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Inclusive education is an integral part of human rights guaranteed by the constitution and strengthened through various national regulations and international legal instruments. This article aims to analyze the role of law in ensuring access to inclusive education in Indonesia and examine the effectiveness of the implementation of law-based public policies in this field. Using a normative-juridical approach, this study examines legal provisions such as the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 8 of 2016, and Permendiknas No. 70 of 2009, and examines the challenges of implementation at the regional level. The results of the analysis show that although the legal framework is available, the implementation of inclusive education policies still faces various structural, juridical, and cultural obstacles, such as the lack of special tutors, weak supervision, and the lack of synchronization between central and regional policies. Therefore, inclusive, evaluative, and participatory legal policy reforms are needed to realize fair and equal education for all citizens, especially vulnerable groups.

This study discusses Indonesia's security diplomacy strategy within the ASEAN framework and its contribution to international security stability. A literature study approach is used to examine the dynamics of Indonesia's diplomacy in regional forums such as the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM), ADMM-Plus, and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). Indonesia, as a country with a strategic geographical and political position, plays an important role in promoting collective security based on cooperation and dialogue. However, the implementation of this diplomacy is faced with various challenges, including great power rivalry in the Indo-Pacific, capability gaps between ASEAN member countries, and the complexity of non-traditional threats such as cybersecurity and transnational terrorism. This study shows that although ASEAN has a regional security mechanism, its effectiveness still depends on the consistent leadership of key countries such as Indonesia in promoting an adaptive, inclusive, and consensus-based approach. The results of the analysis indicate that Indonesia's security diplomacy has the potential to strengthen ASEAN's legitimacy at the international level, as long as it is able to overcome internal limitations and synergize with global interests.

This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBDes) transparency policy and the obstacles faced in the process in Doko Village, Ngasem District, Kediri Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection methods through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation of various village informants such as village officials, BPD members, and community leaders. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of APBDes transparency in Doko Village has been running quite well, marked by the availability of complete documentation, accessibility of information to the public, openness in every stage of budget management, and the implementation of regulations that support transparency.

This research aims to evaluate Surabaya City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2018 concerning Transportation Implementation in an effort to curb illegal parking in Surabaya City. The background of this research is based on the rampant practice of illegal parking even though the policy has been enacted several years ago and various efforts have been made by the City Government. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation and in-depth interviews with Transportation Department officers, parking attendants, and parking users in the area of Jalan Tunjungan and Kota Lama Surabaya. The results showed that this policy has a strong legal foundation and institutional structure as well as cross-sector coordination efforts. However, its implementation is still constrained by limited human resources, low public participation, weak supervision and enforcement of sanctions, and not optimal periodic policy evaluation. The implication of this finding shows the need for improvement in technical implementation in the field as well as the importance of evaluating and updating policies so that illegal parking control policies can run more effectively and have a real impact on traffic order in Surabaya City.

The development of the education curriculum in Indonesia reflects a paradigm shift in strengthening scientific literacy, which plays an important role in shaping critical thinking patterns and student analysis to face the challenges of the 21st century. This study aims to examine the development of the concept of scientific literacy in the Indonesian national curriculum policy from the era of the School Level Curriculum (KTSP), the 2013 Curriculum, to the Merdeka Curriculum. The study was conducted through a literature study method on 20 relevant scientific articles published in the period 2013 to 2025. The results of the study show that scientific literacy in the KTSP is still implicit, limited to contextual learning approaches and direct experience. In the 2013 Curriculum, strengthening scientific literacy began to be realized through a scientific approach that encouraged students to develop critical thinking skills, understand scientific concepts, and carry out scientific processes systematically. Further transformation is seen in the Merdeka Curriculum, where scientific literacy is not only focused on cognitive aspects, but is also linked to character values ​​and contextual problem solving through strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile and project-based learning. In general, this study concludes that there is a paradigm shift from knowledge-oriented science literacy to holistic and applied science literacy. This finding emphasizes the importance of continuity between policy curriculum, teacher professional development, and implementation of strategies in the field to optimize students' achievement of science literacy.

The administration of government in a country is not only found in the center of government. The central government gives authority to regional governments to carry out their own government. Various dynamics in changes in regional government policy range from centralized to decentralize. In carrying out his duties, a people's representative must know what the constituents he represents want. There are many ways that people's representatives must do to find out what the people want. One way is to communicate between the two. Communicating with constituents is a mandatory thing that cannot be done by people's representatives. The people have the right to convey what they want to the people's representatives to fight for in a public policy. One form of communication between people's representatives and those represented is through DPRD recess activities. The research was carried out to analyze the effectiveness of the recess in the Badung Regency DPRD which was analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The implementation of a recess for members of the Badung Regency DPRD is a mandatory matter which has been regulated in statutory regulations and regional regulations. It is not technically regulated; it only regulates the period and limits of the recess and the recess is held three times a year. The recess activities are carried out in various ways. However, in its implementation, several technical activities are regulated in the recess activities, namely the time of the activity, place, activity targets, discussion process, accommodating community aspirations and even written and verbal reporting of recess results. Observation results show that Badung DPRD members have engaged effectively with their constituents during the recess period, gathering important input and concerns that are crucial for formulating local government policies. This interaction underscores the importance of active participation and accountability in ensuring that the legislative process is aligned with the needs and aspirations of the community.

This study aims to critically analyze the impact of the SIM card data leak by an anonymous actor named Bjorka on the level of public trust in digital security in Indonesia which first appeared in mid-2022, precisely in August 2022. In addition, it evaluates the extent to which the national legal system is able to provide protection for digital service users and examines the social, moral, and ethical responses of society in addressing the incident. This case demonstrates that data breaches are not merely technical issues but also shake the legitimacy of the state in safeguarding citizens’ privacy rights, while revealing gaps in regulatory systems and data governance. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through literature reviews of scholarly articles, academic journals, policy reports, and relevant opinion pieces. The findings indicate that Bjorka’s data breach incident triggered a crisis of public trust in government institutions and digital service providers. The public responded with fear, anger, and disappointment, mainly due to the lack of transparency and accountability from the responsible parties. Moreover, the implementation of Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection is considered ineffective, both in terms of law enforcement and the readiness of technical and institutional infrastructure.

Village development is the main focus of Indonesia's national policy, especially after the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. In its implementation, the role of the Ministry of Villages (Kemendesa) and the Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) is very important, however, disharmony of authority often occurs which hampers the effectiveness of these policies. This research aims to analyze the disharmonization of authority between the two ministries and formulate a harmonization solution from a legal perspective to increase more efficient and sustainable village development. The method used is a normative approach with comparative juridical analysis of existing regulations, which include related laws and policies. The research results show that there are overlapping regulations and roles between the Ministry of Villages and the Ministry of Home Affairs in aspects of preparing the RPJMDes, managing village funds, as well as coaching and supervising village heads. This research suggests the need for clear legal reconstruction and better coordinating mechanisms between the two ministries to avoid conflicts of authority that could hinder the achievement of village development goals. In conclusion, harmonization of authority normatively, institutionally and technically is very necessary to increase the effectiveness of village development and provide better legal certainty.

Deforestation remains a critical challenge for sustainable development in Indonesia. This study evaluates the effectiveness of deforestation control policies in supporting the achievement of SDG Target 15.2 on sustainable forest management. Using a qualitative approach with the DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses) analytical framework, the research examines policy documents, government reports, and deforestation datasets from Global Forest Watch. The results indicate that while policies such as the forest moratorium and the FOLU Net Sink 2030 commitment have successfully reduced deforestation in priority areas, their implementation continues to face complex challenges.  Key findings reveal: (1) Economic incentive disparities between central and local governments drive forest exploitation for local revenue; (2) Weak multi-sectoral coordination between forestry policies and infrastructure development; (3) Limited community participation in decision-making processes; and (4) Real-time monitoring systems that are not yet integrated with rapid response mechanisms. The study recommends strengthening green incentives, enhancing collaborative governance, recognizing indigenous community rights, and optimizing monitoring technologies as strategies to accelerate SDG achievement. These findings make significant contributions to environmental policy literature by offering a holistic perspective on deforestation control challenges in developing countries.

Sexual violence against children and women in Indonesia remains a critical issue with lasting physical, psychological, and social consequences for victims. This study aims to analyze existing legal protection efforts for child and female victims of sexual violence, identify regulatory and implementation weaknesses, and formulate policy recommendations. Employing a normative legal research design with a doctrinal‑descriptive approach, it reviews legislation, scholarly literature, and court decisions. The findings reveal that despite legal frameworks such as Law No. 35/2014 on Child Protection and relevant Criminal Code provisions, significant gaps persist in offense categorization, victims’ access to legal aid services, and inter‑agency coordination. The implications highlight the need for regulatory refinement, strengthened reporting mechanisms, and enhanced capacity of law enforcement and legal aid institutions to ensure comprehensive victim protection.  

The adoption of Hospital Information Systems (HIS) is a crucial step toward improving healthcare service delivery, especially in public hospitals in developing countries. RSUD Prof. Dr. H. Aloei Saboe, a referral hospital in Gorontalo, Indonesia, has implemented the SIMRS Khanza system to digitize inpatient registration and medical documentation. However, limited evaluation has been conducted to assess its effectiveness beyond technical performance. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of SIMRS Khanza using the Human-Organization-Technology Fit (HOT-Fit) framework, which examines the alignment between users, institutional support, and system quality. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, involving in-depth interviews, non-participatory observations, and document reviews with eight informants, including medical record officers, system coordinators, and hospital management. The findings reveal that although most users reported improved efficiency and satisfaction, several issues persist: incomplete training, limited adherence to SOPs, and system performance lags during peak hours. Organizational support was present but inconsistent, and documentation policies lacked specificity for digital contexts. Technologically, the system demonstrated stable output, but responsiveness and integration require enhancement. The synthesis of findings suggests that success in HIS implementation is contingent upon not only system reliability but also continuous user engagement, structured training, and dynamic policy support. Therefore, a holistic strategy integrating human, organizational, and technological components is essential to optimize SIMRS performance and sustainability.

This study aims to review the legal aspects and impacts of the vehicle tax amnesty policy on increasing Regional Original Income or PAD due to late payment of vehicle tax, which has become one of the strategies adopted by local governments to optimize tax revenues and maintain the validity of vehicle data. This study uses normative juridical as its approach to review laws and regulations and uses relevant literature studies. The results of the study reveal that normatively, this policy has a strong legal basis and has been empirically proven to be able to increase tax revenues in the short term. However, there is a potential for a long-term decline if the policy is not accompanied by adequate supervision and education. Therefore, harmonious, transparent implementation and increased socialization are needed to avoid taxpayer misunderstandings. This study contributes to the understanding of the importance of balance between fiscal incentives and the powerlessness of regional tax governance.

In the era of digital transformation, organizations face the huge challenge of managing data that is constantly increasing in volume, variety, and speed. Metadata, as "data about data," plays an important role in providing context and structure to data, thus supporting the quality and effectiveness of its use. This article examines the role of metadata management in improving data quality and decision-making efficiency. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature analysis and case studies, the results of the study show that metadata management contributes to improving the accuracy, consistency, completeness, and timeliness of data. Good metadata implementation also speeds up data retrieval, minimizes misinterpretation, and supports the automation of the analytics process. In addition to the technical benefits, this article also discusses strategic aspects, such as the integration of metadata in data governance and the challenges of technology adoption. In the context of modern organizations, metadata management is not just a technical necessity, but part of an ongoing data governance strategy. Therefore, this article provides conceptual and practical insights for professionals and policymakers in building reliable and data-based information systems.

State revenue from taxes plays a vital role in financing national development. However, tax realization often faces challenges in the form of low levels of taxpayer compliance, which creates a gap between potential and actual revenue. This study aims to analyze the implementation of tax intensification and extensification strategies in optimizing state revenue, including policy effectiveness, obstacles in the field, and alternative approaches to improve compliance and tax potential. This article discusses efforts to optimize state revenue through two main strategies, namely tax extensification and intensification, with reference to case studies and data from various institutions and regions. Extensification focuses on broadening the tax base through attracting new taxpayers, while intensification refers to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of collection from existing taxpayers. The analysis shows that the main obstacles in implementing these two strategies include low tax awareness, weak monitoring systems, and inconsistent data between agencies. Therefore, a more comprehensive, data-driven, and taxpayer education-oriented policy integration is needed to reduce the compliance gap and promote sustainable revenue growth.

The tobacco processing industry plays a strategic role in the economy through its contribution to excise revenues, yet it also faces serious challenges such as the proliferation of illegal cigarettes and limited capacity among small-scale entrepreneurs. This study aims to analyze the implementation of tobacco industry empowerment policies in Sidoarjo Regency using Michael Hill’s implementation theory, which includes five variables: policy characteristics, policy transfer process, inter-organizational relationships, external environment, and target group response. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The findings show that policies such as SIINas, SIHT, and WASDAL have been implemented but remain suboptimal due to technical, coordinative, and social constraints. Business actors appreciate the empowerment programs but still face technical difficulties, market distortion due to illegal products, and a lack of continuous assistance. Therefore, increased institutional synergy, enhanced digital systems, and consistent law enforcement against illegal cigarettes are recommended to create a healthy and competitive industrial climate..

The European Green Deal is the European Union's strategy to reduce the impact of climate change and carry out major reforms in the agricultural sector. However, small and medium-sized farmers are suffering losses due to shift to more environmentally friendly agricultural system, stricter regulations, reduced subsidies, and restrictions on chemical fertilizers. In this journal, it can be seen how EGD policies create economic and social vulnerabilities that could threaten food security and the internal stability of the European Union. The methods used are a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis of the impact of green deal policies, which affect farmers and the general public. Data collection was conducted through a literature review of previous studies related to the impacts of the Green Deal. This journal discusses four key areas, the transformation of Green Deal policies, economic vulnerabilities faced by farmers, emerging social-political resistance, and implications for non-traditional security. The research indicates that while EGD policies aim to address climate threats, their implementation has led to non-security issues. A balance between climate and long-term food security is needed. To address social and economic changes at the domestic and regional levels, this study emphasizes the importance of inclusive and adaptive green transition policies.

The National Strategic Projects (PSN) launched by the Indonesian government aim to accelerate development and drive national economic growth. However, in practice, many of these projects overlap with customary territories that lack formal legal certainty. This legal uncertainty gives rise to various problems, such as agrarian conflicts, criminalization of indigenous peoples, and the loss of living space and cultural identity of local communities. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal uncertainty experienced by indigenous peoples in the implementation of PSN and its impact on the protection of their collective rights. Additionally, this study explores the relevance of the principle of legal pluralism as a normative foundation for reforming national development policies to be more inclusive and ensure legal certainty for indigenous peoples. The approach used is normative qualitative with a literature study of regulations, court decisions, and reports from civil society organizations. The results of the analysis show that the legal imbalance between state law and customary law is the root cause of the marginalization of indigenous peoples in large-scale national development projects. The principle of legal pluralism, which recognizes the existence of customary law as a legitimate legal system, can be an alternative approach in formulating future development policies. The application of legal pluralism enables the state to build a development model based on social justice, participation, and respect for legal and cultural diversity. Thus, policy reform based on legal pluralism is an urgent necessity in addressing the challenges of structural justice for indigenous communities amid the tide of national development.

The management of national border areas is a strategic issue in the modern international system, directly linked to sovereignty, national security, and regional stability. This study aims to examine the role of international law in border management through a qualitative literature-based approach. Findings indicate that core principles of international law, such as uti possidetis juris, state sovereignty, and non-intervention, serve as the normative foundation for boundary formation, recognition, and dispute resolution. Current challenges such as illegal immigration, infiltration, and territorial claims demand the strengthened implementation of international law within national policy. Local government involvement and economic diplomacy also play vital roles in building adaptive and responsive border governance. In Indonesia’s case, land and maritime border dynamics highlight the need for a comprehensive strategy that integrates legal, diplomatic, and regional development aspects. This study underscores the importance of synergy among state actors to safeguard territorial integrity and foster sustainable cross-border cooperation.

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a social protection policy aimed at reducing poverty through conditional cash transfers to low-income families. This study analyzes the implementation of PKH in Kedungrejo Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency, using a descriptive qualitative approach and the policy implementation theory by Van Meter and Van Horn. The findings indicate that the implementation of PKH has been effective, as seen in the implementers’ understanding of the program, inter-agency communication, and stable socio-political support. However, challenges remain, including delays in fund disbursement, limited technical capacity at the sub-district level, and public dissatisfaction with beneficiary data validation. Therefore, the study recommends a more structured disbursement schedule, improved technical capacity of implementers, and the involvement of community leaders in the data collection process to ensure better targeting and sustainability of the program.

The Padat Karya (Labor-Intensive) Program is one of the strategies implemented by the Surabaya City Government to reduce poverty through local economic empowerment. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Paving Production Padat Karya Program in Siwalankerto Sub-District, Wonocolo District, Surabaya City. The research used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis was based on Van Meter and Van Horn’s policy implementation model, which includes six indicators: policy standards and objectives, resources, inter-organizational communication, characteristics of implementing agents, social-economic-political environment, and disposition of implementers. The findings indicate that the program has not been implemented optimally. There is a lack of measurable operational indicators, limited available resources, and ineffective inter-agency coordination. Moreover, the absence of a dedicated implementation unit and weak affirmative policy support have hindered the program's sustainability. Both implementers and participants tend to be passive due to the lack of tangible economic outcomes. The study recommends strengthening institutional frameworks, improving capacity, and developing affirmative market-based policies to ensure the program's sustainability.