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The establishment of the age limit for children up to 18 years in Indonesian law is a normative instrument that aims to ensure legal certainty and child protection. This provision is adopted in various laws and regulations as a form of the state's commitment to fulfilling children's rights. However, in law enforcement practice, the application of this age limit often causes problems when faced with the dynamics of actual cases that reveal a discrepancy between the normative age and the social, psychological, and factual conditions of the child. This condition creates tension between the legal-formal approach that emphasizes legal certainty and the need for substantive justice oriented towards the best interests of the child. This study aims to analyze the problems of applying the age limit of 18 years in the context of actual cases and to examine how the tension between legal certainty and the reality of children is reflected in law enforcement practices in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, as well as normative qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that the rigid application of the age limit for children has the potential to ignore the contextual aspects of children and give rise to inconsistencies in practice. Therefore, a more contextual legal approach is needed through strengthening the discretion of law enforcement officials and progressive interpretation by judges in order to achieve substantive justice and optimal protection for children.

In the 21st century learning era that demands the integration of 4C skills and digital literacy, the textbook Akidah Akhlak Class IV MI based on the 2019 KMA 183 Curriculum needs to be evaluated for its suitability to be relevant in shaping students' Islamic character. This study aims to analyze the suitability of the book's content, presentation, language, and graphics according to BSNP standards, with a focus on the strengths of active learning and the weaknesses of technology integration such as QR codes and science-technology interconnections. The descriptive qualitative method through library research uses the 2020 Kemenag textbook by Subkhiaton Noor as primary data, supported by BSNP instruments and comparisons with other books. The results show that the book is very suitable overall: very good content suitability (accurate material, relevant KI-KD, supports 4C through discussion and reflection), good presentation (systematic structure, HOTS-LOTS, glossary), good language (communicative, appropriate to students' cognition), graphics pass with minor improvements in visual consistency, so it is effective for contextual learning even though it needs additional digital features.

Ecclesiology and the church's calling amidst the development of the times marked by increasingly dynamic social, cultural, technological, and lifestyle changes. The background of the problem in this paper departs from the fact that the church often faces challenges in maintaining its theological identity while responding to the demands of the modern era, so that a contextual and relevant understanding of ecclesiology is needed. The research method used is a qualitative method with a library research approach, namely reviewing and analyzing various library sources such as the Bible, theological books, scientific journals, and church documents related to ecclesiology and the role of the church. The purpose of writing this article is to re-examine the nature of the church from a theological perspective and formulate the church's calling to remain faithful to God's mission amidst the changing times. The benefits of this paper are expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of church theology studies and become material for practical reflection for the church in carrying out its duties of fellowship, service, witness, and diakonia in a relevant, contextual, and responsible manner in modern society.

This study examines the effect of financial ratios on dividend policy with sales growth as a moderating variable in technology sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2019–2023. Dividend policy is an important corporate decision because it reflects management considerations in balancing company growth and shareholder returns. The independent variables used in this research are profitability, liquidity, and leverage, while dividend policy is the dependent variable and sales growth acts as a moderating variable. Profitability is measured using Return on Assets (ROA), liquidity is proxied by the Current Ratio (CR), leverage is measured using the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and dividend policy is measured by the Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). This study employs a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from the annual financial statements of technology sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data are analyzed using multiple linear regression and moderated regression analysis.The results show that profitability does not have a significant effect on dividend policy, indicating that net profit generated during the year is not the main consideration in dividend distribution decisions within technology companies. Liquidity has a significant effect on dividend policy, suggesting that companies with stronger short-term financial conditions tend to have a greater ability to distribute dividends. Leverage also significantly affects dividend policy, implying that the level of corporate debt influences management decisions regarding dividend payments. Furthermore, sales growth does not moderate the relationship between profitability and dividend policy. However, sales growth is proven to moderate the effect of liquidity and leverage on dividend policy. These findings provide insights for management and investors in understanding dividend policy determinants in technology sector companies in Indonesia.

This paper examines Martin Heidegger’s philosophical thought, focusing on fundamental ontology as an effort to revive the question of the meaning of Being (Sein), which has been neglected in the Western metaphysical tradition. Heidegger criticizes earlier philosophy for concentrating primarily on entities (beings) rather than addressing the essence of Being itself. Through a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, Heidegger introduces the concept of Dasein as the distinctive mode of human existence characterized by reflective awareness of its own being. Dasein is understood as being-in-the-world, meaning that human existence is inseparable from its social, historical, and existential contexts. This paper discusses the existential structures of Dasein, including thrownness, facticity, care, temporality, and the distinction between authentic and inauthentic modes of existence. By emphasizing lived experience, Heidegger’s philosophy offers a profound and dynamic understanding of human existence beyond abstract metaphysical speculation. The paper concludes that Heidegger’s thought remains highly relevant for contemporary society, particularly in encouraging individuals to reflect on self-identity, freedom, and existential responsibility amid the complexities of modern life.

The Merdeka Curriculum demands the development of teaching materials that are adaptive, contextual, and relevant to the demands of 21st-century learning. This article aims to examine the strategy for developing teaching materials based on the Merdeka Curriculum that can support the strengthening of 21st-century competencies, such as critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and digital literacy. The method used is a literature review of various studies related to the Merdeka Curriculum, teaching material development, and 21st-century learning. The findings show that effective teaching material development must consider the integration of local context, the use of digital technology, and project- and problem-based approaches. In addition, it is also important to conduct continuous reflection and evaluation in the teaching material development process. With the right strategy, teaching materials based on the Merdeka Curriculum can become a key tool in creating meaningful, flexible learning that aligns with the needs of 21st-century learners. Through the implementation of this strategy, it is hoped that a more effective learning process that aligns with the times can be created.

Digital transformation and advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have fundamentally changed the demands of the workplace, creating a gap between graduate competencies and industry needs. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of AI Agent-based career adaptability psychoeducation as a community empowerment strategy to improve the work readiness of high school/vocational school and university graduates. The study design used a descriptive-interventional approach with 27 participants who participated in a four-week online training. Data were collected through a pre-post survey using the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) and qualitative observations during the training. The results of the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed a significant increase in career adaptability scores (Z = –4.543, p < .001), with all participants experiencing increased career adaptability. Observations showed that participants became more confident, reflective, and proactive in designing their career directions after interacting with the AI ​​Agent. These findings indicate that psychoeducational interventions integrated with intelligent technology can strengthen the adaptive capacity and work readiness of the younger generation. Theoretically, this study expands the application of the career adaptability concept in the context of AI-based learning; In practice, the results provide a relevant community empowerment model for educational and employment institutions in the era of digital disruption.

Digital transformation and advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have fundamentally changed the demands of the workplace, creating a gap between graduate competencies and industry needs. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of AI Agent-based career adaptability psychoeducation as a community empowerment strategy to improve the work readiness of high school/vocational school and university graduates. The study design used a descriptive-interventional approach with 27 participants who participated in a four-week online training. Data were collected through a pre-post survey using the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) and qualitative observations during the training. The results of the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed a significant increase in career adaptability scores (Z = –4.543, p < .001), with all participants experiencing increased career adaptability. Observations showed that participants became more confident, reflective, and proactive in designing their career directions after interacting with the AI ​​Agent. These findings indicate that psychoeducational interventions integrated with intelligent technology can strengthen the adaptive capacity and work readiness of the younger generation. Theoretically, this study expands the application of the career adaptability concept in the context of AI-based learning; In practice, the results provide a relevant community empowerment model for educational and employment institutions in the era of digital disruption.

This study investigates the implementation of the PAIKEM Gembrot model to enhance the literacy, numeracy, and creativity of fifth-grade students at UPT SDN Unjuruiya No. 45 in the Selayar Islands. Using a two-cycle classroom action research design—comprising planning, action, observation, and reflection—data were collected through tests, observations, and documentation to obtain comprehensive information on both learning processes and outcomes. In Cycle I, only 40% of students met the mastery criteria, largely due to their initial adjustment to the new learning approach and limited engagement in collaborative activities. After refining instructional strategies in Cycle II, including the use of more varied learning activities, concrete and contextual learning media, structured group discussions, and closer teacher guidance, student learning outcomes improved dramatically, with 100% of students achieving mastery. In addition, students showed increased participation, confidence, and motivation during classroom interactions. These results demonstrate that PAIKEM Gembrot effectively strengthens students’ abilities to comprehend information, apply numerical reasoning, and express creativity through active and meaningful learning experiences. Therefore, the PAIKEM Gembrot model serves as a promising and contextually relevant alternative for improving elementary science learning, particularly in island-based schools with limited educational resources.

The development of modern education demands that teachers play a broader role beyond merely delivering subject matter, including building professional reputation, credibility, and positive influence on students, colleagues, parents, and society. For Christian Religious Education teachers, personal branding has a deeper dimension because they also serve as role models and ambassadors of Christian values. This study aims to describe the formation of personal branding among Christian Religious Education teachers based on spiritual and theological values, as well as its impact on teaching and student character development. The method used is descriptive qualitative through a literature study of books, journals, notes, and relevant reports, with narrative analysis to illustrate the practices and values that shape teachers’ personal branding. The findings indicate that the personal branding of Christian Religious Education teachers is an integration of professional competence, personal integrity, and Christian values, encompassing authenticity, consistency, professionalism, spiritual and moral role modeling, inspirational and communicative abilities, adaptation to technology, and positive relationships with students and the community. Spiritual and theological values such as Christian love, integrity, humility, patience, justice, service, and commitment to God’s Word form the main foundation that strengthens teachers’ credibility, motivates students, and establishes them as living examples of Christian life. Personal branding for Christian Religious Education teachers is not merely an image or popularity, but a real reflection of faith, character, and daily behavior consistent with Christian teachings, thus supporting effective learning, student character formation, and the teacher’s reputation as an authentic, inspiring, and professional educator.  

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health concern that frequently remains undiagnosed until advanced stages. Early detection through simple laboratory screening is essential to prevent disease progression and associated cardiometabolic complications. This community service program aimed to assess kidney function using serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), while increasing public awareness regarding CKD prevention. A total of 59 participants were included, with a mean age of 39.15 ± 15.39 years (range 16–75 years), predominantly female (74.58%). The mean serum creatinine level was 1.0 ± 0.19 mg/dL, and the mean eGFR was 91.08 ± 20.53 mL/min/1.73 m². Most participants demonstrated normal kidney function (28.8%) or mild decline (21.6%). A progressive reduction in eGFR with increasing age was observed, reflecting the physiological decline in nephron mass and renal perfusion. The program also provided education on kidney-protective practices, including optimal blood pressure control, diabetes management, adequate hydration, and avoidance of nephrotoxic agents. This intervention improved participants’ understanding of CKD risk factors and the importance of regular screening. In conclusion, serum creatinine and eGFR evaluation offer simple, accurate, and practical tools for early CKD detection, supporting promotive–preventive strategies to slow disease progression and enhance quality of life in at-risk populations.

In the learning process, educators often face challenges in helping students achieve optimal learning outcomes. One of the contributing factors is the dominance of teacher-centered learning models, which frequently leads to low student engagement and reduced motivation. This condition affects students’ curiosity, particularly in Science learning, which requires active participation and exploration. Therefore, innovative teaching materials are needed to encourage student involvement while simultaneously stimulating their curiosity. One alternative that can be utilized is the Student Worksheet (Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik/LKPD), which can be designed systematically and contextually to support active learning. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using LKPD in enhancing students’ curiosity in Grade VII Science learning at SMPN 1 Sanrobone. The research employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The findings indicate a significant increase in students’ curiosity after the implementation of LKPD, as shown by improvements in questioning behavior, interest in the material, and the ability to observe and explore scientific phenomena. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the use of LKPD is effective in fostering students’ curiosity and contributes to a more interactive and meaningful Science learning experience.

The application of Mastery Learning in Olympiad mentoring at Darussalam Islamic Junior High School was carried out using a classroom action research model involving 20 students from grades 8 and 9. The mentoring process followed a cyclical structure consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection, supported by observation techniques, tests, and documentation. The implementation of the mastery learning model effectively improved students’ mathematics learning outcomes, as shown by a significant increase in mastery levels: 65% before the intervention, 75% after the first cycle, and 90% after the second cycle. In addition, the average learning score rose from 71 in the first cycle to 87 in the second cycle, reflecting substantial progress in understanding and problem-solving abilities. These results indicate that Mastery Learning not only enhances students’ mathematics performance but also strengthens their readiness and confidence to compete in the National OSN competition, demonstrating the model’s positive contribution to academic achievement and Olympiad preparation.

The 2025 UINSU Community Service Program research in Sempajaya Village was carried out through training in making ecoprint tote bags as an effort to develop creativity while strengthening the economic literacy of elementary school children. This activity utilized natural materials such as leaves and flowers commonly found in the village environment, so that children could learn to recognize the potential of their natural surroundings as a source of creative works with practical and economic value. The training was conducted in three main stages: preparation, implementation, and reflection. During the implementation stage, children were introduced to the concept of ecoprinting, pounding techniques, and the steps involved in making ecoprinted tote bags through lectures, question and answer sessions, and hands-on practice. The results of the activity showed an increase in the participants' creativity, as evident in their ability to arrange motifs, select natural materials, and produce tote bags with attractive patterns. In addition, this activity also fostered a basic understanding of the economic value of creative products, thereby supporting the formation of independence and an entrepreneurial spirit from an early age. The reflection stage showed that the children were able to identify the process, benefits, and challenges they faced. Thus, ecoprint tote bags proved to be an effective educational tool in integrating creativity, economic literacy, and love for the environment for the children of Sempajaya Village.

This study aims to analyze the role of UINSU’s Community Service Program (KKN) students in enhancing Islamic entrepreneurial awareness among the residents of Pahang Village, Talawi District, Batu Bara Regency. The KKN program serves as a platform for applying academic knowledge while empowering communities through educational, persuasive, and participatory approaches. The students introduced fundamental concepts of Islamic entrepreneurship, including principles of justice, honesty, sustainability, and the avoidance of riba, gharar, and maisir. Through a series of activities such as seminars, micro-business training sessions, financial management mentoring based on sharia principles, and simple business model simulations, the villagers began to show improved understanding of Islamic economic values. Moreover, the active involvement of students created an inclusive learning environment that was accessible to various community groups. The findings indicate that the presence of KKN students contributed positively to cultivating entrepreneurial motivation, particularly among youth and micro-business actors. This improvement was reflected in changes in mindset, interest in initiating halal businesses, and increased awareness of applying sharia principles in daily economic activities. Thus, the KKN program not only provides practical experience for students but also offers a tangible contribution to strengthening sharia-based economic empowerment at the village level.

A market is a place where buying and selling transactions take place between sellers and buyers at a specific time and place. This definition encompasses several key elements: the presence of sellers, buyers, a specific place and time, and a transaction agreement. Such markets are also known as traditional markets. "Surprise" or "overflow" markets are markets that open suddenly and briefly. "Surprise" or "overflow" markets are increasingly common in various locations. There are many reasons why people enjoy shopping at these markets. One example is the very low prices, especially compared to shopping at supermarkets or malls. Over time, with the increasing demand for basic necessities, the "surprise" market, located along the road in the Vila Mutiara Cikarang housing complex, has also experienced gradual development. The number of traders and buyers has increased, the trading space has expanded, and transaction times have decreased. This "surprise" market is located along the road in the Vila Mutiara Cikarang housing complex, starting from the second block to the end of the road exiting the housing complex. The "surprise" market operates during peak hours, especially in the morning, when this time is not only for market activities but also for many activities such as going to work, school, and other activities.

The performance of the Indonesian National Team (Timnas) in the 2026 World Cup qualifications has triggered massive and diverse responses on social media, particularly on platform X. This study aims to identify and classify public sentiment regarding Timnas Indonesia's performance into positive, negative, and neutral categories using a data mining approach. Text data was processed through pre-processing stages, term weighting using TF-IDF, and the application of the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) to address significant class distribution imbalance. The classification algorithm employed was Multinomial Naïve Bayes. Model performance evaluation was conducted by comparing two training-testing data split scenarios: 90:10 and 80:20 ratios. The results indicate that public opinion is dominated by negative sentiment at 73.2%, reflecting public disappointment. In terms of model performance, the 90:10 ratio scenario yielded the best accuracy of 80%, outperforming the 80:20 ratio which recorded an accuracy of 75%. These findings demonstrate that combining Multinomial Naïve Bayes with the SMOTE technique is effective in handling imbalanced text data and is capable of accurately mapping public perception.

This community service was carried out at SMAS PGRI 1 Mojokerto City with the main goal of improving student discipline through the application of Japanese-style discipline culture. This activity is designed in a structured manner to have a real and sustainable impact on student behavior and the integrity of educational institutions. The method used is a participatory and applicative approach, so that students not only passively receive information, but also actively engage in the process of learning, reflection, and discipline practice. This approach emphasizes the direct involvement of students in activities that foster awareness, responsibility, and positive habits that support the creation of a conducive learning environment. The results of the implementation of activities are divided into three main categories. First, the short-term results seen immediately after the activity are increased students' motivation and understanding of the importance of discipline. Second, the medium-term results that appear within 1-3 months are in the form of real behavioral changes, such as punctuality, neatness, and compliance with school rules. Third, long-term results that contribute to strengthening the integrity of the institution as a school with a high discipline image. Thus, this community service is expected to be able to become a model for implementing a discipline culture that is effective, sustainable, and relevant to the needs of education in Indonesia.

Human personality is diverse and influences the way people act, think, and interact in daily life. These differences also appear in literature, especially in drama, where characters reveal their traits through dialogue, actions, and conflicts. This study aims to analyze the personality of Othello in William Shakespeare’s Othello using the Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN). This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with data taken from selected dialogues and monologues that reflect Othello’s personality. The data were categorized into five dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The findings show that Neuroticism (30.77%) is the most dominant trait in Othello’s character, followed by Extraversion (23.08%), Agreeableness (15.38%), Conscientiousness (15.38%), and Openness (15.38%). These traits influence his decisions, relationships, and eventual downfall, indicating that emotional instability and insecurity play a crucial role in the tragic development of the play. This study demonstrates how universal personality traits shape human behavior and conflict in Shakespeare’s drama and shows that modern psychological frameworks can be effectively applied to classical literature.

The price of horticultural commodities such as potatoes is highly vulnerable to market fluctuations influenced by factors such as harvest season, distribution, and consumer demand. This study aims to analyze the trend and fluctuation of potato prices in Muara Enim Regency over the past five years, from 2019 to 2023. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, utilizing secondary data consisting of monthly potato prices in Indonesian rupiah per 100 kilograms. The data were analyzed using average annual prices and the coefficient of variation (CV) to measure the price stability each year. The results indicate significant changes in potato prices across the years. The highest average price occurred in 2021, reaching Rp 879,167 per 100 kg, while the lowest was recorded in 2019 at Rp 760,417. The CV analysis revealed that 2023 was the most volatile year with a CV of 14.75%, indicating a high level of market instability. In contrast, 2022 had the lowest CV at 3.00%, indicating relatively stable prices throughout the year