Court (PTUN), particularly regarding the executorial aspects of its decisions, which were previously considered weak and insufficient in providing adequate legal protection for the public. This study aims to examine and analyze the executorial power of PTUN decisions following the enactment of the regulation, with a focus on the effectiveness of decision enforcement, the obstacles encountered, and the implications for governance based on the principles of the rule of law. Employing a normative juridical approach supported by analyses of literature, legislation, and selected court decisions, this research demonstrates that Law 51/2009 has brought significant progress, especially through provisions requiring administrative officials to comply with court rulings, the introduction of administrative sanctions, and the application of dwangsom as a coercive measure. However, its effectiveness remains suboptimal due to several persistent challenges, including weak oversight of officials who fail to implement decisions, the limited application of sanctions in practice, and a bureaucratic culture that tends to be unresponsive to judicial authority. Additionally, disharmony among sectoral regulations and insufficient inter-agency coordination further hinder the executorial function of PTUN.

This study examines the legal protection provided to holders of Building Use Rights (HGB) on land under Management Rights (HPL) as interpreted in Supreme Court Decision No. 2160 K/Pdt/2017. The research aims to understand how civil law is applied to ensure legal certainty for HGB holders on HPL land and to strengthen insight into civil law principles used in resolving land-rights disputes. In the juridical context, land refers to the earth’s surface, while land rights are defined as authority over a specific, limited portion of that surface. Legal certainty, based on written regulations implementing the Basic Agrarian Law No. 5 of 1960, provides clarity regarding the rights and obligations of parties who own or control land. The study was conducted at the Sragen Police Resort using documentation methods—reviewing legal texts, literature, and supporting materials—along with field data obtained through interviews with relevant officers and individuals familiar with the case. The findings show that the Judex Facti of the West Java High Court made an error by declaring that no new issues required examination without giving adequate legal reasoning. The court also failed to address the objections submitted by the appellant, violating Article 50 paragraph (1) of Law No. 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power. Consequently, the Supreme Court annulled the previous decision, clarifying the legal consequences and strengthening the interpretation of HGB status on HPL land.

Legal protection for consumers is a crucial element in the legal relationship between business actors and the public, particularly in high-risk service sectors such as gas stove repair services. In practice, many consumers still experience losses due to negligence by service providers, whether caused by inadequate technical handling or insufficient information regarding the condition of the stove after repairs. This study aims to identify and analyze the forms of legal protection available to consumers who suffer losses as a result of such negligence, as well as to determine the types of legal liability that may be imposed on gas stove repair service providers. Using a normative legal research method, this study applies both legislative and conceptual approaches. The legislative approach examines relevant laws and regulations concerning consumer protection, while the conceptual approach analyzes legal principles and expert doctrines related to liability. The findings indicate that consumer protection is provided in two forms: preventive protection, which ensures product and service safety in accordance with Indonesian National Standards (SNI), and repressive protection, which is implemented through enforcement mechanisms such as claims for compensation or dispute resolution through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) or the courts. Business actors who commit negligence in providing repair services can be held legally responsible based on the principles of negligence or strict liability. To strengthen consumer protection, the study recommends the establishment of derivative regulations concerning technician certification, standardized repair service procedures, and integrated supervision of safety compliance within the gas stove repair service industry.

This study discusses consumer protection in the circulation of illegal cosmetic products through electronic commerce systems, focusing on the implementation of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The main problems of the research include legal regulations related to illegal cosmetics, legal provisions regarding electronic commerce, and consumer protection mechanisms against the circulation of illegal cosmetics on e-commerce platforms. This study uses a qualitative method with a normative legal research approach through literature studies, which involves primary, secondary, and tertiary data sources. The results of the study show that cosmetic distribution permits are regulated in the Regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Number 12 of 2023 concerning the Supervision of the Manufacture and Circulation of Cosmetics. In electronic commerce, transactions occur electronically between sellers and buyers by involving a third party as the platform provider. Dispute resolution between consumers and business actors is regulated in the Consumer Protection Law through two channels, namely litigation and out-of-court dispute resolution. The research concluded that every cosmetic in circulation must have a distribution permit in the form of a BPOM Notification, and business actors are responsible for providing compensation in the form of refunds or product replacements. The research recommendations emphasize the importance of consumer prudence, honesty of business actors, and the government's firmness in handling consumer problems.

 Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) play a strategic role in shaping the character, morality, and spirituality of the Indonesian nation as traditional Islamic educational institutions that have long contributed to social and religious life. Although their existence has been legally recognized through Law Number 18 of 2019 on Pesantren, the integration of Pancasila values into pesantren curricula continues to face several challenges, particularly in aligning these values with the provisions of the National Education System Law (UU Sisdiknas). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of pesantren within the national education system, identify opportunities and obstacles in implementing Pancasila Education in pesantren environments, and formulate policy recommendations that strengthen the internalization of national values. Using a normative juridical approach, this research examines national education regulations and religious education frameworks to understand the role of pesantren in supporting national development based on Pancasila. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the government, education stakeholders, and pesantren administrators in optimizing the role of pesantren as centers of character and civic development, as well as enhancing public understanding of the importance of harmonizing religious education with national civic education.

The enforcement of ethical codes within the civil service is a fundamental pillar for maintaining public trust and bureaucratic integrity. However, the implementation of disciplinary sanctions for Civil Servants (Aparatur Sipil Negara or ASN) in Indonesia currently faces significant challenges regarding fairness and consistency. (Problem) The core issue lies in the broad administrative discretion possessed by investigators (Tim Pemeriksa) under Government Regulation No. 94 of 2021, which often leads to subjective, legalistic, and disproportionate sanctioning without considering substantive justice. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses of the current sanction implementation mechanism and proposes a reconstruction of the investigators' authority based on the value of justice (Nilai Keadilan). Using a normative juridical approach and conceptual analysis, this research examines current regulations and compares them with the principles of Dignified Justice. The study finds that the current positivistic approach tends to ignore the human aspect and restorative potential of the sanctions. Consequently, a reconstructed model is proposed where investigators must integrate ethical deliberation and justice values into their examination process, ensuring sanctions are not merely punitive but also corrective and fair.

Cross-national marriages between Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals generate complex legal issues concerning land ownership and citizenship. The Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) and Citizenship Law No. 12 of 2006 have yet to harmonize their provisions regarding property rights within mixed-nationality marriages. This study aims to analyze the interrelation between land law and citizenship in cross-national marriages and evaluate their legal certainty. The research employs a normative-empirical approach by reviewing statutory regulations, case law, and interviews with land officials. The findings reveal a normative conflict between the prohibition of land ownership by foreign nationals and the constitutional right of Indonesian citizens married to foreigners to acquire joint property rights. Such disharmony leads to legal uncertainty and potential violations of property rights. The study concludes that reforming Indonesia’s land and citizenship law is crucial to accommodate international marriage dynamics and ensure legal certainty for all citizens.

Balinese langauge as a core element of Balinese culture, faces challenges amidst urbanization and globalization, particularly in Denpasar City. This study analyzes the implementation of Balinese language development policies based on regulations such as Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2018 and Bali Governor Regulation No. 80 of 2018. A descriptive qualitative approach is used through document analysis and literature review. The results demonstrate the success of programs such as Balinese Language Month in increasing community participation, although challenges such as declining language use among young people remain. The discussion emphasizes the need for digital and family integration for revitalization, with a focus on language maintenance aspects using Fishman's sociolinguistic theory that highlights intergenerational transmission and strengthening the domain of language use. The conclusion recommends strengthening policies for the sustainability of Balinese language, including a synergistic approach between the government, communities, and educational institutions. This study contributes to the understanding of regional language maintenance in urban contexts, with implications for national policy in Indonesia.